The Pliocene is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago. It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene.
Colubridae is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
Bombinatoridae is a family of toads found in Eurasia. Species of the family have flattened bodies and some are highly toxic.
Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to the Philippines. Fossil remains are also known from North America. As of 2014 it encompasses 246 species of frogs divided between five genera. For lack of a better vernacular name, they are commonly called megophryids.
Rana is a genus of frogs commonly known as the Holarctic true frogs, pond frogs or brown frogs. Members of this genus are found through much of Eurasia and western North America. Many other genera were formerly included here. These true frogs are usually largish species characterized by their slim waists and wrinkled skin; many have thin ridges running along their backs, but they generally lack "warts" as in typical toads. They are excellent jumpers due to their long, slender legs. The typical webbing found on their hind feet allows for easy movement through water. Coloration is mostly greens and browns above, with darker and yellowish spots.
Lithobates, commonly known as the bullfrogs, is a genus of true frogs, of the family Ranidae. The name is derived from litho- (stone) and the Greek bates, meaning one that treads on rock, or rock climber. As presently defined, it includes many of eastern North America's most familiar aquatic frog species, including the American bullfrog, green frog, and the leopard frogs.
The Patzcuaro frog is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. Within the former, broadly defined genus Rana, it belongs to the Rana montezumae subgroup of the Rana pipiens complex. It is endemic to Michoacán state, Mexico, where it is locally known as rana de Pátzcuaro. It occurs in Lake Pátzcuaro, Lake Cuitzeo, and the surrounding streams in Río de Morelia.
Zweifel's frog is an amphibian species endemic to Mexico. It is a member of the true frog family, Ranidae.
Richard George Zweifel was an American herpetologist, who classified several species in the American Southwest and in Australia, including the rattling frog. Zweifel contributed immensely to the documentation of the nowadays Aspidoscelis costatus species. Out of the eight costata subspecies, Dr. Zweifel reported and named five of them. Zweifel worked at the American Museum of Natural History from 1954 to 1989, and was Herpetology Department Chairman from 1968 to 1980.
The subfamily Fulgorariinae contains sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Volutidae.
Balaenula is an extinct genus of baleen whale species which lived during the Pliocene epoch of Europe and possibly North America. Balaenula is a small whale measuring within the range of 6–8 metres (20–26 ft) in length.
Belidaphne saldubensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Alvania caporalii is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania cioppii is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania maurizioi is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania micalii is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania coccoi is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania dubia is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania gemmulata is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Alvania pagodulina is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
