SS Pennsylvanian

Last updated
USS Scranton (ID-3511), 1919 rotated and cropped.jpg
SS Pennsylvanian, seen here as USS Scranton (ID-3511) in 1919
History
NameSS Pennsylvanian
Owner American-Hawaiian Steamship Company
Port of registry Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg New York
OrderedSeptember 1911 [1]
Builder
Cost$715,000 [2]
Yard number127 [3]
Launched29 March 1913 [4]
CompletedJune 1913 [3]
Identification
  • US Official number: 211297 [5]
  • Code Letters LDBH [5]
  • ICS Lima.svg ICS Delta.svg ICS Bravo.svg ICS Hotel.svg
FateExpropriated by U.S. Navy
History
US flag 48 stars.svgUnited States
NameUSS Pennsylvanian (ID-3511) [6]
Acquired13 September 1918
Commissioned13 September 1918
RenamedUSS Scranton (ID-3511), November 1918 [6]
Namesake Scranton, Pennsylvania [7]
Decommissioned16 July 1919
FateReturned to American-Hawaiian Steamship Co., 16 July 1919
History
NameSS Pennsylvanian
OwnerAmerican-Hawaiian Steamship Company
Port of registry Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg New York
Identification
  • US Official number: 211297 [5]
  • Code Letters LDBH (1919–34) [5]
  • ICS Lima.svg ICS Delta.svg ICS Bravo.svg ICS Hotel.svg
  • Code Letters WACT (1934–44) [8]
  • ICS Whiskey.svg ICS Alpha.svg ICS Charlie.svg ICS Tango.svg
FateExpropriated by U.S. Navy; sunk as part of Mulberry Harbor off Normandy, 16 July 1944
General characteristics
Type Cargo ship
Tonnage6,547  GRT [2] 10,175 LT  DWT [2] 4,068  NRT [5]
Length
Beam53 ft 6 in (16.31 m) [7]
Draft29 ft 6 in (8.99 m) [7]
Propulsion
Speed15 knots (28 km/h) [7]
Capacity491,084 cubic feet (13,906.0 m3) [2]
NotesSister ships: Minnesotan, Dakotan, Montanan, Panaman, Washingtonian, Iowan, Ohioan [3]
General characteristics (as USS Scranton)
Displacement6,655 long tons (6,762 t) [7]
Troops1,840 [10]
Complement94 [7]
Armament7 × .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns [7]

SS Pennsylvanian was a cargo ship built in 1913 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I she was requisitioned by the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Pennsylvanian (ID-3511) in September 1918, and renamed two months later to USS Scranton. After her naval service, her original name of Pennsylvanian was restored.

Contents

Pennsylvanian was built by the Maryland Steel Company as one of eight sister ships for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, and was employed in inter-coastal service via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Panama Canal after it opened. Pennsylvanian was one of the first two steamships to travel eastbound through the canal when it opened in August 1914. During World War I, as both SS Pennsylvanian and USS Scranton, the ship carried cargo and animals to France, and returned American troops after the Armistice in 1918.

After her naval service ended in 1919, she was returned to her original owners and resumed relatively uneventful cargo service over the next twenty years. Early in World War II, the ship was requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration, and shipped cargo on New York  – Caribbean routes and transatlantic routes. In mid-July 1944, Pennsylvanian was scuttled as part of the breakwater for one of the Mulberry artificial harbors built to support the Normandy Invasion.

Design and construction

In September 1911, the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company placed an order with the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, for four new cargo ships—Minnesotan, Dakotan, Montanan, and Pennsylvanian. [Note 1] The contract cost of the ships was set at the construction cost plus an 8% profit for Maryland Steel, with a maximum cost of $640,000 each. The construction was financed by Maryland Steel with a credit plan that called for a 5% down payment in cash with nine monthly installments for the balance. Provisions of the deal allowed that some of the nine installments could be converted into longer-term notes or mortgages. The final cost of Pennsylvanian, including financing costs, was $70.35 per deadweight ton, which came out to just under $716,000. [1]

