Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi

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Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi
Rhododendron indicum1.jpg
Rhododendron indicum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Rhododendron
Subgenus: Rhododendron subg. Azaleastrum
Section: Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi
(Sweet) Pojarkova [1] [2]
Type species
Rhododendron indicum
(L.) Sweet
Subsections

Rhododendron section Tsutsusi (spelled Tsutsuji in some older texts) was a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron , commonly referred to as the evergreen azaleas. [3] [4] [5] In 2005 it was reduced to a section of subgenus Azaleastrum. [6] Containing 80 - 117 species, it includes both deciduous and evergreen types and is distributed in Japan, China and northeastern Asia. They are of high cultural importance to the Japanese.[ citation needed ] Among the species in this genus lie the largest flowering azaleas.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Description

Tsutsusi are characterised by the presence of terminal buds that contain both floral and vegetative shoots. Many also have flattened multicellular ferrugineous (rust coloured) hairs, which can cover the leaves and stems providing a coppery appearance, or pseudoverticillate leaves that are rhombic in shape. However some have hairs confined to the axils, or base of floral buds. [5]

Taxonomy

The section has traditionally included two subsections, [5] [7] classified on the basis of their leaves, young twigs and corolla. Phylogenetic analysis has confirmed both the monophyly of the section and its subsections. [4]

Subsections

The results of molecular analyses reveal that morphological features such as flower colour, corolla size, or whether leaves are mono- or dimorphic, appear to not be very useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships within section Tsutsusi. [5]

Etymology

Tsutsusi comes from the Japanese word for Azalea, Tsutsuji ( つつじ or ツツジ). When Don (1834) described the subdivisions of Rhododendron he named one of his eight sections, Tsutsutsi (sic), which he explained was the Chinese name of the first species described (R. indicum, originally Azalea indica L.). [8] The term was first used by Engelbert Kaempfer (who unlike Linnaeus preferred native names), [9] in Japan and then incorporated into Michel Adanson's taxonomy (1763) [10] as Tsutsusi Kaempf., a genus separate from Rhododendron, in the family Vaccinia or Aireles (Family 22/58, later Ericaceae). Adanson gives genus Tsutsusi as synonymous with the earlier Azalea L. [11] Subsequent authors such as Don (1834) and Candolle (1838) [12] continued the use of the vernacular word Tsutsusi to describe a subdivision of the genus.

Distribution

Temperate and subtropical regions of China and Japan, but also found occasionally in Korea, Thailand, Burma, Laos and India. [5]

Cultivation

The Tsutsusi are amongst the most popular of the cultivated azaleas, and were cultivated in China and Japan prior to their introduction to Europe, and have an important role in the horticultural industry. They are grown as landscape plants in appropriate climates, and also as potted plants and Bonsai. [5]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericaceae</span> Heather family of flowering plants

The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c. 4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most species-rich family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron, and various common heaths and heathers.

<i>Rhododendron</i> Genus of flowering plants in the heath family Ericaceae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azalea</span> Subgroup of rhododendron flowering shrubs

Azaleas are flowering shrubs in the genus Rhododendron, particularly the former sections Tsutsusi (evergreen) and Pentanthera (deciduous). Azaleas bloom in the spring, their flowers often lasting several weeks. Shade tolerant, they prefer living near or under trees. They are part of the family Ericaceae.

<i>Masdevallia</i> Genus of orchids

Masdevallia, abbreviated Masd in horticultural trade, is a large genus of flowering plants of the Pleurothallidinae, a subtribe of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). There are over 500 species, grouped into several subgenera. The genus is named for Jose Masdevall (?-1801), a physician and botanist in the court of Charles III of Spain.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Rhodora</i> Section of flowering plants

Rhodora was a section of subgenus Pentanthera in the genus Rhododendron, that has since been discontinued.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Pentanthera</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Rhododendron subgenus Pentanthera was a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron. The common name azalea is applied to many of the species, and also to species in some other subgenera. In 2005 it was discontinued and its four sections moved or dismembered.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Rhododendron</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Rhododendron subgenus Rhododendron is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron. With around 400 species, it is the largest of the eight subgenera containing nearly half of all known species of Rhododendron and all of the lepidote species.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Hymenanthes</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron, with a widespread distribution in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The species are evergreen shrubs and small to medium-sized trees, with medium-sized to large leaves. The flowers are large, produced in terminal trusses of 5-40 together.

<i>Menziesia</i> Extinct genus of flowering plants

Menziesia was a genus of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. More recently it has been reclassified within the genus Rhododendron. it was formally transferred in 2011.

