Profilicollis

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Profilicollis
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Profilicollis altmani
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Palaeacanthocephala
Order: Polymorphida
Family: Polymorphidae
Genus: Profilicollis
Meyer, 1931

Profilicollis is a genus of acanthocephalan parasites of crustaceans. The status of the genus Profilicollis has been debated, and species placed in this genus were formerly included in the genus Polymorphus . However, research on the morphology of the group and their use of hosts has concluded that Profilicollis and Polymorphus should be regarded as distinct genera, and species previously described as Polymorphus altmani are now referred to as Profilicollis altmani in taxonomic and biological literature. [1] Profilicollis parasites infect decapod crustaceans, usually shore crabs, as intermediate hosts, and use many species of shorebirds as definitive (final) hosts. [2]

Contents

Life cycle

This parasite first develops in the haemocoel or digestive gland of shore crabs, which are the intermediate host. The species of crabs that are parasitized differs between Profilicollis species. Mole crabs in the genus Emerita are parasitized throughout North and South America by Profilicollis altmani. [3] After infection of the crab, the parasite becomes a dormant cystacanth until the crab is eaten by a suitable bird, such as the surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata or herring gull, Larus argentatus (the final or definitive host). Once the parasite cystacanth has passed through the stomach of the bird, it develops into the adult worm and attaches to the intestines of the bird. Eggs produced by the parasite are released from the bird with bird feces and enter the ocean. Here the eggs are transported by the currents until they are ingested by a filter-feeding mole crab.

The southern sea otter, Enhydra lutris nereis is an accidental host (or paratenic host) of Profilicollis altmani and P. major. Between 1998 and 2001, between 13% and 16.2% of sea otter carcasses found along the coasts of central California were determined to be caused by acanthocephalan peritonitis, or inflammation of the intestines caused by acanthocephalan parasites. This is a large increase in deaths of sea otters due to these parasites; only a few decades ago, the proportion of sea otters dying because of these parasites was almost negligible. Most of the sea otters that were found to be killed by infections by Profilicollis altmani were either young juvenile or older female otters, and it is hypothesized that they feed on sand crabs because they are less skilled at foraging or because of a decrease in their preferred prey. [4] [5]

Behavioral manipulation

Like many other acanthocephalans, recent studies have shown that the presence of cystacanth of Profilicollis antarcticus causes behavioral alterations due to changes in the levels of hemolymph dopamine in its intermediate host, the crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus . These changes in the biogenic amino levels can cause behavioral changes such as changes in response to external stimuli resulting from neurological damages (escape behavior), increased conspicuity resulting from modified pigmentation and/ or behavior and castration. Previous studies have also shown that crabs infected with cystacanths exhibit higher metabolic rates and activity levels than non-parasitized crabs.

The free living conditions of cystacanths in the hemocoelomic cavity of the intermediate host maybe interpreted as the direct way of altering the dopamine metabolic pathway. The alteration of dopamine levels in the hemolymph system implies that there is a generalized effect of the parasite on the body of its intermediate host, rather than an effect on the nerve ganglion level. Therefore, the increase in activity and metabolic rates for this host parasite system could be a consequence of higher metabolic cost of maintenance for the host, linked to the synthesis of monoamines and/ or the physiological consequences of their bio-availability. This altered physiological condition is beneficial for the parasite, considering that their final goal is to increase transmission by increasing the probability of predation on the intermediate host (the crab) by its definitive host (the gull). [6]

Species

Infects mole crabs as intermediate hosts in North and South America. Final hosts include scoters, Melanitta spp.; gulls, Chroicocephalus maculipennis, Leucopheus pipixcan, Larus modestus, and L. dominicanus; [7] lesser scaup, Marilla affnis; sanderling, Calidris alba; dunlin, Calidris alpina; whimbrel, Phaeopus hudsonicus; rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata; and willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus. [8] This species was moved to this genus by Van Cleave in 1947.

This species was redescribed in great detail by Amin et al. in 2022 on the basis of specimens from Pacific mole crab Emerita analoga (Hippidae) and Belcher's gull Larus belcheri (Laridae), in Peru. [2]

Infects shore crabs such as Hemigrapsus crenulatus and gulls such as Larus dominicanus in Chile and New Zealand. [9]

Infects shore crabs such as Hemigrapsus oregonensis and the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas as well as the lobster Homarus americanus . Its final hosts are shorebirds such as common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula; Barrow's goldeneye, B. islandica; greater scaup, Aythya marila; eider duck, Somateria mollissima; and long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis. [10]

Infects estuarine crabs (described in Uruguay) and gulls, including Larus atlanticus . [11] The species was moved to this genus by Golvan, 1994.