Pennsylvanian (Maryland Steel yard no. 127) [3] was the final ship built under the original contract. [Note 2] She was launched on 29 March 1913, [4] and delivered to American-Hawaiian in June. [3] Pennsylvanian was 6,547  gross register tons  (GRT), [2] and was 429 feet 2 inches (130.81 m) in length and 53 feet 6 inches (16.31 m) abeam. [7] She had a deadweight tonnage of 10,175 LT  DWT and a storage capacity of 491,084 cubic feet (13,906.0 m3). [2] Pennsylvanian had a single quadruple expansion steam engine powered by oil-fired boilers that drove a single screw propeller. It could propel the ship at a speed of 15 knots (28 km/h). [5] [7] [9] The engine had cylinders of 25½ inches (65 cm), 37 inches (94 cm), 53½ inches (136 cm) and 78 inches (200 cm) diameter by 54 inches (140 cm) stroke. It was built by the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland. [5]

Early career

When Pennsylvanian began sailing for American-Hawaiian, the company shipped cargo from East Coast ports via the Tehuantepec Route to West Coast ports and Hawaii, and vice versa. Shipments on the Tehuantepec Route would arrive at Mexican ports—Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, for eastbound cargo, and Coatzacoalcos for westbound cargo—and would traverse the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the Tehuantepec National Railway. [11] Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii, while westbound cargoes were more general in nature. [12] Pennsylvanian sailed in this service on the west side of North America. [13] [14] [15]

After the United States occupation of Veracruz on 21 April 1914 (which found six American-Hawaiian ships in Mexican ports), the Huerta-led Mexican government closed the Tehuantepec National Railway to American shipping. This loss of access, coupled with the fact that the Panama Canal was not yet open, caused American-Hawaii to return in late April to its historic route of sailing around South America via the Straits of Magellan. [16] With the opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August, American-Hawaiian ships switched to taking that route. [16] Pennsylvanian, on the west side of the canal when it opened, was one of the first two eastbound steamers to traverse the canal during her trip to New York. [15] [Note 3] [Note 4] In late August, American-Hawaiian announced that Pennsylvanian would sail on a San Francisco  – Panama Canal – Boston route, sailing opposite of Mexican, Honolulan, and sister ship Washingtonian. [17] When landslides closed the canal in October 1915, all American-Hawaiian ships, including Pennsylvanian, returned to the Straits of Magellan route again. [18]

Pennsylvanian's exact movements during 1916 and 1917 are unclear. She may have been in the half of the American-Hawaiian fleet that was chartered for transatlantic service. She may also have been in the group of American-Hawaiian ships chartered for service to South America, delivering coal, gasoline, and steel in exchange for coffee, nitrates, cocoa, rubber, and manganese ore. [19] However, when the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the entire American-Hawaiian fleet, including Pennsylvanian, was requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board (USSB), which then returned the ships for operation by American-Hawaiian. [20]

U.S. Navy service

On 13 September 1918, Pennsylvanian was transferred to the U.S. Navy at New York and commissioned USS Pennsylvanian (ID-3511) the same day. Assigned to the Navy's Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS), Pennsylvanian loaded a general cargo and sailed for Brest, France, on 30 September. She arrived there on 15 October and sailed for La Pallice the next day, where she unloaded her cargo before departing for New York on 5 November. [7]

USS El Sol waits for a towline from a launch from Scranton. Three of Scranton's men in the launch died when it capsized after this photograph was taken. USS El Sol with boat, 1919.jpg
USS El Sol waits for a towline from a launch from Scranton. Three of Scranton's men in the launch died when it capsized after this photograph was taken.

