Related Research Articles
The prothrombin time (PT) – along with its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and international normalized ratio (INR) – is an assay for evaluating the extrinsic pathway and common pathway of coagulation. This blood test is also called protime INR and PT/INR. They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in such things as the measure of warfarin dosage, liver damage, and vitamin K status. PT measures the following coagulation factors: I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V (proaccelerin), VII (proconvertin), and X.
The partial thromboplastin time (PTT), also known as the activated partial thromboplastin time, is a blood test that characterizes coagulation of the blood. A historical name for this measure is the kaolin-cephalin clotting time (KCCT), reflecting kaolin and cephalin as materials historically used in the test. Apart from detecting abnormalities in blood clotting, partial thromboplastin time is also used to monitor the treatment effect of heparin, a widely prescribed drug that reduces blood's tendency to clot.
Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene. Protein S plays a role in coagulation.
Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA).
Activated protein C resistance (APCR) is a hypercoagulability characterized by a lack of a response to activated protein C (APC), which normally helps prevent blood from clotting excessively. This results in an increased risk of venous thrombosis, which resulting in medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The most common cause of hereditary APC resistance is factor V Leiden mutation.
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR-4), also known as coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F2RL3 gene.
Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2), also known as carboxypeptidase U (CPU), plasma carboxypeptidase B (pCPB) or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the gene CPB2.
Thrombodynamics test is a method for blood coagulation monitoring and anticoagulant control. This test is based on imitation of coagulation processes occurring in vivo, is sensitive both to pro- and anticoagulant changes in the hemostatic balance. Highly sensitive to thrombosis.
Blood clotting tests are the tests used for diagnostics of the hemostasis system. Coagulometer is the medical laboratory analyzer used for testing of the hemostasis system. Modern coagulometers realize different methods of activation and observation of development of blood clots in blood or in blood plasma.
Drospirenone/estetrol, sold under the brand name Nextstellis among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication containing drospirenone, a progestin, and estetrol, an estrogen, which is used as a combined birth control pill for the prevention of pregnancy in women. It is taken by mouth.
Thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) is a protein complex of thrombin and antithrombin. It is a marker of net activation of coagulation.
Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), also written as prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), is a polypeptide fragment of prothrombin generated by the in vivo cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin by the enzyme prothrombinase. It is released from the N-terminus of prothrombin. F1+2 is a marker of thrombin generation and hence of coagulation activation. It is considered the best marker of in vivo thrombin generation.
The calibrated automated thrombogram is a thrombin generation assay (TGA) and global coagulation assay (GCA) which can be used as a coagulation test to assess thrombotic risk. It is the most widely used TGA. The CAT is a semi-automated test performed in a 96-well plate and requires specialized technologists to be performed. As a result, it has seen low implementation in routine laboratories and has been more limited to research settings. Lack of standardization with the CAT has also led to difficulties in study-to-study comparisons in research. However, efforts have recently been made towards standardization of the assay. An example of a specific commercial CAT is the Thrombinoscope by Thrombinoscope BV.
A thrombin generation assay (TGA) or thrombin generation test (TGT) is a global coagulation assay (GCA) and type of coagulation test which can be used to assess coagulation and thrombotic risk. It is based on the potential of a plasma to generate thrombin over time, following activation of coagulation via addition of phospholipids, tissue factor, and calcium. The results of the TGA can be output as a thrombogram or thrombin generation curve using computer software with calculation of thrombogram parameters.
The activated protein C resistance (APCR) test is a coagulation test used in the evaluation and diagnosis of activated protein C (APC) resistance, a form of hypercoagulability. Hereditary APC resistance is usually caused by the factor V Leiden mutation, whereas acquired APC resistance has been linked to antiphospholipid antibodies, pregnancy, and estrogen therapy. APC resistance can be measured using either an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based test or an endogenous thrombin potential (ETP)-based test.
The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin to convert fibrinogen into covalently-linked fibrin monomers. The N-terminal FpA is cleaved from the Aα chains of fibrinogen and FpB from the Bβ chains of fibrinogen, with FpA released before FpB. Subsequent to their formation, fibrin monomers are converted to cross-linked fibrin polymers by the action of thrombin-activated factor XIII, and these fibrin polymers form the backbone of a thrombus. Hence, the fibrinopeptides are sensitive markers of fibrinogenesis, thrombin activity, and coagulation.
Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) is a 1:1 irreversibly formed inactive complex of the enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor α2-antiplasmin. It is a marker of the activity of the fibrinolytic system and a marker of net activation of fibrinolysis.
Fibrin monomers are monomers of fibrin which are formed by the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin. Levels of fibrin monomers in can be measured using blood tests and can serve as a marker of in vivo fibrinogenesis and coagulation activation. They may be useful in the evaluation hypercoagulability.
The overall hemostatic potential (OHP) test is a global coagulation assay which can be used to measure coagulation. The OHP assay measures total fibrin generation in the presence of thrombin or tissue factor and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). It generates a fibrin time curve through the use of optical density measurement. This curve represents the balance between fibrin formation induced by thrombin or tissue factor and fibrinolysis induced by t-PA. The assay provides three parameters: overall coagulation potential (OCP), overall hemostatic potential (OHP), and overall fibrinolytic potential (OFP). OHP is the main parameter, while OCP and OFP are supplementary parameters to assess coagulation and fibrinolysis. One further parameter, clot lysis time (CLT), can also be determined. The OHP assay measures the integrated effect of procoagulant, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic factors.
Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), and D-dimer (DD). These compounds are markers of thrombin generation, fibrin generation, and fibrinolysis. Coagulation activation markers, particularly D-dimer, are useful in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. They may also be useful in the assessment of hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism risk.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reda S, Morimont L, Douxfils J, Rühl H (August 2020). "Can We Measure the Individual Prothrombotic or Prohemorrhagic Tendency by Global Coagulation Tests?". Hamostaseologie. 40 (3): 364–378. doi:10.1055/a-1153-5824. PMID 32726831. S2CID 220878363.
- ↑ "Stago - Detail - ST Genesia launched!".
- ↑ Kintigh J, Monagle P, Ignjatovic V (January 2018). "A review of commercially available thrombin generation assays". Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2 (1): 42–48. doi:10.1002/rth2.12048. PMC 6055498 . PMID 30046705.
- ↑ Depasse F, Binder NB, Mueller J, Wissel T, Schwers S, Germer M, Hermes B, Turecek PL (December 2021). "Thrombin generation assays are versatile tools in blood coagulation analysis: A review of technical features, and applications from research to laboratory routine". J Thromb Haemost. 19 (12): 2907–2917. doi:10.1111/jth.15529. PMID 34525255. S2CID 237535808.
- ↑ Lim HY, Leemaqz SY, Torkamani N, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Nandurkar H, Ho P, Cheung AS (July 2020). "Global Coagulation Assays in Transgender Women on Oral and Transdermal Estradiol Therapy". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105 (7): e2369–e2377. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa262. PMID 32413907. S2CID 218659931.
- ↑ Morimont L, Haguet H, Dogné JM, Gaspard U, Douxfils J (2021). "Combined Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Review and Perspective to Mitigate the Risk". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12: 769187. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.769187 . PMC 8697849 . PMID 34956081.
- ↑ Favaloro EJ, Lippi G (April 2019). "Recent Advances in Mainstream Hemostasis Diagnostics and Coagulation Testing". Semin Thromb Hemost. 45 (3): 228–246. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676579. PMID 30912101. S2CID 85517668.
