| Rusty-backed antwren | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Male in Mato Grosso | |
 | |
| Female at Dourado, São Paulo state, Brazil | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Formicivora |
| Species: | F. rufa |
| Binomial name | |
| Formicivora rufa (Wied, 1831) | |
 | |
The rusty-backed antwren (Formicivora rufa) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. [2]
The rusty-backed antwren has three subspecies, the nominate F. rufa rufa, F. r. urubambae, and F. r. chapmani. [2]
The rusty-backed antwren is 12 to 13 cm (4.7 to 5.1 in) long and weighs 11.5 to 14 g (0.41 to 0.49 oz). The males of all three subspecies have a tawny rufous crown and upperparts. They have a white supercilium and the rest of the face and the throat are black. The middle of the breast is black with a white edge separating it from the cinnamon-buff flanks; the belly is white. The folded wings show lines of white dots. The tail feathers are black with chestnut fringes, white sides, and white tips. The nominate female has paler rufous upperparts than the male. The face, throat, and chest are streaked black and white and the rest of the underparts are cinnamon. The female of F. r. urubambae has much heavier streaking on the underparts than the nominate and its tail is blacker. The female of F. r. chapmani is intermediate between the other two subspecies but closer in appearance to urubambae. [3]
The nominate subspecies of rusty-backed antwren is found widely across south-central and eastern Brazil from the Atlantic ocean west intro extreme southeastern Peru, much of eastern Bolivia, and central and northeastern Paraguay. F. r. urubambae is found discontinuously in Peru's departments of San Martín, Ucayali, and Cuzco. F. r. chapmani is found discontinuously in southern Suriname and a few east-central states of Brazil. It is believed to be resident in all parts of its range. [2] [3]
The rusty-backed antwren inhabits a variety of semi-open to open landscapes such as cerrado , campos with scattered trees, white sand forest, and scrublands. In elevation it ranges from sea level in the east to as high as 1,450 m (4,800 ft) in Peru and Bolivia. [3]
The rusty-backed antwren's diet is known to include insects and thought also to include spiders. It is an active forager, hopping through the interior of bushes and small trees and making short sally flights to glean prey from foliage. It does not appear to follow army ant swarms. [3]
The rusty-backed antwren's breeding season in Brazil spans from September to May. One nest in São Paulo state was a deep cup made of grass stems in the fork of a twig in a small bush. [3] In a study of 47 nests in the southeastern coastal zone, nesting was concentrated between October and early March. Both sexes contributed to nest building, incubation, and provisioning of nestlings. The clutch size was always two eggs. Incubation lasted an average of 16 days, and fledging occurred eight to 10 days after hatch. About two thirds of the broods were lost to predation. Pairs made up to four nesting attempts. [4]
The rusty-backed antwren's song is "a long rattle of evenly pitched harsh or sharp notes, often increasing in intensity" that appears to vary geographically. Common calls are "an explosive or strident 'chip cheep' or 'tit-tweep'". [3]
The IUCN has assessed the rusty-backed antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known, it is believed to be stable. [1] It inhabits a variety of habitats and is found in several protected areas. [3]
The white-bellied antbird, is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Panama to northern Brazil and in Trinidad. It is also called Swainson's antcatcher after William John Swainson, who first described it scientifically. The genus is monotypic.
The great antshrike is a passerine bird in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. It is the only member of the genus Taraba. It is a resident breeder in the tropical New World in southern Mexico, Central America, Trinidad and South America down to northern Argentina and southeastern Brazil.
The southern white-fringed antwren is an insectivorous bird in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. It is a resident breeder in tropical South America from Colombia southeast to the Guianas and Brazil.
The white-flanked antwren is an insectivorous bird in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae.
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The dot-winged antwren is a passerine bird in the antbird family. In the past it was sometimes known as the velvety antwren, and some of its more distinctive subspecies have their own infrequently used English names. It is a resident in tropical Central and South America from southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador, northern Bolivia, central Brazil and the Guianas. It is the only member of the genus Microrhopias.
The reddish hermit is a species of bird in the family Trochilidae, the hummingbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas.
The purple-backed thornbill is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Chapman's swift is a species of bird in subfamily Apodinae of the swift family Apodidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela, and possibly Ecuador.
The rufous-necked puffbird is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.
The rusty-breasted nunlet is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and possibly French Guiana.
The rufous-vented ground cuckoo is a Vulnerable species of cuckoo in the tribe Neomorphini of subfamily Crotophaginae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru.
Formicivora is a genus of insectivorous birds in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. These relatively small, long-tailed antbirds are strongly sexually dichromatic. They are found in semi-open habitats in woodland and shrub in South America. They have several rows of white spots on the wings. Males are usually darker below than they are above, and sometimes have a fringe of white on the side.
The serra antwren is a species of small insectivorous bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this bird's conservation status as being of "least concern."
The white-eyed stipplethroat or white-eyed antwren is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It was formerly placed in the genus Myrmotherula. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.
The ornate stipplethroat or ornate antwren is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
The marsh antwren, also known as the Paraná antwren, is an insectivorous bird in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to marshes and swamps in the Brazilian states of Paraná and Santa Catarina.
The orange-headed tanager is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. Native to South America, it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela, where it inhabits successional vegetation, cerrado, riparian forest, shrub, brush, and open woodland. Males of the species have sandy-gray upperparts, cinnamon to buff underparts, white on the center of the lower breast, belly, and tail, and rufous-orange and yellow heads. Females are similar but duller.
The Sincorá antwren is a small passerine bird of the genus Formicivora in the family Thamnophilidae, the typical antbirds. It is endemic to a small area of eastern Brazil. The bird was not described as a new species until 2007. The binomial name commemorates the German-born naturalist Rolf Grantsau who collected a specimen in 1965 that was recently identified as this species.
The northern white-fringed antwren is an insectivorous bird in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. It is a resident breeder in tropical South America and occurs in northern Colombia, northern Venezuela and on the islands of Tobago and Margarita.
