Rhipicephalus pulchellus

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Rhipicephalus pulchellus
Rhipicephalus-pulchellus-male.jpg
Dorsal view of male.
Rhipicephalus-pulchellus-female.jpg
Dorsal view of female
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Rhipicephalus
Species:
R. pulchellus
Binomial name
Rhipicephalus pulchellus
Synonyms [4] : 160 
  • Dermacentor pulchellusGerstäcker, 1873 [5]
  • Rhipicephalus marmoreus Pocock, 1900 [6]
  • Rhipicephalus (Eurhipephalus) pulchellus [7]
  • Eurhipephalus pulchellus [8]
  • Rhipicephalus (Lamellicauda) pulchellus
  • Rhipicephalus (Tendeirodes) pulchellus

The zebra tick or yellow back tick (Rhipicephalus pulchellus) is a species of hard tick. It is common in the Horn of Africa, with a habitat of the Rift Valley and eastward. It feeds upon a wide variety of species, including livestock, wild mammals, and humans, and can be a vector for various pathogens. The adult male has a distinctive black and ivory ornamentation on its scutum.

Contents

Taxonomy and names

Male in Gerstaecker's description Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstacker 1873.jpg
Male in Gerstaecker's description
Male in Pocock's description Rhipicephalus pulchellus Pocock 1900.png
Male in Pocock's description

Rhipicephalus pulchellus was described by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker, who initially placed it in the genus Dermacentor [5] due to the ornamentation; [9] : 40  all Dermacentor ticks are ornate. [2] : 29  Its syntypes are at the Museum für Naturkunde. [10] Georges Neumann  [ fr ] transferred this species to Rhipicephalus in 1897. [11] [12] R. I. Pocock described a junior synonym, R. marmoreus, in 1900; its holotype was deposited at the Natural History Museum, London. [6] By 1901, Neumann had synonymized it with R. pulchellus. [13]

In 1926, Maria Tonelli-Rondelli described a subspecies R. p. humeralis, but in 1949, Fritz Konrad Ernst Zumpt reclassified it as its own species, R. humeralis. [9] : 220 

In 1904, Neumann circumscribed a new subgenus, (Eurhipicephalus), and included among its species R. (E.) pulchellus. [7] Aldo Castellani and Albert J. Chalmers then referred to this species as Eurhipicephalus pulchellus, treating Neumann's subgenus as its own genus. [8] [14] B. I. Pomerantsev circumscribed a new Rhipicephalus subgenus (Lamellicauda) in 1936, which included R. (L.) pulchellus. [14] [4]

J. A. T. Santos Dias circumscribed a subgenus, (Tendeirodes) including R. (T.) pulchellus and the three other rhipicephalids with ornamentation, i.e., R. (T.) dux, R. (T.) humeralis, and R. (T.) maculatus, but this subgenus is not recognized by Jane Brotherton Walker and colleagues. [9] : 156  In 1998, Pierre-Claude Morel created a pulchellus species group within the nominate subgenus (Rhipicephalus) consisting of these four species. [4] : 159–160 

Based on the larval and nymphal forms of Rhipicephalus species, Walker and colleagues placed R. pulchellus in the R. appendiculatus species group, consisting of R. appendiculatus, R. armatus, R. carnivoralis, R. duttoni, R. humeralis, R. maculatus, R. muehlensi, R. nitens, R. pulchellus, R. sculptus, and R. zambeziensis. [9] : 602 

In Neumann's 1901 description of R. maculatus , [13] : 273–274  he mistakenly described female specimens of R. pulchellus as representing the female of this new species. [15] [12] [4]

The specific epithets pulchellus and marmoreus are Latin adjectives meaning "beautiful little" and "made or consisting of marble", respectively; the word pulchellus is a diminutive of pulcher "beautiful". [16] [17] These refer to the male scutal pattern. [9] : 365  It is also known by the common name "zebra tick" [18] both due to its black and white ornamentation and having the zebra as a frequent host. [19] It is also sometimes known as the "yellow-backed tick". [20] [21]

Description

Adult male

Variation in the ornamentation patterns of the male. Rhipicephalus pulchellus Cunliffe 1913 Fig 3.png
Variation in the ornamentation patterns of the male.

