Baltimore's The Block is a stretch on the 400 block of East Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland, containing several strip clubs, sex shops, and other adult entertainment merchants. During the 19th century, Baltimore was filled with brothels, and in the first half of the 20th century, it was famous for its burlesque houses. It was a noted starting point and stop-over for many noted burlesque dancers, including the likes of Blaze Starr.
The decades to follow would bring a marked increase in general crime, sex work, and drug dealing, an unusual situation considering the location of Baltimore's Police Headquarters and Central Police District House at the east end of the block. It has been suggested that the police, whose headquarters are located right next to The Block, chose to contain the prostitution and drug dealing in that small section of Baltimore rather than combat it.[citation needed]
The passing decades would see a shrinking of the area. Once several blocks long, stretching almost to Charles Street in the central part of downtown Baltimore, today The Block only stretches about two blocks long from South Street to Gay Street.[citation needed]
A five alarm fire on December 6, 2010, heavily damaged four buildings, including the building that formerly housed the Gayety Theater. The fire was believed to be an act of arson.[3]
History
Development of Brothels
At the beginning of the 19th century, the growing population, low wages, and political corruption in Baltimore led to an environment that allowed sex work to flourish.[4] As the sex industry began to grow, many other businesses and individuals benefited from the proceeds of the industry.[5]Madams and sex workers were "easy targets" due to their low social status, so it was common for them to be extorted by businesses and individuals.[5] This led to the emergence of brothel landlords. Brothel landlords were able to make a large income from the industry without being directly involved, which prevented their reputation from being ruined. It was known that madams had a hefty income, and brothel landlords used this as a way to exploit them. They charged madams more for rent because of the risk associated with renting to a madam and inflated monthly rents since madams had limited options and could afford a higher rent.[5] Due to the stable income that brothels provided for landlords, by the mid-19th century, brothels became an integral part of the real estate speculation in Baltimore. Hatters, sailors, and teachers were all found to be brothel landlords in East Baltimore in the mid-1840s.[5] Marginalized groups at the time, such as Irish and Jewish immigrants, also made it practice to lease properties to madams as a way of ensuring they would always have enough cash on hand in case that they couldn't get credit.[5]
Another consistent source of income for brothels was alcohol sales. In Baltimore, the type of alcohol sold at brothels distinguished their social status. Low-class brothels sold beer and hard liquor, middle-class brothels sold wine, and high-class brothels sold champagne.[5] The sale of alcohol allowed madams to keep their income high while decreasing the pressure clients may have felt to have sex. Clients would sometimes come to brothels and hang out for a while before purchasing sex, and the sale of alcohol allowed brothels to still make money while clients did this.[5]
Sex Work During the Civil War
During the Civil War, Union soldiers that occupied camps surrounding the city became well-known clients of many brothels.[5] Most of the soldiers at these camps were young men eager to spend the large bonuses they just made by joining the war, and as a result, sneaking out to go seek the purchase of sex became a common activity for soldiers. In Baltimore, the demand for sex work greatly increased between 1861 and 1864, and so did the supply.[5] Many women turned towards sex work as a way of making a living while their husbands fought and died in the war. This increase in sex work also increased the number of brothels in Baltimore. New brothels began opening up around the city, specifically in Guilford Alley. Aside from the appeal of sex, these brothels were a comfort to soldiers who were used to dirty camps with no privacy. Madams and sex workers also were an important source of intelligence for the Union soldiers. Confederate sympathizers would come into these brothels, have too much to drink, and share information regarding troop movement and military campaigns. Madams then took this information and passed it onto the Union soldiers that were regular clients. In return, the provost guard would favor these brothels by turning a blind eye and ensuring these brothels would have lower fines, if any.[5]
Regulation of Sex Work
The 19th century marked a time in American society where women were expected to be the "moral compass."[4] This included raising their children to be good citizens, being good Christians, and being submissive to their husbands. The sex trade contrasted sharply with these ideas, which resulted in moral reformers who pushed to regulate the trade. Complaints against brothels were increasing in the 1820s, and half of the fines imposed against brothels were given to reporting witnesses as a way of persuading people to turn them in.[5] However, brothels were given preferential treatment over streetwalkers and other forms of sex work. The Baltimore Sun was a critic of the way brothels were handled, claiming that they had enough money that they could repeatedly pay the fines that were being imposed upon them as a way of avoiding legal trouble.[5] In the 1840s, more attention was given to brothel landlords, however the fines weren't enough to outweigh the large income they were making through the sex trade.
