Plantago triantha

Last updated

Plantago triantha
Plantago triantha 320395303.jpg
Rosette of Plantago triantha, photographed on Auckland Island
Status NZTCS NU.svg
Naturally Uncommon (NZ TCS) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. triantha
Binomial name
Plantago triantha
Synonyms [4]

Plantago carnosaR.Br (1810) non Lam. (1791)
Plantago browniiRapin (1827)
Plantago browniana Schultes & Schultes (1827)
Plantago subantarcticaCockayne (1928)

Contents

Plantago triantha is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is native to Tasmania, Australia and the subantarctic Auckland Islands of New Zealand. Robert Brown described the species in 1810. Plants of this species of plantain are annual or perennial with a rosette habit, fleshy toothed leaves, and short inflorescences.

Taxonomy and etymology

Plantago triantha is in the plant family Plantaginaceae. [5] It was first described by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in his 1810 Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae as Plantago carnosa R.Br. based on a specimen collected by Brown in 1804 in Port Esperance in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel near Dover, Tasmania. [4]

The holotype specimen is at the Natural History Museum, London (R. Brown 298; BM000898120). [6] [4]

The name P. carnosa R.Br. is illegitimate, since Plantago carnosa Lam. had already been described for a different, South African plant by French botanist Jean-Baptiste Lamark in 1792. [7] [8] [9] [10]

In the 1800s, several botanists suggested new names for this species, including German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel whose name Plantago triantha has been used for this species since its publication in late 1824. [4] [2] [3]

Illustration of Plantago triantha The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 (6302419173).jpg
Illustration of Plantago triantha

The specific epithet means 'three-flowered'. [11]

Description

Close up of Plantago trinantha leaves and flower, Auckland Island Plantago triantha flower Auckland Island 320375779.jpg
Close up of Plantago trinantha leaves and flower, Auckland Island

Plantago triantha plants are rosettes with a primary root up to 1 cm thick, with up to 65 angular-obovate leaves, and with short (<3 mm long), concealed leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves are 1-3 veined, 0.5-9 cm long (including petiole) and up to 1.7 cm wide, not punctate, usually glabrous on both surfaces, and sometimes with isolated hairs. The leaf has an acute apex, and its edges are smooth or with 2–6 small teeth. The petiole is usually distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 7 cm long. Each rosette plant has 4–42 erect inflorescences which can be up to 12 cm long. The scapes are ribbed and hairy with patent hairs. The spikes are globose with 1–8 densely crowded flowers. Each flower has a bract that is ovate to very broadly ovate and glabrous (or sometimes with a few hairs at the apex). The calyx is 2.6–3.9 mm long, 1.4–3.5 mm wide, mostly glabrous but sometimes with a few hairs on the margins or midrib. The corolla tube is 1.9–3.3 mm long, corolla lobes 1.0–1.8 mm long, stamen filaments 2.1–4.7 mm long, anthers 1.0–1.7 mm long, and style 2.3–5.4 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.9–1.8 mm long, with 7–10 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, usually ellipsoid to globose, widest at or above middle, 2.1–4.0 mm long and 0.9–3.2 mm wide. Each capsule has 3-10 uniform brown seeds 0.9–1.8 mm long of various shapes. [4]

Plantago triantha has flowers and fruits from November to February. [4]

The chromosome number of Plantago triantha is n=12. [12]

Distribution and Habitat

Plantago triantha is a plantain that is native to Tasmania, Australia and the subantarctic Auckland Islands of New Zealand. [4] [13] [14]

"Lawn" of Plantago triantha rosettes Plantago triantha 251083524.jpg
"Lawn" of Plantago triantha rosettes

In the Auckland Islands, it is found on the main Auckland Island, Enderby Island and Ocean Island, [4] and has also been reported on Rose Island. Enderby Island, P. triantha can form large, dense "lawns" near the coast. [15]

In Tasmania, it is found throughout the main island, especially the northwest, [16] west and southeast coasts, plus Flinders Island, Cape Barren Island, Flat Witch Island, Sarah Island and Tasman Island. [4]

Plantago triantha plants in coastal, rocky salt spray habitat on Auckland Island Plantago triantha Auckland Island 320395353.jpg
Plantago triantha plants in coastal, rocky salt spray habitat on Auckland Island

Plantago triantha is a halophyte [16] that can form patches or dense turf on coastal rocks and soil in the salt spray zone near the high tide mark, from 0-20 m above sea level (rarely up to 200m elevation). [4] It can be a dominant plant in the herbfields of such habitats in Tasmania. [17]