The males have ivory ornamentation surrounding the edge of the conscutum and much of its center. [9] : 47  The male gnathosoma is significantly longer than it is broad, with dimensions of .84 mm × .69 mm (0.033 in × 0.027 in) to 1.07 mm × .83 mm (0.042 in × 0.033 in). Its conscutum measures 3.44 mm × 2.29 mm (0.135 in × 0.090 in) to 4.61 mm × 3.14 mm (0.181 in × 0.124 in). [9] : 367 

Adult female

Large "extreme" of female R. pulchellus, showing dorsal and ventral views as well as its tarsus IV. Rhipicephalus pulchellus Cunliffe 1913 Fig 6 top.png
Large "extreme" of female R. pulchellus, showing dorsal and ventral views as well as its tarsus IV.

The female gnathosoma is slightly longer than it is broad, with dimensions of .8 mm × .77 mm (0.031 in × 0.030 in) to 1.02 mm × .98 mm (0.040 in × 0.039 in). Its scutum measure 1.82 mm × 1.68 mm (0.072 in × 0.066 in) to 2.5 mm × 2.17 mm (0.098 in × 0.085 in). Its scutum is mostly ivory colored and its alloscutum is dark brown. [9] : 367 

Hosts

This tick has been found on many species, including both livestock and wild animals, particularly ungulates; common hosts include Burchell's and Grevy's zebras, the black rhinoceros, and antelopes such as the gemsbok, eland, and hartebeest. [9] : 371  In one study conducted in Kenya, hundreds of specimens were found on Masai giraffes. [22]

They have been found on baboons in the Amboseli region of Kenya near Mount Kilimanjaro, although they only made up 1.8% of all ticks recorded in this study. [23] These ticks have also been known to have elephants as their hosts. [24]

Although they far less frequently parasitize birds than they do mammals, examples exist of the ostrich and the yellow-necked francolin as hosts for this species, as well. [9] : 373 

It is a very common tick of cattle; in some parts of Ethiopia, 90% of all ticks collected from cattle and camels are R. pulchellus. This tick is present on 80% of cattle, and individuals are hosts to over 1000 of this tick each. [25]

In one study, adult ticks were found on their hosts' neck and belly (45%), head (36%), forelegs (7%), hump region (13%), and hing legs (3%), with immature ticks found on the head and forelegs. [22]

Humans

Ulcer from R. pulchellus bite Rhipicephalus pulchellus bite armpit.jpg
Ulcer from R. pulchellus bite

Immatures have been known to host on legs of humans. [9] : 371  The tick has been described as having a "strong affinity for human being"; ulcers generally form where larvae and nymphs feed on humans, and adults have also been found feeding on humans. [26]

Disease transmission

Many pathogens harmful to humans and other animals can be transmitted by this tick. [9] : 374–375  The Dugbe virus has been isolated from R. pulchellus collected from sheep in Ethiopia. [27] There is also evidence that this tick can transmit Rickettsia conorii as guinea pigs tested positive for its antibodies after being fed on. [28] One study suggested a possible link between this tick and typhus due to a similar distribution in Kenya, although transmission was unsuccessful in laboratory settings. [26]

The Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus has been extracted from this tick. [25] The West Nile virus has also been extracted from R. pulchellus. [29]

It has also been shown to transmit Nairobi sheep disease, [25] and is likely its main vector in northern Somalia. [30] It is the main vector for the Kismayo virus. [31] The piroplasm Theileria taurotragi has R. pulchellus as one of its main vectors. [32]

Predators

The red-billed oxpecker regularly eats this tick. [33]

Habitat and distribution

This tick inhabits the Afrotropical biogeographic realm. [34] It has been reported in the Palearctic, namely in the Giza Governorate, Egypt, [35] but some researchers are hesitant about listing the Palearctic in its distribution based on just that report. [34]

Adult ticks looking for hosts inhabit scrub and long-grass areas. [22]

It occurs in the Horn of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley and eastward. [9]

It lives between elevations of 500 and 2,000 m (1,600 and 6,600 ft) in semiarid bushlands and plains with an annual rainfall of 100–800 mm (3.9–31.5 in). [25]

One study predicted that its habitat range will increase throughout 2100 due to climate change. [36]

