| Protea nana | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Inflorescence of a cultivated plant photographed at Paarlberg Nature Reserve, Paarl, South Africa | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | Protea |
| Species: | P. nana |
| Binomial name | |
| Protea nana | |
| Synonyms [3] | |
Protea nana, also known as the mountain rose [2] [4] or mountain-rose sugarbush, [2] [4] [5] [6] is a flowering shrub which belongs within the genus Protea . [6]
In the Afrikaans language the following vernacular names have been recorded for this plant: bergroos, [4] [7] warebergroos, [4] skaamblom, [4] [7] skaamroos [4] and skaamrosie. [4] [7] The name skaamblom translates as 'shy' or 'bashful' flower, and possibly refers to the nodding, downward-pointing inflorescences. [7] [8] It was first attested in the 1929 article titled Gewone Plantname in die Distrik Riversdal by Muir in Die Huisgenoot . [9]
The species was first described according to the modern Linnaean system as Leucadendron nanum by Peter Jonas Bergius in 1766. [3] [10] Five years later Linnaeus described the same species as Protea rosacea, a heterotypic synonym. [4] It had already been described before these two authors as Thymelæa æthiopica abietiforriiis floribus phœniceis in a 1700 work by Leonard Plukenet. [10] In 1781 Carl Peter Thunberg moved the taxon to the genus Protea. [3] [10] It was originally described as occurring in the mountains of the Roode Zant region, an area which is now known as Witzenberg. [10]
The specific epithet nana is derived from the Latin word for 'dwarf', and this was chosen in reference to the relatively small inflorescences. [4]
Protea nana grows as a small shrub [4] which is shaped roundish in profile, [6] is highly branched, [4] and becomes 1.3 m high. [4] [6] In cultivation plants live up to approximately ten years. [4] The branches curve gracefully outward when laden by blooms. They are coloured green when young and in their first season, but turn red in the following season, eventually turning brown when mature. [4]
The leaves are glabrous, coloured deep green, soft and needle-shaped. [4] [7] These needles all curve upwards, and are about 18–30 mm long, and 1.0–1.5 mm wide. [4]
It blooms in midwinter to early summer, [4] [5] primarily from July to October, [6] but more broadly from June to November. [4] [7] The plant is monoecious with both sexes in each flower. [6] The inflorescences are subtended by oval-shaped, bright red to crimson bracts, within which numerous, much shorter, crimson-coloured flowers reside. [7] The colour may also vary from burgundy, or a dirty, faded red to pale green. These inflorescences are cup-shaped, pendulous (pointed downward), and nod in the wind. The flowers have a characteristic yeasty odour. [4]
The fruits ripen after some seven months. [4] The fruits are woody and persistent, which means they are retained on the plant after senescence. The seed is kept within the dry fruit for several years, and when finally released after the plant burns and dies. [4] [6] This is known as fire-mediated serotiny. [4] The seeds are spread to new growing sites by means of the wind. [4] [6] These seeds are small and light, and covered with a pappus of fine hairs. The temperatures dropping at night appears to stimulate germination. [4]
It has proteoid, cluster roots which form a mat only a few centimetres thick, which is found just below the surface of the soil. [4]
The plant is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa, [2] and is found from the Groot Winterhoek mountains, through the Du Toits Mountains, to the Skurweberg near Ceres. [4] [6] It occurs near the towns of Porterville, [6] Ceres, Paarl, Tulbagh and Worcester. [7] It is usually found occurring in a large number isolated stands. [4]
The plant grows on mountain slopes at altitudes of 400 to 900 metres. [2] [4] [6] It prefers a fynbos habitat, and is found growing on granite-based or sandstone-based substrates. [2] It grows on both dry sand or moist, peaty loam. It prefers a slightly acidic soil as substrate. The fynbos soils where it grows are very phosphorus-deficient. [4]
Potential wildfires destroy the plant, but the seeds are able to survive such an event. [6] The leaves have evolved to be long and narrow to conserve water and survive the hot and dry summers of the fynbos. [4]
In 1998 it was still unknown what creature(s) might be responsible for the pollination, and the flowers produce very little nectar compared to other Protea. [6] The nectar is, however, fortified with a high sugar content; the sugars include xylose. The downward-pointing shape, the odd yeasty odour, high sugar content and the flowering time in late winter all indicate pollination by rodents. Animals which have now been recorded as visiting the flowers are, besides sunbirds, the rodent species Otomys irroratus , Micaelamys namaquensis , Rhabdomys pumilio and Myomyscus verreauxii . Each of these rodents were found with this plants pollen on their noses or in their scat. M. verreauxi is the best at climbing and is thought to be the main pollinator. Rhabdomys pumilio, on the other hand, was sometimes found to be quite destructive of the inflorescences in a laboratory setting. In the field on average 20% of the inflorescences are destroyed within a two-month period, and this mouse is thought to be likely responsible. The xylose in the nectar can be metabolised by the intestinal microbiotic flora of the small mouse Micaelamys namaquensis. [4] [11] Otomys irroratus does not appear to pollinate the flowers. Despite the rodent pollination, when researchers placed the plants in wire mesh cages to exclude rodents and birds but allow access to insects, the plants were still able to set seed in appreciable amounts, something which was not the case when insects were excluded as well, indicating rodents are usually only partially responsible for pollinating this species. [11]
It keeps well as a cut flower. [4]
Although Protea nana is a fast-growing and handsome species, it is a short-lived and difficult plant to cultivate under ordinary garden conditions. It is best grown in tall containers, on slopes, raised embankments, or in rock gardens to better enjoy the nodding flower heads. In cultivation it is best grown in heavy, low nutrient, but well-drained soils. It is best propagated by seed, but top cuttings can root when applied with growth hormones and kept for a few months in a well-drained substrate with ground heating. Seeds sprout best in a well-drained, coarse, sandy, acidic, sterile soil. Seeds start to germinate after some six weeks. Young plants are best grown out in a shade house. The plants can be lightly pruned to encourage branching and produce more flowers. The plants are sensitive to high levels of phosphates in normal fertilizer. Root fungi such as Phytophthora or Armillaria can be deadly. [4]
The population of this species is believed to be stable, and the South African National Biodiversity Institute has assessed the conservation status of the species as 'least concern' since 2009. [2] It grows fairly abundantly in protected areas. [4]
Protea neriifolia, also known as the narrow-leaf sugarbush, oleander-leaved sugarbush, blue sugarbush, or the oleanderleaf protea, is a flowering plant in the genus Protea, which is endemic to South Africa.