Phylogeny

Plantago triantha was included in phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions). [18] In that study, Plantago triantha was moderately to strongly supported as being closely related to the Australian species Plantago varia and Plantago debilis. [18] These three species are in a clade that comprises other native Australian species plus the New Zealand species Plantago spathulata and Plantago raoulii. [18]

Plantago triantha was not included in other phylogenetic studies of the New Zealand species using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) [19] nor those focusing on Plantago species throughout the world using whole chloroplast genomes or standard DNA sequencing markers. [20] [21]

Seed composition

The seeds of Plantago triantha have low levels of mucilage and very low water absorption capacity, but very high in protein content, over 30% (w/w). [22]

Conservation status

The species is listed as At Risk - Naturally Uncommon in the most recent assessment (2017-2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants, as it was in 2009 and 2012. It also has the qualifiers "RR" (Range Restricted) and "SO" (Secure Overseas). [23]

Prior to the eradication of feral goats on the Auckland Islands, Plantago triantha was one of about 50 native plants that were found in the rumens of feral goats. [24] Remains of P. triantha were not found in the stomachs of feral pigs, which are still present on Auckland Island. [24]

Related Research Articles

<i>Myosotis pansa <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> pansa</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis pansa subsp. pansa, also known as the Waitakere forget-me-not, is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. Lucy Moore described the variety M. petiolata var. pansa in 1961, and it was transferred to a subspecies of M. pansa by Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble, Rebecca Stanley and Michael Thorsen in 2013. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas with exserted stamens.

<i>Plantago hedleyi</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago hedleyi is a species of flowering plant in the plant family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia. Joseph Maiden described P. hedleyi in 1914. Plants of this plantain are large with large leaves, up to nine veins, wide petioles, and long spikes with dozens of flowers and fruits with up to 5 seeds.

<i>Myosotis monroi</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis monroi is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. The species was described by Thomas Cheeseman. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial and erect, and have ebracteate inflorescences with cream or white corollas.

<i>Myosotis capitata</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis capitata is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the Campbell and Auckland Islands of New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described the species in his 19th century work Flora Antarctica. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial and erect, and have ebracteate inflorescences and blue corollas. It is one of two native species of Myosotis in the New Zealand subantarctic islands, the other being M. antarctica, which can also have blue corollas.

<i>Plantago aucklandica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago aucklandica is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the subantarctic Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Joseph Dalton Hooker described P. aucklandica in his Flora Antarctica in 1844. Plants of this plantain are large with large leaves, up to seven veins, wide petioles, colliculate seeds, and long spikes with dozens of flowers and one-seeded fruits. This species in considered to be At Risk - Naturally Uncommon, as it is an island endemic with a restricted range.

<i>Myosotis bryonoma</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis bryonoma is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble and Michael Thorsen described the species. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial with a creeping habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis retrorsa</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis retrorsa is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble and Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls described the species. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas.

Myosotis umbrosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble and Michael Thorsen described the species. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis cheesemanii</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis cheesemanii is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Donald Petrie described the species in 1886. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with bracteate inflorescences and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis colensoi</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis colensoi is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Thomas Kirk described the species in 1896. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with bracteate inflorescences and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis lyallii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elderi</i>

Myosotis lyalliisubsp. elderi is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to New Zealand. Lucy Moore described Myosotis elderi in 1961, and Heidi Meudt and Jessie Prebble treated it as a subspecies of M. lyallii in 2018. Plants of this subspecies of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas with partially exserted anthers.

<i>Myosotis antarctica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> traillii</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Myosotis antarcticasubsp. traillii is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, native to New Zealand. Thomas Kirk (botanist) described the subspecies in 1921. Plants of this subspecies of forget-me-not are perennial with a prostrate habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis laeta</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis laeta is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to ultramafic areas of the Sounds-Nelson area of the South Island of New Zealand. Thomas Cheeseman described the species in 1885. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes which form loose tufts or clumps, with ebracteate, erect inflorescences, and white corollas.

<i>Myosotis traversii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cantabrica</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis traversiisubsp. cantabrica is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the central South Island of New Zealand. Lucy Moore described M. traversii var. cantabrica in 1961 and Heidi Meudt changed its rank to subspecies in 2021. Plants of this subspecies of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes which form tufts or clumps, with ebracteate, erect inflorescences, and white or yellow corollas with partly exserted stamens.

<i>Myosotis venticola</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis venticola is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Heidi Meudt and Jessica Prebble described M. venticola in 2022. Plants of this forget-me-not are perennial with bracteate and prostrate inflorescences, and small, white corollas with partly exserted stamens.

