Lev Davidovich Bronstein,better known as Leon Trotsky,was a Russian revolutionary,Soviet politician,and political theorist. He was a central figure in the 1905 Revolution,October Revolution,Russian Civil War,and establishment of the Soviet Union. Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin were widely considered one of the two most prominent Soviet figures and was de facto second-in-command during the early years of the Russian Soviet Republic. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist,his thought and writings inspired a school of Marxism known as Trotskyism.
Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. Lenin's ideological contributions to the Marxist ideology relate to his theories on the party,imperialism,the state,and revolution. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the political consciousness and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose capitalism.
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. It was the predominant ideology of most communist governments throughout the 20th century. It was developed in Russia by Joseph Stalin and drew on elements of Bolshevism,orthodox Marxism,and Leninism. It was the state ideology of the Soviet Union,Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc,and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War,as well as the Communist International after Bolshevization.
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an orthodox Marxist,a revolutionary Marxist,and a Bolshevik–Leninist as well as a follower of Karl Marx,Frederick Engels,Vladimir Lenin,Karl Liebknecht,and Rosa Luxemburg. His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate. However,on balance,scholarly opinion among a range of prominent historians and political scientists such as E.H. Carr,Isaac Deutscher,Moshe Lewin,Ronald Suny,Richard B. Day and W. Bruce Lincoln was that Lenin’s desired “heir”would have been a collective responsibility in which Trotsky was placed in "an important role and within which Stalin would be dramatically demoted ".
Harpal Brar is an Indian communist,politician,writer and businessman,based in the United Kingdom. He is the founder and former chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist),a role from which he stood down in 2018.
The Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany is a communist political party in Germany. It was founded in 1982 by members of the Communist Workers Union of Germany and is one of the minor parties in Germany.
The Provisional Municipal Government of the Special City of Shanghai,also known as the Shanghai Civil Government or Shanghai Commune,was a provisional administration that briefly governed the city of Shanghai during the Northern Expedition. Established by people's committees with the assistance of Chen Duxiu,Zhou Enlai,and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of Chiang Kai-shek. The dissolution of the Shanghai Commune would lead to the 1927 Shanghai massacre,and the onset of the Chinese Civil War.
Communism is a sociopolitical,philosophical,and economic ideology within the socialist movement,whose goal is the creation of a communist society,a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production,distribution,and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need. A communist society would entail the absence of private property and social classes,and ultimately money and the state.
In 1921,factions were banned in the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) according to democratic centralism. Vladimir Lenin described the ban as temporary and had criticised a proposed amendment for a permanent ban as "excessive" and "impracticable". The ban was seen as temporary by contemporaries during the period.
The pro-Beijing camp,pro-establishment camp or pro-China camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong which generally supports the policies of the Beijing central government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) towards Hong Kong. The term "pro-establishment camp" is regularly in use to label the broader segment of the Hong Kong political arena which has the closer relationship with the establishment,namely the governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Pro-Beijing politicians are labeled "patriots" by pro-Beijing media and "loyalists" by the rival pro-democracy camp.
Luo Huining is a senior member of the Chinese Communist Party who was the director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2023. A native of Yiwu,Zhejiang,he was previously the Governor,then Party Secretary of Qinghai province before being appointed Party Secretary of Shanxi province.
The Revolutionary Marxist League was a Trotskyist vanguard party that existed in Hong Kong from 1975 to 1991.
The Workers World Party (WWP) is a Marxist–Leninist communist party founded in 1959 by a group led by Sam Marcy. WWP members are sometimes called Marcyites. Marcy and his followers split from the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) in 1958 over a series of long-standing differences,among them their support for Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party in 1948,their view of People's Republic of China as a workers' state,and their defense of the 1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary,some of which the SWP opposed.
A socialist state,socialist republic,or socialist country,sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic,is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism. The term communist state is often used synonymously in the West,specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties,despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building socialism and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as communist nor as having implemented a communist society. Additionally,a number of countries that are multi-party capitalist states make references to socialism in their constitutions,in most cases alluding to the building of a socialist society,naming socialism,claiming to be a socialist state,or including the term people's republic or socialist republic in their country's full name,although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently,these countries include Algeria,Bangladesh,Guyana,India,Nepal,Nicaragua,Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
A united front is an alliance of groups against their common enemies,figuratively evoking unification of previously separate geographic fronts and/or unification of previously separate armies into a front. The name often refers to a political and/or military struggle carried out by revolutionaries,especially in revolutionary socialism,communism,or anarchism. The basic theory of the united front tactic among socialists was first developed by the Communist International,an international communist organization created by communists in the wake of the October Revolution. According to the thesis of the 1922 4th World Congress of the Communist International:
The united front tactic is simply an initiative whereby the communists propose to join with all workers belonging to other parties and groups and all unaligned workers in a common struggle to defend the immediate,basic interests of the working class against the bourgeoisie.
Conservatism in Hong Kong has become the backbone of today's pro-Beijing camp,which has been the major supporting force of the SAR administration led by the indirectly elected Chief Executive. It is one of two major political ideologies of the Hong Kong,with the other being liberalism. Since the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984,conservatism has been characterised by business elites joining with pro-Communist traditional leftists in a "united front" to resist the rise of the demand for democratisation and liberalisation,in order to secure continued political stability and economic prosperity while maintaining a good relationship with the central government in Beijing leading up to and after the 1997 handover.
Far-left politics in the United Kingdom have existed since at least the 1840s,with the formation of various organisations following ideologies such as Marxism,revolutionary socialism,communism,anarchism and syndicalism.
Anarchism in Hong Kong emerged as part of the Chinese anarchist movement,when many anarchists sought refuge from the Qing Empire in the territory. It grew alongside the Chinese revolutionary movement,before the territory again became a safe haven for anarchists,following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. Since then anarchists have formed a part of the Hong Kong opposition movement,first to British colonial rule and then to the rising authoritarianism of the Government of Hong Kong.
During the 1970s in Hong Kong,university campuses experienced a period of heated political discussion and debate,referred to as the "hot era" of the Hong Kong student protests.