Baltimore's police force grew drastically during the mid-19th century, rapidly decreasing the toleration of brothels. Along with the increase in police force came an increase in corruption surrounding brothels. It wasn't uncommon for watchmen to demand sex from workers and madams in exchange for silence, and if the demand wasn't met, they would be arrested.[5]
The end of the Civil War was also met with more concerns regarding sex work due to the health implications it caused during the war, specifically venereal disease. Sex work in Baltimore was now seen as economically, socially, and physically harmful to society.[5] Residents of white-middle-class neighborhoods began protesting the presence of brothels in their neighborhoods, viewing them as degrading and a sign of moral downfall. The public school system also expanded after the Civil War, and as more schools were built around neighborhoods, fear surrounding the idea of having brothels close to schools increased. A few years after the expansion of the public school system, the Maryland House of Delegates passed a bill which made it illegal for brothels to be within four blocks of female schools.[5]
In 1871, the city's Board of Police Commission issued an order that required the arrest of all female street-walkers at night. Officers were given a commission of $2.40 for every streetwalker they arrested, which encouraged officers to exploit workers by repeatedly arresting and releasing them.[5] While this was going on, several organizations with the purpose of confining prostitution were established, including Young Women's Christian Association (1883), Society for the Suppression of Vice of Baltimore City (1888), Maryland Society of Social Hygiene (1908), and Women's Civil League of Baltimore (1911).[4] The Meadow, which was once a red-light district, was now populated by industrial warehouses, and by 1902, brothels ceased to exist here.[5]
Decline of Brothels
The decline of brothels began when the middle-class reformers started pushing for brothels to be eradicated from their neighborhoods in the 1870s.[5] Two decades later, Baltimore began developing new spaces of entertainment, such as concert saloons, theaters, and hotels. Some of the most popular leisure spots in Baltimore included Leavitt's Gemote Palace (1864), George Nachman and Thomas Turpin's French Froliques (1877), Joseph Bucholtz's Pacific Garden Theater, and Haymarket Concert Saloon. These spaces attracted many women who were only working part-time as sex workers. By 1910, 40% of the workers in urban industries were women. This is a result of better wages compared to the wages they were offered from doing domestic work in the 19th century. Increased wages for women influenced many women to sell sex as a part-time job instead of full-time to complement the salary they were making in industries. Choosing to sell part-time also meant choosing to sell at these new venues so they would have the independence of determining their own terms and avoiding the reputation that came with working in brothels.[5]
The increase in women in the labor market also made it safer for sex workers who were on the streets late at night. During the 19th century, it was uncommon for a woman to be on the streets late at night unless they were selling sex, which made it easier for officers to arrest them. However, with women now working long hours at their jobs, many were walking home late at night, and police couldn't distinguish between sex workers and women who were just walking home for their industrial jobs.[5] This made it easier for sex workers to blend in on the streets, and they no longer needed to rely on the safety that brothels provided.
Dance halls were added into saloons, theaters, and hotels in the 1890s, which were a craze among youth. These dance halls attracted about 100 people per night, which increased opportunities for sex workers.[5] The new types of living that came with these entertainment spaces allowed sex workers to bring clients back to these newer spaces instead of brothels. The rooms were usually cheaper than brothels, and sex-workers often got their clients to pay.
Amusement parks had the hardest impacts to brothels. In the 1890s, amusement parks opened up with concert saloons, dance floors, alcohol sales, and rides.[5] The parks only cost 5 cents for entry, which made it affordable for sex-workers to pay a daily entry into. The amusements park were a safe space for sex-workers, where there was no police oversight. The alcohol sales attracted many clients away from brothels, as brothels struggled to sell liquor with an increase in police oversight.