Protea laurifolia, also known as the grey-leaf sugarbush, is a shrub from South Africa. It is native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.
Protea acaulos, also known as the common ground sugarbush, is a flowering plant found in the southwestern Cape Region, South Africa. It is also simply known as ground protea; in the Afrikaans language it is known as an aardroos.
Protea magnifica, commonly known as the queen protea, is a shrub, which belongs to the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae, and which is native to South Africa.
Protea repens, known as the common sugarbush and in Afrikaans as the suikerbossie, is an erect shrub growing in the southern regions of South Africa. Related to other proteas, this plant is a relatively adaptable and variable species and can be found growing widely in various soils. Due to its showy flowers and adaptability, it is a popular garden subject for use in wildlife gardens in South Africa.
Protea effusa, sometimes known as the scarlet sugarbush, is a flowering plant which belongs to the genus Protea. The plant is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa. In the Afrikaans language the vernacular name blosrooisuikerbos has been recorded for this plant.
Protea recondita, also known as the hidden sugarbush, is a flowering plant of the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae, which is endemic to the Cape Region of South Africa, and distributed from the Piketberg and Cederberg to the Groot Winterhoek mountains. The flowers of this unusual plant are pollinated by non-flying mammals: rodents and elephant shrews. In the Afrikaans language it is known as gesigtoehouprotea or skaamroos.
Protea sulphurea, also known as the sulphur sugarbush, is a flowering plant of the genus Protea in the family Proteaceae, which is only known to grow in the wild in the Western Cape province of South Africa. A vernacular name for the plant in the Afrikaans language is heuningkoeksuikerbos or Skaamblom.
Protea foliosa, also known as the leafy sugarbush, is a flowering plant of the genus Protea in the family Proteaceae which is endemic to the Cape Region of South Africa. In the Afrikaans language it is known as ruie-suikerbos.
Protea intonsa, also known as the tufted sugarbush, is a flowering plant of the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae, endemic to South Africa, where it is distributed from the eastern Swartberg and Kammanassie Mountains to the Baviaanskloof mountains. In Afrikaans it is known as klossie-suikerbos.
Protea vogtsiae, also known as the Kouga sugarbush, is a small flowering shrub of the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae, which is only found growing in the wild in the southern Cape Region of South Africa.
Protea pudens, also known as the bashful sugarbush, is a low-growing, groundcover-like, flowering shrub in the genus Protea. It is only found growing in the wild in a small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Protea angustata, also known as the Kleinmond sugarbush, is a flowering shrub that belongs to the genus Protea. This plant is endemic to the south-west Cape Region of South Africa.
Protea pityphylla, also known as Ceres sugarbush or mountain rose, is a flowering shrub of the genus Protea, in the family Proteaceae. The plant is endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa.
Protea lorea, also known as the thong-leaf sugarbush, is a flowering shrub belonging to the genus Protea.
Protea pruinosa, also known as frosted sugarbush or burnished protea, is a flowering shrub which belongs to the genus Protea within the botanical family Proteaceae. The plant is endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa.
Protea restionifolia, which is also known as the Reed-leaf sugarbush, is a flowering shrub endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa where it is found from the upper part of the Breede River Valley through the Bot River Valley to Wolseley and the Koue Bokkeveld Mountains.
Protea scabra, also known as the sandpaper-leaf sugarbush, is a flowering groundcover that belongs to the genus Protea. The plant is endemic to South Africa and is found from the Hottentots Holland Mountains across the Riviersonderend Mountains, the Kleinrivier Mountains and around the town of Caledon to the Swartberg mountains.
Protea caespitosa, also known as hottentot bishop sugarbush or bishop sugarbush, is a flowering shrub belonging to the genus Protea which is only found growing in the wild in South Africa.
Protea punctata, also known as the water sugarbush or water white sugarbush, is a shrub belonging to the genus Protea which is found growing in the wild in South Africa.
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