Arriving at New York on 15 November, four days after the Armistice, Pennsylvanian was refitted as an animal transport ship, which, among other things, required the building of ramps and stalls for the animals. [7] Sometime in November, probably during her refit, she was renamed USS Scranton, [6] becoming the first U.S. Navy ship named in honor of the Pennsylvania city. Scranton sailed for France on 12 December, arriving at Saint-Nazaire on 29 December, and returning to New York on 29 January 1919. [7]

On 5 February, Scranton was transferred from the NOTS to the Navy's Cruiser and Transport Force, and began conversion to a troop transport to carry American personnel home from France. While sailing to France to begin her first troop-carrying duties in late March, Scranton suffered damage to her rudder and was disabled 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) east of New York. [21] Navy transport El Sol responded to Scranton's distress call, [22] and attempted to take Scranton under tow. [21] During the day on 28 March, [23] Scranton attempted to run a towline to El Sol by sending a launch in the rolling seas, but it capsized, drowning three men. [24] El Sol stood by Scranton for over 40 hours until minesweeper Penguin arrived and took Scranton under tow. [22] [24] [25] Penguin and Scranton arrived in New York on 3 April, [24] where Scranton entered drydock to undergo repairs. [25]

Pennsylvanian delivered 325 tons of steel parts for the Hale Telescope then under construction at Palomar Observatory outside of San Diego. HaleTelescope-MountPalomar.jpg
Pennsylvanian delivered 325 tons of steel parts for the Hale Telescope then under construction at Palomar Observatory outside of San Diego.

After repairs, Scranton made three roundtrips to France and carried some 6,000 troops and passengers home to the United States before she was decommissioned on 19 July. The ship was handed over to the USSB for return to American-Hawaiian, who restored her original name. [7]

Interwar years

Pennsylvanian resumed cargo service with American-Hawaiian after her return from World War I service. Though the company had abandoned its original Hawaiian sugar routes by this time, [20] Pennsylvanian continued inter-coastal service through the Panama Canal in a relatively uneventful career. One incident of note occurred on 28 November 1930, when Pennsylvanian hit a Southern Pacific ferry near Goat Island (present-day Yerba Buena Island) in a dense fog in San Francisco Bay. Pennsylvanian hit the stern of the ferry and caused damage to the ferry's superstructure and destroyed about 15 feet (4.6 m) of the ferry's railing. No one on either ship was injured. [26]

Other hints of Pennsylvanian's activities throughout the rest of her career can be found from contemporary newspaper reports. In October 1929, the Los Angeles Times reported on a shipment that included 2,500 to 3,000 radio sets among Pennsylvanian's 2,300 long tons (2,340 t) of cargo. [27] In March 1938, The Christian Science Monitor reported that Pennsylvanian's captain, C. M. Bamforth, had temporarily turned the deck of the cargo ship into a boatyard to build a 15-foot (4.6 m) catboat for his son in Swampscott, Massachusetts. Bamforth laid the keel while in San Francisco, bought copper rivets for the hull planking in Portland, Oregon, and began painting the boat after Pennsylvanian had traversed the Panama Canal. He expected to have the boat finished when Pennsylvanian arrived in Boston on 22 April. [28]

Damage to the Omaha Beach Mulberry harbor from the 19-22 June 1944 storm. SS Pennsylvanian was one of several ships scuttled about a month later to help form a breakwater to shelter the harbor. MulberryA - wrecked pontoon causeway after storm.jpg
Damage to the Omaha Beach Mulberry harbor from the 19–22 June 1944 storm. SS Pennsylvanian was one of several ships scuttled about a month later to help form a breakwater to shelter the harbor.

In October the same year, Pennsylvanian delivered 325 long tons (330 t) of steel parts for the Hale Telescope then under construction at the Palomar Observatory outside San Diego. The ship had picked up the $375,000 cargo in Philadelphia before sailing for San Diego. [29]

World War II

At some point after the United States entered World War II, Pennsylvanian was requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration (WSA), and, as with her pre-U.S. Navy service in World War I, she continued to be operated by American-Hawaiian. [30] From July to September 1942, Pennsylvanian sailed between New York and Caribbean ports, calling at Trinidad, Key West, Hampton Roads, Guantánamo Bay, and Cristóbal. In January 1943, Pennsylvanian called at Bandar Abbas, Iran, on the Persian Gulf, and returned to Caribbean sailings again by March 1943. [31]

