Plantago asiatica

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Plantago asiatica
Plantago asiatica.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. asiatica
Binomial name
Plantago asiatica
L.

Plantago asiatica, is a self-fertile, perennial species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. [1] [2] It is native to East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, etc.). It grows well in disturbed areas such as roadsides or even dirt roads. [3] It is valued for its use in folk medicine [4] and it also can be used in cooking. [5]

Contents

Common names include Chinese plantain, obako, arnoglossa,[ citation needed ] and Asiatic plantain. [6]

Description

The plant is a perennial herb that up to 20–60 cm (8–24 in) and has short and thick rootstock with numerous fibrous and fasciculate roots. It has short stems with a rosette of broadly ovate to broadly elliptic leaves. Thin or very thin papery leaf blades are 4–12 cm (2–5 in) long, 2.5–6.5 cm (1–3 in) wide, sparsely pubescent, three to seven veins, obtuse to acute apex, broadly cuneate to surrounded base and decurrent to petiole, margins are entire, repand, serrate or dentate. Petioles 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long, sparsely pubescent. [7] The plant has erect spikes of 20–45 cm (8–18 in) high, with many small, white, hairless flowers, and oval sepals that are 1.8–2 cm (0.7–0.8 in) long, tube corolla with five oval lobes, and four stamens. The fruits are oval-shaped pyxis of 3.5 mm (0.1 in) high and 2 mm (0.08 in)m wide, which have four black seeds inside that are up to 1.8 mm (0.07 in) long. [8]

The plant can be a weed in uplands, fields and gardens and it can host aphid and red spider. [6]    

Blooming period: April – August, fruiting period: June- September. [7]

Habitat

The plant can grow in many regions, such as mountain slopes, ravines, riverbanks, fields, roadsides, wastelands, lawns. [7]

Cultivation

The plant is hardy, and it can grow in all USDA zones. [9] It likes full sun or part shade, and it can adapt to sandy, loamy, and clay soils with good drainage. Acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils are suitable for this plant. [5]  

Medicinal use

Traditionally, the plant was used to treat liver disease, stomach problems and urinary system inflammation. [10]

According to traditional Chinese medicine, all parts of the plant are medicine to cool heat and promote urination, cause diuresis, clear damp-heat, brighten the eyes and dislodge phlegm. [11] The leaves and the seeds [5] have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic efficacy. The roots can be made into a decoction to treat coughs.

Scientific studies have shown that Plantago asiatica petroleum extract has a significant antidepressant effect, [12] and the hot water extracts of P. major and P. asiatica have anti-leukaemia, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, as well as the activity of regulating cell-mediated immunity. [13] The seed gel extract can work as a lubricant to promote laxation of humans, [12] and the PSE (Plantago asiatica L. seed extract) can contribute to the treatment or prevention of obesity and relative symptoms as a potential dietary supplement. [10] The Plantaginis Semen inhibits the activities of XOD (Xanthine oxidase) significantly, and it can be used in the reduction of hyperuricemia and the treatment of gout. [14] Plantamajoside can be isolated from Plantago asiatica, and it has antioxidant and anti-glycation effects. Thus it can be used to study the effects of natural herbal supplements to prevent diabetic complications. [15]

Pregnant women need to avoid using this medicine, which may cause uterine activity and laxation.[ medical citation needed ] Patients cannot take lithium or carbamazepine with plantain at the same time. [16]

Plantago asiatica can cause side effects, such as anaphylaxis, chest congestion, sneezing, watery eyes, occupational asthma, and gastric concretion. [16]

Toxicology

The pollen has allergenic glycoproteins and components that can bind IgE which can mediated sensitization, contributing to seasonal allergy. [16]

Culinary use

The plant is suitable for cooking with grains and stews, and it can also be added to herbal wines. [17] [ unreliable source? ]

The leaves of the plant are used in many Japanese dishes, especially soups. [18] In Vietnam, the young leaves are boiled, fried, or made into soup with meat or prawns. [8] It also can be fried with salt, or boiled with Yin Chen (Artemisia capillaris herba) to make Yin Chen Tea. [19]

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<i>Plantago</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Alisma plantago-aquatica</i> Species of plant

Alisma plantago-aquatica, also known as European water-plantain, common water-plantain or mad-dog weed, is a perennial flowering aquatic plant widespread across most of Europe and Asia, and apparently spread elsewhere in both the Old and New World.

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<i>Plantago major</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Schisandra chinensis</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Geum japonicum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icariin</span> Chemical compound

Icariin is a chemical compound classified as a prenylated flavonol glycoside, a type of flavonoid. It is the 8-prenyl derivative of kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside. The compound has been isolated from several species of plant belonging to the genus Epimedium which are commonly known as horny goat weed, Yin Yang Huo, and Herba epimedii. Extracts from these plants produce aphrodisiac effects, and are used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance erectile function. However, clinical trial data are lacking to support these claims.

Cāng zhú, also known as black atractylodes rhizome or Rhizoma Atractylodes, is a Chinese herbal medicine. It is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., synonyms Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz, and Atractylodes japonica Koidz. The medicine is distinguished from bái zhú, which is typically cultivated, whereas cāng zhú more often tends to be collected from the wild. It is believed that the distinction between cāng zhú and bái zhú emerged in relatively modern times; a single drug "zhú" described in the Shen nong ben cao jing probably included many Atractylodes species.

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<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

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<i>Plantago virginica</i> Species of flowering plant

Plantago virginica, common names hoary plantain and Virginia plantain, is a species of plant native to North America and introduced in Asia. It is listed as a special concern in Connecticut. The Kiowa use it to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health. It is commonly found within the continental United States in the majority of states along coastal areas and on roads, though has become an invasive species to eastern China after its introduction c. 1980. It is an annual plant, blooming around the month of May.

References

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  4. Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud; Momeni, Seyedeh Samaneh; Sajadi, S. Mohammad (November 2017). "Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Plantago asiatica leaf extract and their application for the cyanation of aldehydes using K4Fe(CN)6". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 506: 471–477. Bibcode:2017JCIS..506..471N. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.072. ISSN   0021-9797. PMID   28755642.
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  12. 1 2 Yin, Jun-Yi; Nie, Shao-Ping; Zhou, Chao; Wan, Yin; Xie, Ming-Yong (2010-01-30). "Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide purified from the seeds ofPlantago asiaticaL". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 90 (2): 210–217. Bibcode:2010JSFA...90..210Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3793. ISSN   0022-5142. PMID   20355033.
  13. Chiang, Lien-Chai; Chiang, Wen; Chang, Mei-Yin; Lin, Chun-Ching (January 2003). "In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica". The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 31 (2): 225–234. doi:10.1142/s0192415x03000874. ISSN   0192-415X. PMID   12856861.
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