Pseudopulex

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Pseudopulex
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, 165–125  Ma
P.wangi fossil image.png
Pseudopulex wangi fossils
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Siphonaptera
Family: Pseudopulicidae
Genus: Pseudopulex
Gao, Shih, and Ren, 2012
Species
  • P. jurassicus Gao, Shih, and Ren, 2012
  • P. magnus Gao, Shih, and Ren, 2012
  • P. tanlan Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn, and Ren, 2014
  • P. wangi Huang, Engel, Cai, and Nel, 2013

Pseudopulex is an extinct genus of primitive fleas that lived between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods in what is now modern-day China. The Latin root for the name Pseudopulex roughly translates to "false fleas". [1]

Contents

Discovery

There are currently four identified species in this genus: Pseudopulex jurassicus, Pseudopulex magnus, Pseudopulex wangi, and Pseudopulex tanlan. The majority of current research focuses on P. jurassicus and P. magnus. [2] [3]

Fossils of P. jurassicus date back to the middle Jurassic age of the Jiulongshan Formation in China, around 165 million years ago, while P. magnus was discovered from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, around 125 million years ago. [3] Currently, there have been a total of six other flea-like fossils that have been discovered along with this genus. [3]

Description

Pseudopolex tanlan line drawing and fossil images.webp
Pseudopulex tanlan 2 (cropped).jpg
P. tanlan fossils and line drawings

Pseudopulex species have dorsoventrally flattened bodies unlike modern fleas, but similar to common ectoparasites like ticks or bedbugs. [4] They exhibit traits such as thinner, more elongated clawed appendages and extended mouthparts that can distinguish them from similar parasites such as lice. [5] Several traits differentiate them from extant crown group fleas, which may be an indication of this genus possibly having an early evolution that resulted in a dead-end lineage. [3] Their legs were quite long and each ended in a pair of long claws; however, unlike extant fleas, they lacked enlarged saltatorial hind legs. [1]

Several features are used to distinguish the species of Pseudopulex; P. jurassicus was slightly longer and possessed a shorter stylet, while P. magnus was thicker and had very long mouthparts. [5]

P. jurassicus has a body length of 17 millimetres (0.67 in) and a mouthpart length of 3.4 mm, which was twice the size of its head. [4] This species had very small eyes, antennae, and a short torso covered in long thin bristles (setae). [5]

P. magnus was 22.8 millimetres (0.90 in) long with 5.2 mm long mouthparts. [4] Their heads were relatively small, and their bodies were compressed and stout compared to P. jurassicus. [5] This species also exhibited antennae, dense setae, and claws on the ends of their legs, but had a distinctively large abdomen. [5]

P. wangi females were about 14.8 millimetres (0.58 in) long and had small heads, relatively short mouthparts, and short antennae. [6] Males, however, were much smaller and had longer bodies with larger genitalia, indicating P. wangi was more sexually dimorphic than other species in its genus. [6]

P. tanlan was smaller than the other Pseudopulex species at about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long, with a relatively small head and thoracic cavity. The body of P. tanlan also exhibits very short and stiff setae. Compared to P. magnus and P. jurassicus, P. tanlan has relatively small male genitalia and short tibias in females. [2] P. tanlan is considered to be a transitional organism between P. jurassicus or P. magnus and extant fleas as it has a smaller body plan,[ clarification needed ] more compact antennae, and other features associated with extant fleas. [2]

Paleobiology

Restoration of P. jurassicus Pseudopulex.jpg
Restoration of P. jurassicus

Despite Pseudopulex having some similar characteristics to modern fleas, major differences in body morphology suggest differences in hosts compared to extant fleas. [7] They possessed serrated stylets, which were likely used for feeding on blood through thick layers of skin, and are estimated to have been about fifty times larger than the dog flea. [8]

Potential hosts for P. jurassicus include Pedopenna daohugouensis or Epidexipteryx hui , while P. magnus may have parasitized Sinosauropteryx prima or Microraptor gui. [4] [ additional citation(s) needed ] They may have later adapted to parasitizing smaller birds and mammals, altering their morphology to more closely resemble modern-day fleas. [7]

References

  1. 1 2 Leung, Tommy (2015-08-29). "Parasite of the Day: Pseudopulex jurassicus". Parasite of the Day. Archived from the original on 2020-02-23. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  2. 1 2 3 Gao, Taiping; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Xu, Xing; Wang, Shuo; Ren, Dong (2014-08-27). "The first flea with fully distended abdomen from the Early Cretaceous of China". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 168. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..168G. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0168-1 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   4154525 . PMID   25158612.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Gao, Taiping; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Xu, Xing; Wang, Shuo; Ren, Dong (2013-07-08). "New Transitional Fleas from China Highlighting Diversity of Early Cretaceous Ectoparasitic Insects". Current Biology. 23 (13): 1261–1266. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.1261G. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.040 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   23810530.
  4. 1 2 3 4 May 2012, Jeanna Bryner 02 (2 May 2012). "Monster 'Fleas' Put the Bite on Dinosaurs". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Gao, Tai-ping; Shih, Chung-kun; Xu, Xing; Wang, Shuo; Ren, Dong (2012-04-24). "Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates". Current Biology. 22 (8): 732–735. Bibcode:2012CBio...22..732G. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   22445298.
  6. 1 2 Huang, DiYing; Engel, Michael S.; Cai, ChenYang; Nel, André (2013-05-01). "Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (14): 1682–1690. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1682H. doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3 . hdl: 1808/14426 . ISSN   1861-9541.
  7. 1 2 "Jurassic pain: Giant "flea-like" insects plagued dinosaurs". Life at OSU. 2012-05-01. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  8. May 2012, Jeanna Bryner 02 (2 May 2012). "Dinosaur Fleas! Photos of Paleo Pests". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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