Between May and September 1943, Pennsylvanian made four transatlantic crossings between New York and Liverpool, making intermediate stops in Loch Ewe and Methil while in the United Kingdom. The cargo ship made two New York – Guantánamo Bay roundtrips between September and December before resuming transatlantic sailings. After two New York – Liverpool roundtrips between late December 1943 and April 1944, Pennsylvanian left the United States for the final time on 19 May 1944, arriving in Liverpool on 2 June. She called at the British ports of Methil, Loch Ewe, Clyde, and Milford Haven in late June and early July, and, sailing from Barry in mid July, Pennsylvanian arrived at Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer, France. [31] There she was scuttled as part of the breakwater for the Mulberry artificial harbor built to support the Normandy Invasion. [7] [Note 5]

In March 1945, the WSA offered a payment of $565,910 to American-Hawaiian for Pennsylvanian as part of a $7.2 million settlement for eleven requisitioned American-Hawaiian ships that had either been sunk, scuttled, or were to be retained by the government. [30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Maryland Steel had built three ships—Kentuckian, Georgian, and Honolulan—for American-Hawaiian in 1909 in what proved to be a satisfactory arrangement for both companies.
  2. ↑ Further contracts on similar terms were signed in November 1911 and May 1912 to build four additional ships: Panaman, Washingtonian, Iowan, Ohioan. See: Cochran and Ginger, p. 358, and Colton.
  3. ↑ Though the canal transit was part of an eastbound journey, the actual compass heading of the passage through the canal is actually closer to north.
  4. ↑ The Luckenbach Line ship Pleiades was the other steamship to make the eastbound transit of the canal at the same time. Contemporary sources refer to the pair as the first two, making no distinction between which was first. See: Barrett, John (20 August 1914). "Greet first canal ships" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 7. Retrieved 12 August 2008. Also see: "All astounded by war news". Los Angeles Times. 15 August 1914. p. II– 8.
  5. ↑ The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS) and Radigan both give the scuttling date as 16 July. Arnold Hague's Ports Database has Pennsylvanian sailing from Clyde on that date, and lists Pennsylvanian's arrival at Seine Bay on 20 July.

Related Research Articles

USS <i>Vinton</i> (AKA-83) Cargo ship of the United States Navy

USS Vinton was a Tolland-class attack cargo ship in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1971.

USS <i>Wharton</i> (AP-7)

USS Wharton (AP-7) was a troop transport in the service of the United States Navy during World War II. The ship was originally an Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1029 type built for the United States Shipping Board. The ship was laid down as Manmasco but renamed and launched as Sea Girt then completed September 1921 as Southern Cross. The ship was first allocated by the United States Shipping Board to the Munson Steamship Line until purchased by the line in 1925. Munson operated the Southern Cross in the South American trade from 1921 until 1938 when the ship was sold at a Marshall's sale and taken over by the United States Maritime Commission which paid the full mortgage claim.

SS <i>President Cleveland</i> (1920) USS Tasker H. Bliss (AP-42)

SS President Cleveland was originally built as Golden State for the United States Shipping Board (USSB), one of the planned World War I troop transports converted before construction into passenger and cargo vessels launched as Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1029 ships first known, along with the smaller Design 1095 versions, in the trade as "State" ships due to names assigned for the nicknames of states and later as "535s" for their length overall. Almost all ships of both designs were renamed for United States presidents by May 1921, with Golden State being renamed President Cleveland. As one of the USSB-owned ships operated by agents of the board, President Cleveland was allocated to and operated by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company until sold by the USSB to the Dollar Steamship Line in 1925. After the demise of that line and creation of a new, replacement line, American President Lines, the ship remained with that line until government acquisition for the Second World War.

SS <i>American</i> (1900) American steel-hulled, single propeller cargo ship

SS American was a steel-hulled, single propeller cargo ship built at Chester, Pennsylvania, by the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company and the Hawaiian sugar trade. During World War I service for the United States Navy, the ship was known as USS American (ID-2292). Late in her career for American-Hawaiian, she was renamed SS Honolulan.

SS <i>Empire Miniver</i> British steam merchant ship

The SS Empire Miniver was a British steam merchant ship. She was originally an American merchant, launched in 1918 as SS West Cobalt. During a brief stint in the United States Navy in 1919, she was known as USS West Cobalt (ID-3836).