<i>Myosotis pansa</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis pansa is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. Lucy Moore described the variety M. petiolata var. pansa in 1961, and it was raised to species level as M. pansa by Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble, Rebecca Stanley and Michael Thorsen in 2013. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas and exserted anthers.

<i>Myosotis pansa <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> praeceps</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Myosotis pansa subsp. praeceps is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. Lucy Moore described the variety M. petiolata var. pansa in 1961, and it was transferred to a subspecies of M. pansa by Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble, Rebecca Stanley and Michael Thorsen in 2013. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with partially bracteate inflorescences and white corollas with exserted stamens.

<i>Myosotis exarrhena</i> Species of flowering plant

Myosotis exarrhena is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to Australia. Robert Brown described this species as Exarrhena suaveolens in 1810. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas with exserted stamens.

<i>Plantago stauntonii</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago stauntonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul in the French southern territories. Sir Heinrich Wilhelm Reichardt described P. stauntonii in 1871, naming it after Sir George Leonard Staunton, who collected specimens of it in 1793.

<i>Plantago obconica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago obconica is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. William Sykes described the species in 1988. It is the smallest Plantago species in New Zealand. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with very narrow, linear, keeled leaves, and fruiting capsules with a 1-cm long funnel-like base.

References

  1. ↑ Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 46. OCLC   1041649797.
  2. 1 2 "Plantago triantha". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  3. 1 2 Sprengel, C.P.J. (1824). "Plantago triantha". Systema Vegetabilium. 17 (1): 439.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meudt, Heidi (1 June 2012). "A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 101–178. Bibcode:2012NZJB...50..101M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179. S2CID   84968326.
  5. ↑ "Plantago triantha". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  6. ↑ "Type of Plantago carnosa R.Br. [family PLANTAGINACEAE] on JSTOR". JSTOR Global Plants.
  7. ↑ "Plantago carnosa R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  8. ↑ Brown, R. (1810). Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805. p. 425.
  9. ↑ Lamarck, (1792) Tabl. Encycl. 1: 342
  10. ↑ "Plantago triantha Spreng. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  11. ↑ Packer, John G. (1993). Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). "Triantha". Flora of North America North of Mexico [Online]. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  12. ↑ Groves, B. E.; Hair, J. B. (1971). "Contributions to a Chromosome Atlas of the New Zealand Flora—15 Miscellaneous Families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 9 (4): 569–575. Bibcode:1971NZJB....9..569G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430222.
  13. ↑ "Plantago aucklandica is a megaherb!". Te Papa’s Blog. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  14. ↑ "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  15. ↑ Godley, Eric John (1 January 1985). "A visit to the Auckland Islands in the summer of 1962–63". Tuatara. 28: 1–13.
  16. 1 2 Brown, M. J. (1991). "A synopsis of the genus Plantago L. in Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 124 (2): 65–74. doi:10.26749/rstpp.124.2.65.
  17. ↑ S, Harris; Brothers, N.; Coates, F.; Edgar, G. J.; Last, P. R.; Richardson, A. M. M.; Wells, P. (1983). "The biological significance of a coastline in the roaring forties latitudes". Tasmanian Wilderness - World Heritage: 123–128.
  18. 1 2 3 Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (1 January 2010). "DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (1): 47. doi: 10.1071/SB09040 .
  19. ↑ Meudt, Heidi (1 February 2011). "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/657657. S2CID   85402923.
  20. ↑ Hassemer, Gustavo; Bruun-Lund, Sam; Shipunov, Aleksey Borisovich; Briggs, Barbara G.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (18 May 2019). "The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 138: 156–173. doi: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013 . PMID   31112781.
  21. ↑ Ahlstrand, Natalie Iwanycki; Verstraete, Brecht; Hassemer, Gustavo; Dunbar-Co, S.; Hoggard, R.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (15 March 2019). "Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (4): 706–722. Bibcode:2019JBiog..46..706I. doi:10.1111/JBI.13525. PMC   6559316 . PMID   31217659.
  22. ↑ Cowley, James M.; O'Donovan, Lisa A.; Burton, Rachel A. (16 June 2021). "The composition of Australian Plantago seeds highlights their potential as nutritionally-rich functional food ingredients". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 12692. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1112692C. doi:10.1038/S41598-021-92114-1. PMC   8209032 . PMID   34135417.
  23. ↑ Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 1–86. OCLC   1041649797.
  24. 1 2 Chimera, C.; Coleman, M. C.; Parkes, J. P. (1995). "Diet of feral goats and feral pigs on Auckland Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 19 (2): 203–207.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.