Police also gave brothels more regulation. Brothels weren't allowed to have phones, which prevented madams from calling out for girls. They also required every worker to be over 21. The Police Board transferred officers all around the city, which broke down decades-long bribery networks that had been set up between specific officers and madams.[5] The oversight that came with this transfer hit brothels hard and they could no longer sell alcohol.
Baltimore began creating confined red-light districts with the belief that it would be the best way to manage the sex trade in their city. Four blocks on Baltimore Street, now known as the Block, became the designated red-light district in Baltimore after the Great Baltimore Fire in 1904.[6]
In 1913, the Maryland Vice Commission was established.[5] Shortly after, fourteen commissioners went undercover to develop the Maryland Vice Commission Report, detailing sex-work in Baltimore.[6] The report, however, is not entirely accurate and has a clear opinion against brothels. The investigators mainly focused on full-time prostitutes. The average age was 27, and most entered the sex trade in their 20s. Most workers knew how to read and write, even though many of them didn't go to high school. Sex-workers mostly reported feeling content with their lives, and they earned anywhere from $35 to $75 per week, compared to $6.14 per week at their previous jobs. The main reason sex workers went into the job was due to economic hardships, specifically family crisis, such as a spouse getting sick and being unable to work.[6]
The Maryland Vice Commissions Report did not reflect the actual findings. In the report, it claimed that prostitutes lived a "repulsive and perfectly hopeless"[6] life. It reported that sex workers had physical appearances that showed they lacked intelligence, such as their facial expressions.[6] The report concluded that sex-workers were victims of a weak mind and needed to be saved from their work. Although it was found that most workers started in the industry as a result of an economic crisis, the report stated other workers were women who got married at a young age, get bored, and ran off to a "promiscuous" lifestyle.[7]
From the report, the Maryland Vice Commissions formed several recommendations. They recommended that sex work be suppressed for health reasons, claiming that sex wasn't a necessity for men, and that promiscuous sex would lead to mental health issues. The report also discussed that brothels were unsanitary places that led to alcohol abuse and gambling.[6] They viewed sex workers as victims, stating that they needed to protect their virtues and morality, along with protecting the workers themselves due to their mental deficiencies (although the majority of the girls were found to have normal mentalities[6]).
In March 1915, the Maryland Vice Commission recommended that the Police department shut down all brothels within the next year. The report had found 350 brothels in Baltimore in 1914, and by September 1915, all Baltimore brothels had been closed.[5][6] Once brothels had been closed, a report from the Society for the Suppression of Vice of Baltimore City claimed that Baltimore was now one of the most morally clean cities in the United States.[8] The Block was still standing and consisted of penny arcades and vaudevilles.
Sex Work after Brothels
Federal prohibition was repealed in 1933, and shortly after, the Block was filled with strip bars that were occupied by many sex workers.[6] The American Social Hygiene Association conducted two investigations, the first in 1942 and the second in 1951. The 1942, investigation found that bars on the Block illegally promoted sex work. In 1951, the investigation found that there were 21 night clubs on the Block in which sex workers worked.[6] In 1955, night clubs that allowed sex work would be shut down, in compliance with City Judge Reuben Oppenheimer's ruling. An investigation in 1961 that involved undercover police showed that sex could still be purchased in most drinking establishments around Baltimore. Lastly, in 2003, a study done by Eden Savino found that Baltimore is known for its sex industry and sex work is still largely tolerated on the Block. The geography of the Block is also something to note. Baltimore's police station is across the street from the Block, indicating the tolerance of the sex industry in this part of Baltimore.[6]
Maryland Laws Regarding Sex Work
In Maryland's Statutes Criminal Law Title 11, the term "prostitution" is used to define sex work. Prostitution is illegal in the state of Maryland,[9] and it is defined as the "performance of a sexual act, sexual contact, or vaginal intercourse for hire".[10] The act of prostitution is a misdemeanor and is subject to up to a year in prison, a fine of up to $500, or both.[10] It is also illegal to run a house of prostitutes, and anyone convicted of doing so is guilty of a misdemeanor and is also subject to up to a year in prison, a fine of up to $500, or both.[11] Lastly, receiving money from prostitutes is illegal as well, such as being a pimp, and anyone convicted to doing so is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to up to 10 years in prison, a fine of up to $10,000, or both.[12]
Although the penalties for sex work may seem small in comparison to other crimes, having these specific penalties on one's record are typically extremely harmful. It is a permanent criminal record that can cause someone to lose their job or have difficulties securing houses or a spot at a university or graduate school.[9] These consequences often make it difficult for sex workers to get jobs outside the sex industry.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hill, Jayme Rae (2008). From the brothel to the block: Politics and prostitution in Baltimore during the Progressive Era (Thesis). ProQuest304414195.