SS <i>Dakotan</i> Cargo ship built in 1912

SS Dakotan was a cargo ship built in 1912 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company that served as a transport ship in the United States Army Transport Service in World War I, and then was transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease in World War II before being finally scrapped in 1969. During World War I, she was taken over by the United States Army as USAT Dakotan. Near the end of that war she was transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Dakotan (ID-3882). During World War II, the ship was transferred to the Soviet Union and renamed SS Zyrianin.

SS <i>El Sol</i> American cargo ship built in 1910

SS El Sol was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the Morgan Line, a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company. During World War I, she was known as USAT El Sol in service with the United States Army and as USS El Sol (ID-4505) in service with the United States Navy. At the end of war, she reverted to her original name of SS El Sol.

SS <i>Washingtonian</i> (1913) American freighter that sank off Delaware after a collision

SS Washingtonian was a cargo ship launched in 1913 by the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, near Baltimore, as one of eight sister ships for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. At the time of her launch, she was the largest cargo ship under American registry. During the United States occupation of Veracruz in April 1914, Washingtonian was chartered by the United States Department of the Navy for service as a non-commissioned refrigerated supply ship for the U.S. fleet stationed off the Mexican coast.

SS <i>Montanan</i> Cargo ship built in 1912 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company

SS Montanan was a cargo ship built in 1912 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I service for the United States Army Transport Service, she was known as USAT Montanan. Montanan was built by the Maryland Steel Company as one of eight sister ships for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, and was employed in inter-coastal service via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Panama Canal after it opened.

SS <i>Minnesotan</i> 1912 cargo ship

SS Minnesotan was a cargo ship built in 1912 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I she was known as USAT Minnesotan in service for the United States Army and USS Minnesotan (ID-4545) in service for the United States Navy. She ended her career as the SS Maria Luisa R. under Italian ownership. She was built by the Maryland Steel Company as one of eight sister ships for American-Hawaiian, and was employed in inter-coastal service via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Panama Canal after it opened.

SS <i>Panaman</i> American cargo ship

SS Panaman was a cargo ship built in 1913 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. The ship was sometimes incorrectly referred to as SS Panamanian. During World War I she was known as USAT Panaman in service for the United States Army and USS Panaman (ID-3299) in service for the United States Navy. Late in her career she was known as SS Marcella for the Italian government.

SS <i>Iowan</i> American cargo ship

SS Iowan was a cargo ship built in 1914 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I she was taken over by the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Iowan (ID-3002). During World War II, the ship was transferred to the Soviet Union and renamed SS Tashkent.

SS <i>Ohioan</i> (1914) 1914 cargo ship

SS Ohioan was a cargo ship built in 1914 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I, she was taken over by the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Ohioan (ID-3280).

The American-Hawaiian Steamship Company was founded in 1899 to carry cargos of sugar from Hawaii to the United States and manufactured goods back to Hawaii. Brothers-in-law George Dearborn and Lewis Henry Lapham were the key players in the founding of the company. The company began in 1899 with three ships, operated nine by 1904 and was operating seventeen by 1911 with three on order.

SS <i>Kentuckian</i> American cargo ship

SS Kentuckian was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I she was known as USAT Kentuckian in service for the United States Army and USS Kentuckian (ID-1544) in service for the United States Navy. After her Navy career, she reverted to her original name of SS Kentuckian.

USS <i>West Carnifax</i> (ID-3812) Cargo ship in United states navy

USS West Carnifax (ID-3812) was a cargo ship in the United States Navy shortly after World War I. After she was decommissioned from the Navy, the ship was known as SS West Carnifax, SS Exford, and SS Pan Royal in civilian service under American registry.

SS <i>West Cheswald</i> American cargo ship

SS West Cheswald was a cargo ship for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) launched shortly after the end of World War I. The ship was inspected by the United States Navy for possible use as USS West Cheswald (ID-4199) but was neither taken into the Navy nor ever commissioned under that name. West Cheswald was built in 1919 for the USSB, as a part of the West boats, a series of steel-hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort, and was the 32nd ship built at Northwest Steel in Portland, Oregon.