It is most active during the rainy season. [25]

Population

It was the most common tick in one study conducted in Haller Park, Kenya. [22] In the early 1900s, it was very common in Kenya's Athi Plains, and also found near Nairobi, Kiambu, and Ruiru, [37] and is the predominant tick collected from grass in the Kilimani area of Nairobi in a 1935 study. [26] One long-term study conducted in Laikipia, Kenya involved people walking for 400 m (1,300 ft) and counting the number of ticks found on their clothing; the average number of R. pulchellus adults peaked at three. [38]

As introduced species

R. pulchellus has been reported as being found on animals such as giraffes, zebras, rhinoceroses, and others that were imported into the United States, [39] but it does not seem to have become established anywhere in the Nearctic realm. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tick</span> Order of arachnids in the arthropod phylum

Ticks are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. The timing of the origin of ticks is uncertain, though the oldest known tick fossils are from the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years old. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ixodidae</span> Family of ticks

The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, one of the three families of ticks, consisting of over 700 species. They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a scutum or hard shield, which the other major family of ticks, the 'soft ticks' (Argasidae), lack. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of host species, and some are vectors of pathogens that can cause human disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argasidae</span> Family of arachnids

The Argasidae are the family of soft ticks, one of the three families of ticks. The family contains 193 species, although the composition of the genera is less certain, and more study is needed before the genera can become stable. The currently accepted genera are Antricola, Argas, Nothoaspis, Ornithodoros, and Otobius. The Argasidae are very common in South Asia, along with 96 other species of ticks, making South Asia the region with the highest biodiversity of ticks worldwide. Soft ticks are resistant to desiccation and can live for several years in arid conditions.

<i>Nuttalliella</i> Genus of ticks

Nuttalliella namaqua is a tick found in southern Africa from Tanzania to Namibia and South Africa, which is placed in its own family, Nuttalliellidae. It can be distinguished from ixodid ticks and argasid ticks by a combination of characteristics including the position of the stigmata, lack of setae, strongly corrugated integument, and form of the fenestrated plates. It is the most basal lineage of ticks.

<i>Ixodes</i> Genus of ticks

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks. It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans, and some species inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.

<i>Amblyomma</i> Genus of ticks

Amblyomma is a genus of hard ticks. Some are disease vectors, for example the Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Brazil or ehrlichiosis in the United States.

<i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> Species of species of tick found worldwide

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly called the brown dog tick, kennel tick, or pantropical dog tick, is a species of tick found worldwide, but more commonly in warmer climates. This species is unusual among ticks in that its entire lifecycle can be completed indoors. The brown dog tick is easily recognized by its reddish-brown color, elongated body shape, and hexagonal basis capituli. Adults are 2.28 to 3.18 mm in length and 1.11 to 1.68 mm in width. They do not have ornamentation on their backs.

<i>Dermacentor</i> Genus of ticks

Dermacentor is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with native species on all continents except Australia. Most are found in North America.

<i>Rhipicephalus</i> Genus of ticks

Rhipicephalus is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. Most are native to tropical Africa.

<i>Ixodes pacificus</i> Species of arachnid

Ixodes pacificus, the western black-legged tick, is a species of parasitic tick found on the western coast of North America. I. pacificus is a member of the family Ixodidae. It is the principal vector of Lyme disease in that region. I. pacificus typically feeds on lizards and small mammals therefore its rate of transmission of Lyme disease to humans is around 1% of adults. It is an ectoparasite that attaches itself to the outside of its host and feeds on the host's blood. It can have a heteroxenous lifestyle or monoxenous life cycle depending on how many hosts it feeds on in each cycle. I. pacificus has a four stage life cycle that takes around 3 years to complete. These stages include egg, larva, nymph, and adult. They prefer dense woodland habitats or areas of brush and tall grass.

