Prostitution in Rhode Island

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Prostitution in Rhode Island was outlawed in 2009. On November 3, 2009, Republican Governor Donald Carcieri signed into law a bill which makes the buying and selling of sexual services a crime. [1]

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Prostitution was legal in Rhode Island between 1980 and 2009 because there was no specific statute to define the act and outlaw it, although associated activities were illegal, such as street solicitation, running a brothel, and pimping. With the passing of the law, Nevada became the only U.S. state which allows legal prostitution.

Exchanging sex for money is illegal, for both the prostitute and the customer, and is classified as a misdemeanor.

The law makes selling sexual services a misdemeanor crime punishable with a fine of $250 to $1,000, or up to six months in prison, or both for first offenders. [1] The legislation includes a provision that empowers judges to erase any record of charges of convicted prostitutes after one year. [2] Multiple offenders face a fine of $500 to $1,000, or up to a year in prison, or both.

Customers face a fine of $250 to $1,000, or up to a year in prison, or both, for first offenders, and a fine of $500 to $1,000, or up to a year in prison, or both, for multiple offenders. The law offers no provision to allow a judge to expunge the record of the customers. The crime is also classified as a misdemeanor.

Landlords who knowingly profit from prostitution on their property also face fines of $2,000 to $5,000, and one to five years in prison for first offenses. Multiple offenders face fines of $5,000 to $10,000, and 3 to 10 years in prison. [3]

History

Prostitution was decriminalized in Rhode Island in 1980, when the prostitution laws were amended, reducing prostitution from a felony to a misdemeanor. The drafters of the law removed the section that addressed committing the act of prostitution itself, and only street solicitation remained illegal. [4] Prostitution remained decriminalized in the state until November 2009, when it was outlawed again.

It has been argued that the lawmakers who amended the Rhode Island prostitution laws in 1980 had decriminalized indoor prostitution by mistake, without realizing that the new laws were creating a "loophole." Rhode Island State Senator John F. McBurney III was the only member of the General Assembly at the time of the 2009 vote who had served in 1980. He stated in 2009, "We probably vote on 500 bills a year (...) They didn't know what they were voting for." [4] John C. Revens Jr. is a former Senate Majority leader and a lawyer who served in the General Assembly for nearly four decades. He agreed, "They would never sponsor a bill decriminalizing prostitution if they knew what it was. No way. Not in a million years." [4]

An article by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah published in the Review of Economic Studies found that the judicial decriminalization of indoor prostitution in 2003 caused a 30% decline in reported rapes with female victims and a 40% reduction in female gonorrhea incidents during the six years that prostitution was not an illegal offense. [5]

2009 legislative session

Legislative battle

At the beginning of 2009, two bills were introduced in the Rhode Island General Assembly which defined the crime of prostitution to include any location (one bill, H5044, originated in the House, and the other, S596, in the Senate).

The most prominent proponent of criminalization was Representative Joanne Giannini (D). [6] She introduced Bill H5044 into the House on January 8, 2009 (co-sponsored by Reps. Coderre, Melo, Gemma, and Fellela), and it was referred to the Committee which considered it on April 4, and substituted the text (Sub A) on April 30. The House voted on this with amendments on May 13, and the bill passed to the Senate Committee on May 28 where it remained until the Assembly recessed for the summer.

In the Senate, a similar bill was introduced by Senator Jabour [7] on February 25 (co-sponsored by Senators O'Neill, Lynch, Cote, and Picard). The Judiciary Committee conducted hearings on June 25. The Senate hearings attracted much media attention. Asian spa workers, recruited by Tara Hurley, testified against the bill. [8] After the testimony of the sex workers, a number of other groups spoke out against the bill. The Committee recommended version Sub A by a vote of 8:4, [9] which was voted on in the Senate the following day and referred to the House. Both bills were accompanied by other trafficking legislation, H5661 (Giannini) and S605 (Senator Rhoda Perry).

As both the House and the Senate recessed, two separate versions of prostitution bills remained. Both chambers had to approve a single identical bill in order for it to be sent to the Governor, for him to sign it into law. The two bills differed in the levying of punishment. The Senate version of the bill called for staggered penalties for first, second, and third offenses. Prostitutes, their customers, and property owners found guilty of a first offense would have been punished by a civil "violation" and a fine of $100. The House version of the bill called for no penalties for landlords but contained stiffer penalties for prostitutes and customers who were first-time offenders. Anyone found guilty of prostitution faced imprisonment for up to 6 months and a fine of up to $1,000. The penalty for subsequent offenses was up to a year imprisonment and a fine of up to $1,000.