↑ "LIGHT ON VICE CREATES STIR: Governor's Commission Reveals That It Is Common And Widespread GREAT SACRIFICE OF BABIES CHARGED Office Buildings And Hotels Told Of As Places Where Immorality Flourishes". The Sun. Baltimore MD. 21 December 1915. p.8. ProQuest542614899.
↑ American Social Hygiene Association. (19141921). Social hygiene. Baltimore, MD: American Social Hygiene Association.[verification needed]
A brothel, bordello, ranch, or whorehouse is a place where people engage in sexual activity with prostitutes. However, for legal or cultural reasons, establishments often describe themselves as massage parlors, bars, strip clubs, body rub parlours, studios, or by some other description. Sex work in a brothel is considered safer than street prostitution.
Prostitution in New Zealand, brothel-keeping, living off the proceeds of someone else's prostitution, and street solicitation are legal in New Zealand and have been since the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 came into effect. Coercion of sex workers is illegal. The 2003 decriminalisation of brothels, escort agencies and soliciting, and the substitution of a minimal regulatory model, created worldwide interest; New Zealand prostitution laws are now some of the most liberal in the world.
Prostitution in Germany is legal, as are other aspects of the sex industry, including brothels, advertisement, and job offers through HR companies. Full-service sex work is widespread and regulated by the German government, which levies taxes on it. In 2016, the government adopted a new law, the Prostitutes Protection Act, in an effort to improve the legal situation of sex workers, while also now enacting a legal requirement for registration of prostitution activity and banning prostitution which involves no use of condoms. The social stigmatization of sex work persists and many workers continue to lead a double life. Human rights organizations consider the resulting common exploitation of women from East Germany to be the main problem associated with the profession.
A massage parlor, or massage parlour, is a place where massage services are provided. Some massage parlors are front organizations for prostitution and the term "massage parlor" has also become a euphemism for a brothel.
Prostitution in the Netherlands is legal and regulated. Operating a brothel is also legal. De Wallen, the largest and best-known Red-light district in Amsterdam, is a destination for international sex tourism.
Male prostitution is a form of sex work consisting of act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment. Although clients can be of any gender, the vast majority are older males looking to fulfill their sexual needs. Male prostitutes have been far less studied than female prostitutes by researchers. Even so, male prostitution has an extensive history including regulation through homosexuality, conceptual developments on sexuality, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic impact. In the last century, male sex work has seen various advancements such as popularizing new sexual acts, methods of exchange, and carving out a spot in cinema.
Prostitution in Hong Kong is itself legal, but organised prostitution is illegal, as there are laws against keeping a vice establishment, causing or procuring another to be a prostitute, living on the prostitution of others, or public solicitation.
In Great Britain, the act of engaging in sex as part of an exchange of various sexual services for money is legal, but a number of related activities, including soliciting in a public place, kerb crawling, owning or managing a brothel, pimping and pandering, are illegal. In Northern Ireland, which previously had similar laws, paying for sex became illegal from 1 June 2015.
The legality of prostitution in Asia varies by country. There is often a significant difference in Asia between prostitution laws and the practice of prostitution. In 2011, the Asian Commission on AIDS estimated there were 10 million sex workers in Asia and 75 million male customers.