USS <i>West Lianga</i> (ID-2758) Cargo ship for the United States Navy

USS West Lianga (ID-2758) was a cargo ship for the United States Navy during World War I. She was later known as SS Helen Whittier and SS Kalani in civilian service under American registry, as SS Empire Cheetah under British registry, and as SS Hobbema under Dutch registry.

SS <i>Ancon</i> (1901) American cargo and passenger ship; first to officially transit the Panama Canal (1914)

SS Ancon was an American cargo and passenger ship that became the first ship to officially transit the Panama Canal in 1914 although the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley completed the first trip in stages during construction prior to the official opening. The ship was built as Shawmut for the Boston Steamship Company by the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland and put into Pacific service operating out of Puget Sound ports for Japan, China and the Philippine Islands. Shawmut and sister ship Tremont were two of the largest United States commercial ships in service at the time and the company eventually found them too expensive to operate.

SS <i>West Hosokie</i>

SS West Hosokie was a steel–hulled cargo ship built in 1918 as part of the World War I emergency wartime shipbuilding program organized by the United States Shipping Board.

References

  1. 1 2 Cochran and Ginger, p. 358.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cochran and Ginger, p. 365.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Colton, Tim. "Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point MD". Shipbuildinghistory.com. The Colton Company. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Pennsylvanian (2211297)" . Miramar Ship Index . Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Register. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "USS Scranton (ID # 3511), 1918-1919". Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2 May 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. "Scranton". DANFS . Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  8. ↑ "LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Register. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Cochran and Ginger, p. 357.
  10. ↑ Crowell and Wilson, p. 572.
  11. ↑ Hovey, p. 78.
  12. ↑ Cochran and Ginger, p. 355–56.
  13. ↑ "American-Hawaiian Steamship Co". Los Angeles Times (display ad). 13 April 1914. p. I–4.
  14. ↑ "American-Hawaiian new steamships". The Wall Street Journal . 6 May 1912. p. 6.
  15. 1 2 Barrett, John (20 August 1914). "Greet first canal ships" (PDF). The New York Times . p. 7. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  16. 1 2 Cochran and Ginger, p. 360.
  17. ↑ "Pacific-Boston sailings begun". The Christian Science Monitor. 29 August 1914. p. 19.
  18. ↑ Cochran and Ginger, p. 361.
  19. ↑ Cochran and Ginger, p. 362.
  20. 1 2 Cochran and Ginger, p. 363.
  21. 1 2 "Troop ship Scranton reported disabled". The Atlanta Constitution . 30 March 1919. p. 2.
  22. 1 2 Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. "El Sol". DANFS . Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  23. ↑ "Photo #: NH 99449 picture data". Online Library of Selected Images. Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. 5 July 2004. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 "82 Nurses return; served under fire". The Washington Post . 4 April 1919. p. 5.
  25. 1 2 Naval Historical Center (11 July 2004). "USS Scranton (ID # 3511) Photo Album, 1919". Online Library of Selected Images: Photo Albums. Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  26. ↑ "Fog causes two ferry smash-ups". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1930. p. 1.
  27. ↑ Cave, Wayne B. (7 October 1929). "Shipping News and Activities at Los Angeles Harbor". Los Angeles Times (column). p. 13.
  28. ↑ "Boat built aboard ship; B. & M. reports for 1937". The Christian Science Monitor . 28 March 1938. p. 9.
  29. ↑ "Mt. Palomar Observatory's steel parts taken off ship". Los Angeles Times. 26 October 1938. p. 9.
  30. 1 2 Stone, Leon (31 March 1945). "U.S. awards $7,247,637 to Hawaiian ship firm". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4.
  31. 1 2 "Port Arrivals/Departures: Pennsylvanian". Arnold Hague's Ports Database. Convoy Web. Retrieved 12 August 2008.

Bibliography

Coordinates: 49°22′29″N0°53′31″W / 49.37472°N 0.89194°W / 49.37472; -0.89194

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.