Upon review of both versions of the prostitution bills, the State Police, Attorney General Patrick C. Lynch, and Governor Donald Carcieri called for the passage of the House version of the bill, with stiffer penalties for first-time offenders. Supt. Col. Brendan P. Doherty of the Rhode Island State Police testified that the police agency, "cannot support civil sanctions for such reprehensible acts." [10]

Media scrutiny

Two front-page articles were published in the Providence Journal before the General Assembly returned for a special session, and Happy Endings? was released to the general public—a documentary on the Asian massage parlors in Rhode Island. [11] [12]

Front door of a Providence spa with multiple police stickers Spadoor.jpg
Front door of a Providence spa with multiple police stickers
  • On September 18, 2009, the Providence Journal reported that the Fraternal Order of Police, representing the Rhode Island State Police, and the Providence, Barrington, Warwick, and Cranston police had solicited donations from the spas. Many city spas have stickers decorating doors and windows, along with logos noting that the spa accepts all major credit cards. Donations from these spas also paid for ads in The Rhode Island Trooper, the official publication of the non-profit Rhode Island State Police Association, a membership organization of state police "dedicated to the improvement of the law enforcement profession...." [13]
  • On October 25, the Journal reported that over 30 women representing spas in Rhode Island gathered at a Providence Community Center to voice their concern on the pending legislation. Sunyo Williams was working in a Pawtucket spa with three other women, and she said through an interpreter that nobody was under any force to work in that field, and that the women were willing to answer one by one and testify that it was their own choice. She said that each woman had a separate tax identification number and paid taxes, and that all her customers came from Massachusetts, and that the women were making money and spending it in Rhode Island. Some of the other women also spoke or asked questions of the lawmakers, or representatives of advocacy groups such as the Rhode Island Coalition Against Human Trafficking, who attended Sunday's 8:30 a.m. meeting. [14]

Special legislative session

Governor Carcieri signs into law the bill which outlaws prostitution, as Rep. Joanne Giannini looks on Riprostitutionlawsign.jpg
Governor Carcieri signs into law the bill which outlaws prostitution, as Rep. Joanne Giannini looks on

The bill was sent to Governor Donald Carcieri to be signed into law.

Signing the bill into law

On November 3, 2009, at a State House ceremony, Governor Donald Carcieri signed into law the bill which outlawed prostitution in Rhode Island.

In addition to the legislation's sponsors, the attendants at the ceremony included Rhode Island Atty. Gen. Patrick C. Lynch and State Police Col. Brendan P. Doherty.

State Police Col. Doherty said that the new law "sends a distinct message to any group (which) thinks they could use Rhode Island in furtherance of their illicit business". [17]

Aftermath

On February 26, 2010, Providence police charged four women from two city spas on prostitution charges. Three of the women were charged with prostitution, and one of the women was charged with permitting prostitution. [18]

On June 30, 2010, the first woman was allowed to have her prostitution records expunged under the new law. Attorney General Patrick Lynch plans to appeal. [19]

On November 20, 2010, the Rhode Island state police, Providence police and special agents from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement shut down a brothel operating in a first floor apartment in Providence and arrested two women. [20] [21]

Research published in 2017 in the Review of Economic Studies found that after the decriminalisation of prostitution Rhode Island in 2003, gonorrhoea decreased by 40% in females, and that sexual violence fell by 30%. [22]

Parties in the debate

The main support for a full prostitution ban has come from the Governor, Attorney General, police, [23] Donna M. Hughes of the University of Rhode Island, [24] and Citizens Against Trafficking (CAT). CAT was formed by Donna M. Hughes and Melanie Shapiro after leaving Rhode Island Coalition Against Human Trafficking (RICAHT) when that group refused to support Representative Giannini's version of the bill. [23] [25] Also providing testimony for support of the law was Concerned Women for America, Laura Lederer, and Margaret Brooks, a professor of economics at Bridgewater State College.