<i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Variety of tick

The Asian blue tick is an economically important tick that parasitises a variety of livestock species especially cattle, on which it is the most economically significant ectoparasite in the world. It is known as the Australian cattle tick, southern cattle tick, Cuban tick, Madagascar blue tick, and Puerto Rican Texas fever tick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ticks of domestic animals</span>

Ticks of domestic animals directly cause poor health and loss of production to their hosts. Ticks also transmit numerous kinds of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa between domestic animals. These microbes cause diseases which can be severely debilitating or fatal to domestic animals, and may also affect humans. Ticks are especially important to domestic animals in tropical and subtropical countries, where the warm climate enables many species to flourish. Also, the large populations of wild animals in warm countries provide a reservoir of ticks and infective microbes that spread to domestic animals. Farmers of livestock animals use many methods to control ticks, and related treatments are used to reduce infestation of companion animals.

Rhipicephalus hoogstraali is a tick found in Djibouti and Somalia. First recognized by Harry Hoogstraal as Rhipicephalus longicoxatus based on an incomplete published description, after discovery of the holotype of R. longicoxatus, it was described and named to honor Hoogstraal in 2009.

<i>Hyalomma dromedarii</i> Species of tick

Hyalomma dromedarii is a species of hard-bodied ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae.

<i>Dermacentor reticulatus</i> Species of tick

Dermacentor reticulatus, also known as the ornate cow tick, ornate dog tick, meadow tick, and marsh tick, is a species of tick from the family Ixodidae. It is the type species for the genus Dermacentor. D. reticulatus is an ornate tick. The female varies in size from 3.8–4.2 mm (unfed) to 10 mm when engorged after feeding. The unfed male is 4.2–4.8 mm long. D. reticulatus is found in Europe and Western Asia, generally in wooded areas.

<i>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus</i> Species of tick

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the brown ear tick, is a hard tick found in Africa where it spreads the parasite Theileria parva, the cause of East Coast fever in cattle. The tick has a three-host life-cycle, spending around 10% of its life feeding on animals. The most common host species include buffalo, cattle, and large antelope, but R. appendiculatus is also found on other animals, such as hares, dogs, and warthogs.

Rhipicephalus gertrudae is a species of tick in the family Ixodidae. The specific epithet honors South African parasitologist Dr. Gertrud Theiler. The species was first circumscribed by Dr. Brouria Feldman-Muhsam.

<i>Cosmiomma</i> Genus of ticks

Cosmiomma is a genus of ticks first discovered by Paul Schulze in 1919. It is monospecific, being represented by the single species Cosmiomma hippopotamensis. It was first described in 1843 by Henry Denny from specimens collected from a hippopotamus in Southern Africa, and has been called "one of the most unusual, beautiful, and rare tick species known to the world."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natalia Aleksandrovna Filippova</span> USSR-Russian acarologist

Natalia Aleksandrovna Filippova was a world authority on the taxonomy of mites and especially ticks. Her monographs on the identification, morphology, development, distribution and behaviour of the family Argasidae and the sub-families of Ixodinae and Amblyomminae are standard works on these important vectors of disease.

References

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  32. ↑ Kocan, A. Alan; Waldrup, Kenneth A. (2001). "Piroplasms (Theileria spp., Cytauxzoon spp.)". In Samuel, William M.; Pybus, Margo J.; Kocan, A. Alan (eds.). Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals (2nd ed.). Ames: Iowa State University Press. p. 525. doi:10.1002/9780470377000.ch18b. ISBN   9780470377000.
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  34. 1 2 3 Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Robbins, Richard G.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Horak, Ivan G. (2014). "R. Puchellus". The Hard Ticks of the World: (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 580–581. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7497-1. ISBN   978-94-007-7496-4. S2CID   40164937.
  35. ↑ Adham, F. K.; Abd-El-Samie, E. M.; Gabre, R. M.; Hussein, H. El. (2009). "Detection of tick blood parasites in Egypt using PCR assay I—Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina". Parasitology Research. 105 (3): 721–730. doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1443-8. PMID   19415329. S2CID   37344708.
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  37. ↑ Stordy, R. J. (1907). "Report of the Veterinary Department". East Africa Protectorate. Report for 1905–6. Colonial Reports—Annual. Vol. 519. London: Darling & Son. pp. 103–111. hdl: 10111/UIUCAFRICANA:5530244_1905_1906 .
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  39. ↑ Keirans, James E.; Durden, Lance A. (2001). "Invasion: Exotic Ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) Imported into the United States. A Review and New Records". Journal of Medical Entomology. 38 (6): 850–861. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.6.850 . PMID   11761384. S2CID   21570077.

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