<i>Rhododendron spinuliferum</i> Species of plant

Rhododendron spinuliferum is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae, native to Yunnan and Sichuan, China.

<i>Epidendrum <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Schistochila</i> Group of orchids

Epidendrum sect. SchistochilaRchb.f. (1861) is a section of the subgenus E. subg. AmphiglottiumLindl. (1841) of the Genus Epidendrum of the Orchidaceae. E. sect. Schistochila differs from the section E. sect. Holochila in that the species in E. sect. Holochila have undivided lips; the species in E. sect. Schistochila have lobate lips. The species in both E. sect. Schistochila and E. sect. Holochila have racemose inflorescences, unlike those in E. sect. Polycladia, which have truly paniculate inflorescences. Like the other sections of E. subg. Amphiglottium, the members of E. sect. Schistochila are sympodial orchids bearing thin stems with alternate leaves, a long peduncle covered with thin, imbricating sheathes, and a lip adnate to the very end of the column.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Vireya</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron section Vireya (vireyas) is a tropical group of Rhododendron species, numbering about 300 in all. The group may also be treated as Rhododendron subgenus Vireya. Vireyas are native to southeastern Asia and range from Thailand to Australia.

<i>Rhododendron indicum</i> Species of plant

Rhododendron indicum is an azalea Rhododendron species native to Japan.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Azaleastrum</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Rhododendron subgenus Azaleastrum is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Choniastrum</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Rhododendron subg. Choniastrum is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron, originally a section of subgenus Azaleastrum it was elevated to subgenus rank after cladistic analysis revealed that together with Rhododendron it formed a major clade, distinct from other sections of Azaleastrum.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Brachycalyx</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron subsection Brachycalyx is a subsection of the genus Rhododendron, in section Tsutsusi, subgenus Azaleastrum, consisting of fifteen species of azaleas from Asia.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Tsutsusi</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron subsection Tsutsusi is a subsection of the genus Rhododendron, in section Tsutsusi, subgenus Azaleastrum, consisting of 66 species of Azaleas.

<i>Allium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae

Allium is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name Allium is the Latin word for garlic, and the type species for the genus is Allium sativum which means "cultivated garlic".

References

  1. ↑ Sweet R. The British Flower Garden. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, 2: t. 117. 1831
  2. ↑ Pojarkova AI, in Schischkin & Bobrov, Flora URSS. 18: 55. 1952.
  3. ↑ Chamberlain, DF; Hyam R; Argent G; Fairweather G; Walter KS (1996). The genus Rhododendron: its classification and synonymy. Royal Botanic gardens Edinburgh. ISBN   1-872291-66-X. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Powell, Kron; Ann, E.; Kathleen, A. "Molecular systematics of Rhododendron subgenus Tsutsusi (Rhodoreae, Ericoideae, Ericaceae)". Botany. 2004: 147.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kron, K. A.; Powell, E. A. (2009). "Molecular Systematics of Rhododendron Subgenus Tsutsusi (Rhodoreae, Ericoideae, Ericaceae)". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 66: 81. doi: 10.1017/S0960428609005071 .
  6. ↑ Goetsch, Loretta A.; Eckert, Andrew J.; Hall, Benjamin D. (July–September 2005). "The molecular systematics of Rhododendron (Ericaceae): a phylogeny based upon RPB2 gene sequences". Systematic Botany . 30 (3): 616–626. doi:10.1600/0363644054782170. S2CID   51949019.
  7. ↑ Loretta Goetsch, Andrew Eckert and Benjamin Hall. Classification of genus Rhododendron. 2005 Annual ARS Convention
  8. ↑ Don G. General History of Dichlamydious Plants. 1834 iii 843
  9. ↑ Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum fasciculi v, quibus continentur variae relationes, observationes & descriptiones rerum Persicarum & ulterioris Asiae, multâ attentione, in peregrinationibus per universum Orientum, collecta, ab auctore Engelberto Kaempfero: Tsutsusi. Lemgoviae, Typis & impensis H.W. Meyeri, 1712. Page 845ff. Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Adanson, Michel (1763). Familles des plantes. Vol. v. 1-2. Paris: Vincent. p. 164. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  11. ↑ Beatrice Bodart-Bailey, Derek Massarella. The Furthest Goal: Engelbert Kaempfer's Encounter with Tokugawa Japan. Routledge, 2012. Page 92. ISBN   1136637834
  12. ↑ A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1838). "Tsutsusi". Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Part VII. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. p. 726.

Bibliography

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