In addition to RI Coalition Against Human Trafficking, opposition to the bill came from women's rights groups, anti-trafficking groups, sex workers, and sex educators. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] These groups included Amos House, Brown University Students Against Human Trafficking, Direct Action for Rights and Equality (DARE), [31] [32] Family Life Center, [33] the International Institute of Rhode Island, American Civil Liberties Union, [34] Rhode Island Coalition for the Homeless, Rhode Island National Association of Social Workers and the Rhode Island National Organization for Women. [35] Other groups providing testimony included the Urban Justice Center. [36] [37] Individuals included the women's chaplain of the Adult Correctional Institutions and Ann Jordan, the Director of the Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor at Washington College of Law, [38] who provided testimony arguing that the bill would not help fight trafficking, but instead worsen the problem. [39] During the summer recess, two Representatives, David Segal and Edith Ajello outlined their reasons for opposing the bills. [40] Similarly Senators Jabour and McCaffrey stated the arguments for the Senate bill. [41] The Senate bill was seen as too weak by supporters of the House bill because it lacked prison time. [42]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Arditi, Lynn (2009-10-03). "Bill Signing Finally Outlaws Prostitution". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  2. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (2009-10-29). "RI Senate Passes Prostitution Law". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009.
  3. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (2009-10-28). "Bill to close prostitution loophole clears hurdle". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Arditi, Lynn (2009-05-31). "'Behind Closed Doors" How RI Decriminalized Prostitution". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  5. ↑ Cunningham and Shah (2017) "Decriminalizing Indoor Prostitution: Implications for Sexual Violence and Public Health". Review of Economic Studies
  6. ↑ Schweitzer, Sarah (13 August 2009). "Many seek ban as prostitution thrives in R.I". Boston.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Kilgus, Laura (9 November 2009). "Rhode Island no longer 'safe haven' for indoor prostitution". Rhode Island Catholic. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  8. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (22 June 2009). "Sex workers testify at Senate hearing on prostitution bill". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  9. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (1 May 2009). "R.I. Senate panel OKs bill outlawing indoor prostitution". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (4 June 2011). "R.I. law-enforcement officials say Senate bill outlawing indoor prostitution is flawed | General Assembly". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (May 24, 2009). "Film chronicles R.I.'s Asian brothels". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
  12. ↑ "Documentary looks inside massage parlors". WPRI.com. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (September 18, 2009). "R.I. police charities solicit donations from "spas"". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  14. ↑ WPRI (26 October 2009). "R.I. prostitutes speak out against bill to close loophole". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
  15. ↑ Arditi, Lynn. "Full House OKs ban on indoor prostitution". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  16. ↑ Arditi, Lynn. "Update: RI Senate passes prostitution bill, 36-2". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  17. ↑ Bill signing finally outlaws indoor prostitution in R.I. Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Update: 4 charged in Providence spa prostitution sting Archived March 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Gregg, Katherine (2010-07-02). "In court, her life, once lost, restored". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011.
  20. ↑ "State, city police and ICE shut down brothel in Providence neighborhood". Providence Journal. 2010-11-23. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  21. ↑ "Update: Police shut down brothel in Providence, nab 14". Providence Journal. 2010-11-22. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011.
  22. ↑ Bulman, May (20 December 2017). "Decriminalising prostitution could 'dramatically' reduce sexual violence and STI transmission, finds study". The Independent. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  23. 1 2 "Bill to close loophole in prostitution law clears hurdle". Projo.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
  24. ↑ Donna Hughes, URI Archived 2005-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Happy Endings? Documentary - BUY THE DVD". citizensagainsttrafficking.org.
  26. ↑ "Statement to House of Representatives on H5044A" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
  27. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (10 June 2009). "Groups oppose bill to criminalize prostitution in R.I". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  28. ↑ "Advocats Slam RI Anti-Prostitution Bill". WPRI.com. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  29. ↑ Arditi, Lynn (June 11, 2009). "Lawmakers urged to block prostitution bill". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  30. ↑ Littlefield, Amy (2009-12-03). "Female Sexologist Awaits Pawtucket Zoning Board". WeNews.
  31. ↑ "DARE in the News: Member Rose Perry Speaks out Against Prostitution Prosecution Bill". DARE. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  32. ↑ Needham, Cynthia (9 April 2009). "Bill targets loophole in Rhode Island prostitution law". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  33. ↑ "OpenDoors". OpenDoors. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  34. ↑ "News Release: National Project Joins Local Organizations in Opposing Legislative Effort to Further Criminalize Prostitution". Rhode Island Affiliate, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  35. ↑ "Women need rehabilitation not penalties" (PDF). Rhode Island ACLU. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  36. ↑ Urban Justice Center: Memorandum in Opposition – H.B.5044. Urban Justice Center Sex Workers Project, June 8, 2009.
  37. ↑ Urban Justice Center: Statement to hearing of Senate Committee on the Judiciary on S.B. 0584. Urban Justice Center Sex Workers Project, June 18, 2009.
  38. ↑ "Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor". Archived from the original on 25 February 2010.
  39. ↑ Jordan, Ann (5 June 2009). "Letter to Senate Judiciary Committee, American University Washington College of law" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  40. ↑ "David Segal/Edith Ajello: Don't turn prostitutes into criminals". The Providence Journal. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  41. ↑ McCaffrey, Sen. Paul V. Jabour and Sen. Michael J. "GUEST OPINION: Senate bill would close RI prostitution loophole, 08-15-09".
  42. ↑ Hughes, D; George, R. P. (10 August 2009). "Not a Victimless Crime". National Review Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
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