Infects Macrobrachium and domestic ducks in Taiwan. [12] [13]

Infects the Atlantic rock crab Cancer irroratus , although likely other species as well. This parasite has also found in the intestines of sea otters, although it appears to be much less pathogenic to the otters than Profilicollis altmani. [4]

Infects shore crabs such as Hemigrapsus crenulatus , and mud crabs Macrophthalmus hirtipes and Helice crassa . They then infect birds such as the South Island pied oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus finschi and bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica in New Zealand. [9]

Infects many grapsid crabs (including Brachynotus spinosus, Cyclograpsus granulosus , Paragrapsus gaimardii , Paragrapsus laevis and Paragrapsus quadridentatus ) 1 species of portunid crab ( Nectocarcinus integrifrons ). This species also infects gulls. [15]

Proposed synonyms

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthocephala</span> Group of parasitic thorny-headed worms

Acanthocephala is a group of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host. Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving at least two hosts, which may include invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. About 1420 species have been described.

Pomphorhynchus laevis is an endo-parasitic acanthocephalan worm, with a complex life cycle, that can modify the behaviour of its intermediate host, the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. P. laevis does not contain a digestive tract and relies on the nutrients provided by its host species. In the fish host this can lead to the accumulation of lead in P. laevis by feeding on the bile of the host species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polymorphidae</span> Family of thorny-headed worms

The thorny-headed worm family Polymorphidae contains endoparasites which as adults feed mainly in fish and aquatic birds. When this taxon was erected by Meyer in 1931, a subfamily Polymorphinae was established in it. As the Polymorphidae as presently understood would then be monotypic, with no basal genera outside the Polymorphinae, the proposed subfamily is redundant for the time being and therefore most modern treatments simply omit it. Polymorphus minutus is an economically significant parasite in goose and duck farming.

Apororhynchus is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed worms. It is the only genus in the family Apororhynchidae, which in turn is the only member of the order Apororhynchida. A lack of features commonly found in the phylum Acanthocephala suggests an evolutionary branching from the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala; however no genetic analysis has been completed to determine the evolutionary relationship between species. The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a highly enlarged proboscis which contain small hooks. The musculature around the proboscis is also structured differently in this order. This genus contains six species that are distributed globally, being collected sporadically in Hawaii, Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis. The bird hosts are of different orders, including owls, waders, and passerines. Infestation by an Apororhynchus species may cause enteritis and anemia.

<i>Gigantorhynchus</i> Genus of parasitic worms

Gigantorhynchus is a genus of Acanthocephala that parasitize marsupials, anteaters, and possibly baboons by attaching themselves to the intestines using their hook-covered proboscis. Their life cycle includes an egg stage found in host feces, a cystacanth (larval) stage in an intermediate host such as termites, and an adult stage where cystacanths mature in the intestines of the host. This genus is characterized by a cylindrical proboscis with a crown of robust hooks at the apex followed by numerous small hooks on the rest of the proboscis, a long body with pseudosegmentation, filiform lemnisci, and ellipsoid testes. The largest known specimen is the female G. ortizi with a length of around 240 millimetres (9.4 in) and a width of 2 millimetres (0.08 in). Genetic analysis on one species of Gigantorhynchus places it with the related genus Mediorhynchus in the family Gigantorhynchidae. Six species in this genus are distributed across Central and South America and possibly Zimbabwe. Infestation by a Gigantorhynchus species may cause partial obstructions of the intestines, severe lesions of the intestinal wall, and may lead to death.

Mediorhynchus is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed worms. Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on two known species of Mediorhynchus and confirmed the placement along with the related genus Gigantorhynchus in the family Gigantorhynchida. The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a divided proboscis. This genus contains fifty-eight species that are distributed globally. These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis. The bird hosts are of different orders.

Fessisentis is a genus of parasitic spiny-headed worms. It is the only genus in the family Fessisentidae. This genus contains six species that are distributed across the Eastern continental United States as far west as Oklahoma and Wisconsin. These worms parasitize salamanders and fish.