Prostitution is illegal in the vast majority of the United States as a result of state laws rather than federal laws. It is, however, legal in some rural counties within the state of Nevada. Additionally, it is decriminalized to sell sex in the state of Maine, but illegal to buy sex. Prostitution nevertheless occurs elsewhere in the country.
Prostitution in Ireland is legal. However, since March 2017, it has been an offence to buy sex. All forms of third party involvement are illegal but are commonly practiced. Since the law that criminalises clients came into being, with the purpose of reducing the demand for prostitution, the number of prosecutions for the purchase of sex increased from 10 in 2018 to 92 in 2020. In a report from UCD's Sexual Exploitation Research Programme the development is called ”a promising start in interrupting the demand for prostitution.” Most prostitution in Ireland occurs indoors. Street prostitution has declined considerably in the 21st century, with the vast majority of prostitution now advertised on the internet.
Prostitution in Australia is governed by state and territory laws, which vary considerably, although none ban the selling of sex itself.
Prostitution in Turkey is legal and regulated. The secularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century. Known as "general houses" (genelevler) in the country, brothels must receive permits from the government to operate. In turn, the regulatory agencies issue identity cards to sex workers that give them rights to some free medical care and other social services. However, many local governments now have a policy of not issuing new registrations, and in some cities, such as Ankara and Bursa, brothels have been demolished by court order.
Prostitution in Luxembourg is in itself legal, and is common, but activities associated with organised prostitution, such as profiting from or aiding prostitution, are illegal. Human trafficking incurs severe penalties. There are estimated to be 300 prostitutes in Luxembourg, most of whom are immigrants.
The legality of prostitution in Europe varies by country.
Prostitution in Scotland has been similar to that in England under the State of Union, but since devolution, the new Scottish Parliament has pursued its own policies.
The decriminalization of sex work is the removal of criminal penalties for sex work. Sex work, the consensual provision of sexual services for money or goods, is criminalized in most countries. Decriminalization is distinct from legalization.
The Dumas Brothel was a brothel in Butte, Montana. The brothel was founded by French-Canadian brothers Joseph and Arthur Nadeau in 1890 and named after the nominal owner, Delia Nadeau, née Dumas, who was Joseph's wife. It grew considerably through the years, with the miners employed by the city's copper mines often patronizing the establishment. After several changes of the "madams" and continuing pressure from authorities, the brothel closed in 1982, described as "a rare, intact commentary on social history". At the time of its closure, it was the longest operating brothel in the United States, having operated years after prostitution was made illegal. After closing, the brothel changed hands several times, eventually becoming a tourist attraction owned and managed by a series of Butte residents.
Young black women of the Harlem Renaissance lived with uncertainty of their rights and their roles at a time in which women began to question their sexuality in fear of facing the scrutiny. The women of Harlem began questioning their equal rights and freedom of sexual expression. One occupation that flourished was prostitution. In the early 1900s, New York City thrived with prostitution. Amidst the artistic spectrum of the Harlem Renaissance, the occupation of prostitution created an underlying tension for African American women and their right to solicit their bodies for profit. Preceding World War One, American ideology of sexuality was restrained by religion and denial. Sex was a private matter and was deemed taboo outside of procreation. Idealized notions of the sexual union, however, made non-procreative sex lustful and demeaning. This way of thinking immediately pushes prostitution into the spectrum of being a sinful act and portraying the act in a demeaning manner.
Sex Work in Shanghai within the 19th and 20th Century lead China to become known as the "brothel of Asia." With Shanghai's rapid expansion of factories, migration, and refugees, gangs and prostitution quickly spread through the city. This resulted in the exploitation of young women and children, sex trafficking, and imperialist policies. In addition, social turmoil within the mid 19th century such as the Taiping civil war shifted the economic and political state of Shanghai. This furthered the rise of prostitution to rapidly spread. A clear hierarchy within the sex industry soon began to develop creating a large class distinction between the sex workers. This forced many young woman to work tireless to reach ends meet while others were able to live lives of luxury.
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