Design
Project 971 has a double-hull design. The robust body is made of high quality alloy steel with σт = 1 GPa (10,000 kgf / cm²). To simplify the installation of equipment, the boat was designed using zonal blocks, which made it possible to transfer a significant amount of work from the cramped conditions of the sub's compartments directly to the workshop. After completion of the installation, the zonal unit is “rolled” into the hull of the boat and connected to the main cables and pipelines of the ship's systems. [6] A two-stage damping system is used: all mechanisms are placed on damped foundations, in addition, each zone unit is isolated from the body by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers. [6] In addition to reducing the overall noise level of nuclear submarines, such a scheme can reduce the impact of underwater explosions on equipment and crew. [7] [6] The boat has a developed vertical tail unit with a streamlined boule, in which the towed antenna is located. Also on the submarine are two reclining thrusters and retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps. A feature of the project is the smoothly mated connection of the tail unit to the hull. This is done to reduce noise-generating hydrodynamic eddies.
Power supply is carried out by a nuclear power plant. The lead boat, K-284 Akula, is equipped with an OK-650M.01 pressurized water-cooled nuclear reactor. On later orders, the AEU has minor improvements. Some sources report that subsequent boats are equipped with OK-9VM reactors. [8] The thermal power of the reactor is 190 MW, the shaft power is 50,000 liters. with. Two auxiliary electric motors in the hinged outboard columns have a capacity of 410 hp. with., there is one diesel generator ASDG-1000.
Construction and career
The submarine was laid down on 26 October 1988 at Sevmash, Severodvinsk. Launched on 28 June 1992 and commissioned on 30 December 1992. [9]
From June to September 1994, he performed combat service with the 608th naval crew under the command of A.A. Popov. From 16 April to 4 July 1994, military service in the Atlantic was performed. Onboard was the K-317 crew under the command of S.V. Spravtsev.
From 12 May to 23 July 1999, combat service was performed with a regular crew.
From 12 February to 13 April 2000, combat service with the 608th crew on board, commander S. E. Kavlis.
From October to November 2001 and 2002, two more military services were performed, the commander of both was K. E. Onushkov.
From 2006 to 2007, he underwent a medium repair at Sevmash.
Since the end of June 2011, [10] he has been at the Zvyozdochka CS under repair and refurbishment according to Project 971M, which is scheduled to be completed in 2021, the ship will have to meet the requirements of the 4th generation nuclear submarine. [11]
On 25 December 2020, he was launched after repairs and modernization, [12] is being completed and is being prepared for tests that will take at least six months.
At one point projected to re-enter service during 2021, [13] but now projected as likely to begin post-refit sea trials in 2022. [14]
On 2 March 2023, it was reported that Leopard was expected to return to service with the Northern Fleet in December 2023. [15]
The Typhoon class, Soviet designation Project 941 Akula, is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. With a submerged displacement of 48,000 tonnes, the Typhoons are the largest submarines ever built, able to accommodate comfortable living facilities for the crew of 160 when submerged for months on end. The source of the NATO reporting name remains unclear, although it is often claimed to be related to the use of the word "typhoon" ("тайфун") by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Communist Party in a 1974 speech while describing a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, as a reaction to the United States Navy's new Ohio-class submarine.
The Akula class, Soviet designation Project 971 Shchuka-B is a series of fourth generation nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) first deployed by the Soviet Navy in 1986. There are four sub-classes or flights of Shchuka-B, consisting of the original seven Project 971 boats, commissioned between 1984 and 1990; six Project 971Is, commissioned between 1991 and 2009; one Project 971U, commissioned in 1995; and one Project 971M, commissioned in 2001. The Russians call all of the submarines Shchuka-B, regardless of modifications.
The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A, are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class is projected to replace the Soviet-era Delta III, Delta IV and Typhoon classes in Russian Navy service.
ТК-202 was a ballistic missile submarine of the Russian Navy, formerly having served in the Soviet Navy.
The Sierra class, Soviet designations Project 945 Barrakuda and Project 945A Kondor,, are a series of nuclear-powered attack submarines intended for the Soviet Navy and currently in service with the Russian Navy.
The Yasen class, Russian designations Project 885 Yasen and Project 885M Yasen-M, also referred to as the Graney class, are a series of nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines designed by the Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau and built by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. Design work commenced in earnest in the 1980s with the first submarine built in the 1990s–early 2010s with commissioning in 2013. Two additional boats to a modified Yasen-M design were commissioned in 2021 and six more are under construction. Based on the Akula class and Alfa class designs, the Yasen class is projected to replace the Russian Navy's current Soviet-era nuclear attack submarines. The Akula class is optimised for a hunter-killer role, whereas the Yasen class concept uses the platform as a nuclear guided missile submarine (SSGN).
K-573 Novosibirsk is a Yasen-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy. It is the second boat of the project Yasen-M. Considerable changes were made to the initial Yasen design. Differences in the project have appeared sufficient to consider it as a new upgraded version Yasen-M. The submarine is named after the city of Novosibirsk.
The K-150 Tomsk is an Oscar-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-419 Kuzbass is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-154 Tigr is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-263 Barnaul was an Akula-class submarine of the Russian Navy.
The K-317 Pantera is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-322 Kashalot was an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-331 Magadan is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-391 Bratsk is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-461 Volk (En:Wolf) is an Akula-class submarine of the Russian Navy.
The K-480 Ak Bars is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-295 Samara is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
The K-335 Gepard is an Akula-class submarine in the Russian Navy.
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