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Moniliformis moniliformis is a parasite of the Acanthocephala phylum in the family Moniliformidae. The adult worms are usually found in intestines of rodents or carnivores such as cats and dogs. The species can also infest humans, though this is rare.

Filicollis anatis is an endoparasite in the Polymorphidae family of thorny-headed worms. Adults have been found to occur in waterbirds such as ducks, where they cause a condition known as filicollosis. Larval stages occur in invertebrate hosts such as crayfish.

<i>Neoandracantha</i> Genus of thorny-headed worms

Neoandracantha is a genus of parasitic worms from the phylum Acanthocephala. The genus was created in 2017 by Amin & Heckmann for the single species Neoandracantha peruensis.

Neoncicola is a genus of parasitic worms containing nine species and belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.

Eocollis is a genus in Acanthocephala.

Quadrigyrus is a genus in Acanthocephala.

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Filisoma is a genus in Acanthocephala.

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<i>Bolbosoma</i> Genus of parasitic worms

Bolbosoma is a genus in Acanthocephala.

Octospinifer is a genus in Acanthocephala belonging to the family Neoechinorhynchidae.

Polymorphus minutus is a species of acanthocephalan in the family Polymorphidae. They can grow up to 12.5 mm. It is an economically significant parasite in goose and duck farming.

Intraproboscis is a monotypic genus of acanthocephalans that infest African black-bellied pangolin in the Central African Republic. Its body consists of a proboscis armed with hooks which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host, and a long trunk. It contains a single species, Intraproboscis sanghae. This genus resembles species in the genus Mediorhynchus but is characterized by infesting a mammal instead of birds, and having a simple proboscis receptacle that is completely suspended within the proboscis, the passage of the retractor muscles through the receptacle into the body cavity posteriorly, absence of neck, presence of a parareceptacle structure, and a uterine vesicle. The proboscis is armed with 34–36 rows of 6 to 7 hooks anteriorly and 15–17 spinelike hooks posteriorly which are used to attach themselves to the intestines of the host. The female worms are up to 180 millimetres long, virtually all of which is the trunk, and 2 millimetres wide.

