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Total population | |
---|---|
7,001 [1] (2011, census) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Budapest [1] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Polish diaspora |
Poles in Hungary form a population of 7,001, according to the 2011 census, and Polish presence in Hungary dates back to the Middle Ages.
The Poles are organized into 46 ethnic Polish minority self-governments, adjacent to local Hungarian authorities, and over 30 Polish organizations (as of 2023). [1]
Some 3,000 Poles formed the Polish Legion, which fought in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and Polish general Józef Bem became a national hero of Hungary.
After the fall of the Polish January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland, about 4,000 Polish refugees were received in Hungary. [2] In times of Austria-Hungary some Poles from the Austrian Partition of Poland came to Hungary to work.
An indigenous Polish population inhabited the northern counties of Árva and Szepes in the historic regions of Orava and Spisz, which also formed part of Poland in the past, now divided between Slovakia and Poland. In Orava there were 24,196 Poles according to data from 1864, [3] and in Spisz the Polish population was estimated between 27,000 to 37,000 in 1880. [4]
Some 20,000 Poles, including Polish Jews, lived in Hungary in the 1920s, mostly in Budapest and its environs. [5]
Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, over 100,000 military and civilians, including children, fled from Poland to Hungary. [6]
The Hungarian authorities resisted German pressure to close the Polish Institute in Budapest, a Polish cultural institution established before the war. [7] In order to do so, the Hungarians referred to the autonomy of the Royal Hungarian Pázmány Péter University, whose employee was the director of the Institute, Professor Zbigniew Załęski. [7] The Institute was a place where Polish culture was freely and legally cultivated at a time when it was brutally suppressed in German- and Soviet-occupied Poland and Europe. [7] The Institute also published Polish literature and press, and in addition to cultural activities, it helped Polish refugees and civilians in Hungary, and gave Hungarian language lessons to Poles so that they could study at Hungarian universities. [7] It was closed only in 1944 due to the German occupation of Hungary, to be reopened after the war in 1951. [7]
Dozens of Polish elementary schools were established in Hungary, 27 of which existed throughout the entire stay of Poles in Hungary, as well as high schools, including the significant Gymnasium and Lyceum in Balatonboglár, which functioned until the German invasion of Hungary in 1944. [6]
In 1944, Hungarians gave shelter to Poles who escaped the Ukrainian-perpetrated massacres in German-occupied southeastern Poland to Hungary, and also facilitated further escapes. [8]
Wyszogród is a town in central Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, in Płock County, by the Vistula River. The population of Wyszogród was 2,793 in 2004.
Żuromin is a town in north-central Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, about 120 kilometres northwest of Warsaw. It is the capital of Żuromin County.
Smalininkai is a small city in Lithuania. It is located on the right bank of the Neman River, 12 km (7.5 mi) west from Jurbarkas, in the region of Lithuania Minor.
Szczuczyn is a town in Grajewo County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland. As of 2004, it has a population of 3,602.
Pogorzela is a town in Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,037 inhabitants. Pogorzela is located on the western edge of the Kalisz Upland, at the junction of county roads Krotoszyn-Gostyń and the Koźmin Wielkopolski-Krobia.
Rzgów is a town in Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland, with 3,382 inhabitants (2020). It is situated on the Ner River within the Sieradz Land.
Nowe is a town in Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 6,270 inhabitants (2004). It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie.
Krzywosądz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
Okalewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skrwilno, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Skrwilno, 12 km (7 mi) east of Rypin, and 68 km (42 mi) east of Toruń.
In Poland, zaścianek was historically a village where petty nobility lived, especially in Mazovia and Podlachia. The derived adjective zaściankowy means out-of-the-way or narrow-minded.
Samoklęski is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamionka, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Kamionka, 12 km (7 mi) west of Lubartów, and 25 km (16 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.
Leszno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kutno, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Kutno and 46 km (29 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
Sokolniki is a village in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Sokolniki. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) east of Wieruszów and 95 km (59 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Szczypiorno is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Kalisz, Poland, located in its south-western part. Formerly until 1976 a separate village at the outskirts of the city, it is best known as a seat of a World War I and Polish–Soviet War prisoner of war camp and the name-sake for szczypiorniak, the Polish language name for the game of handball.
Kościelec is a village in Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Kościelec. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Koło and 116 km (72 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
Zaniemyśl is a village in Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Zaniemyśl. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Środa Wielkopolska and 33 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
Celiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarowice, within Tarnowskie Góry County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Ożarowice, 14 km (9 mi) east of Tarnowskie Góry, and 21 km (13 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
Rajkowy is a large and historically significant village of the Kociewie Land, in the administrative district of Gmina Pelplin, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Pelplin, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Tczew, and 62 km (39 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.
Winiary is a district of Kalisz, Poland, located in the eastern part of the city.
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