References

  1. ↑ Brent B. Nickol, D. W. T. Crompton and D. W. Searle (1999). "Reintroduction of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931, as a genus in Acanthocephala: Significance of the intermediate host". Journal of Parasitology . 85 (4): 716–718. doi:10.2307/3285748. JSTOR   3285748. PMID   10461954.
  2. 1 2 Amin, Omar M.; Rodríguez, Sara M.; Rubtsova, Nataliya; Heckmann, Richard A.; Peña, César; Castro, Teresa; Rivera, Felipe; D’Elía, Guillermo (2022). "A comparative assessment of the morphology of Profilicollis altmani (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) from crustaceans and shore birds in Peru, with special notes on hook elemental analysis (EDXA), SEM imaging, histopathology, and molecular profile". Parasite. 29: 9. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2022005 . ISSN   1776-1042. PMC   8862641 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. 1 2 3 Goulding, Tricia C.; Sarah Cohen, C. (2014-01-15). "Phylogeography of a marine acanthocephalan: lack of cryptic diversity in a cosmopolitan parasite of mole crabs". Journal of Biogeography. 41 (5): 965–976. doi:10.1111/jbi.12260. ISSN   0305-0270.
  4. 1 2 Karl A. Mayer, Murray D. Dailey & Melissa A. Miller (2003). "Helminth parasites of the southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis in central California: abundance, distribution and pathology". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms . 53 (1): 77–88. doi: 10.3354/dao053077 . PMID   12608572.
  5. ↑ C. Kreuder; M. A. Miller; D. A. Jessup; L. J. Lowenstine; M. D. Harris; J. A. Ames; T. E. Carpenter; P. A. Conrad; J. A. K. Mazet (2003). "Patterns of mortality of southern sea otters (Enydra lutris nereis) from 1998 to 2001". Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 39 (3): 495–509. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.495 . PMID   14567210.
  6. ↑ José Miguel Rojas & F. Patricio Ojeda (2005). "Altered domapine levels induced by the parasite Profilicollis antarcticus on its intermediate host, the crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus". Biological Research . 38 (2–3): 259–266. doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602005000200015 . PMID   16238104.
  7. ↑ Rodríguez, S. M.; D'Elía, G.; Valdivia, N. (2017). "The phylogeny and life cycle of two species of Profilicollis (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in marine hosts off the Pacific coast of Chile". Journal of Helminthology. 91 (5): 589–596. doi:10.1017/S0022149X16000638. ISSN   0022-149X. PMID   27667136.
  8. ↑ J. E. Karl (1967). Studies on the systematics and life history of Polymorphus altmani (Perry) (Ph.D. thesis). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University.
  9. 1 2 A. M. Brockerhoff & L. R. Smales (2002). "Profilicollis novaezelandensis n. sp. (Polymorphidae) and two other acanthocephalan parasites from shore birds (Haematopodidae and Scolopacidae) in New Zealand, with records of two species in intertidal crabs (Decapoda: Grapsidae and Ocypodidae)". Systematic Parasitology . 52 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1023/A:1015011112900. PMID   12023562.
  10. ↑ Hilda Lei Ching (1989). "Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave 1916) from diving ducks and shore crabs of British Columbia". Journal of Parasitology . 75 (1): 33–37. doi:10.2307/3282930. JSTOR   3282930. PMID   2918442.
  11. ↑ Luciano F. La Sala & Sergio R. Martorelli (2007). "Intestinal acanthocephaladiosis in Olrog's Gulls (Larus atlanticus): Profilicollis chasmagnathi as possible cause of death". Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 43 (2): 267–273. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.269. PMID   17495312.
  12. 1 2 Brent B. Nickol, Richard W. Heard & Nancy F. Smith (2002). "Acanthocephalans from crabs in the southeastern U.S., with the first intermediate hosts known for Arhythmorhynchus frassoni and Hexaglandula corynosoma". Journal of Parasitology . 88 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0079:AFCITS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   3285394. PMID   12053984.
  13. ↑ Gerald D. Schmidt & Robert E. Kuntz (1967). "Notes on the life cycle of Polymorphus (Profilicollis) formosus sp. n., and records of Arhythmorhynchus hispidus Van Cleave, 1925 (Acanthocephala) from Taiwan". Journal of Parasitology . 53 (4): 805–809. doi:10.2307/3276775. JSTOR   3276775.
  14. ↑ Amin, O. M., Rodríguez, S. M., Farrer, S., Fierro, P., Garcés, C., Rivera, F., & D’Elía, G. (2023). Review of the concept of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931 with a description of Profilicollis rancoensis n. sp.(Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from the freshwater crab, Aegla abtao Schmitt, 1942 (Decapoda: Anomura) in Chile, with a key to congeneric species. Parasite, 30.
  15. ↑ Sylvie Pichelin, Armand M. Kuris & Robert Gurney (1998). "Morphological and biological notes on Polymorphus (Profilicollis) sphaerocephalus and Corynosoma stanleyi (Polymorphidae: Acanthocephala)". Journal of Parasitology . 84 (4): 798–801. doi:10.2307/3284590. JSTOR   3284590. PMID   9714213.
  16. ↑ D. J. Reish (1950). "Preliminary note on the life cycle of the acanthocephalan Polymorphus kenti Van Cleave, 1947". Journal of Parasitology . 36 (5): 496. doi:10.2307/3273182. JSTOR   3273182. PMID   14795338.
  17. ↑ Smith, Nancy F. (2007). "Associations between shorebird abundance and parasites in the sand crab, Emerita analoga, along the California coast". The Journal of Parasitology. 93 (2): 265–273. doi:10.1645/GE-1002R.1. ISSN   0022-3395. PMID   17539408.
  18. ↑ L. Balboa; A. Hinojosa; C. Riquelme; S. Rodríguez; J. Bustos; M. George-Nascimento (2009). "Alloxenic distribution of cystacanths of two Profilicollis species in sympatric crustacean hosts in Chile". Journal of Parasitology . 95 (5): 1205–1208. doi:10.1645/GE-1965.1. PMID   19374470.
  19. ↑ Rodríguez, S. M.; D'Elía, G. (2017). "Pan-American marine coastal distribution of the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani based on morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of cystacanths from the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis". Journal of Helminthology. 91 (3): 371–375. doi:10.1017/S0022149X16000237. ISSN   1475-2697. PMID   27126405.
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