Savoryella lignicola

Last updated

Savoryella lignicola
Savoryella lignicola on host.jpg
On host
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Savoryellales
Family: Savoryellaceae
Genus: Savoryella
Species:
S. lignicola
Binomial name
Savoryella lignicola
E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton (1969) [1]

Savoryella lignicola is a species of marine and freshwater based fungi in the Savoryellaceae family of the order Savoryellales. [2] They are saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter) on submerged wood. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus name of Savoryella is derived from John George Savory (1917-2003), who was a mycologist, born in Sacriston, Co Durham, England. In 1969, a completely new genus of fungi was discovered by researchers at Portsmouth Polytechnic to cause soft rot in the marine environment, its identifier, botanist Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones, gave the new genus of fungi, the name of Savoryella in tribute to Savory. [4] [1]

The Latin epithet "lignicola" means "living on wood". [5]

Taxonomically, Savoryella had been referred to several orders (Jones et al. 2016). [6] In 2011, Savoryella together with genus Ascotaiwania , Canalisporium (and its sexual morph Ascothailandia) formed a distinct clade in the Hypocreomycetidae subclass (within the Sordariomycetes class), based on phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSU rRNA, RPB2, and TEF-1-alpha genes (Boonyuen et al. 2011). [7] It can also occur early in the colonization of timber test panels and also on well-decayed wood (Eaton & Jones 1971), [8] and also causes active soft-rot decay of wood (Mouzouras 1986). [9] [2]

History

Savoryella lignicola was initially described from test panels of Fagus sylvestris and Pinus sylvestris , exposed in a water cooling tower run with brackish water (Eaton & Jones 1971), [8] at Connah's Quay in Wales. [10] [6]

It was later reported as a cosmopolitan species (Jones and Eaton, 1969; [1] Ho et al., 1997; [11] Jones et al., 2016). [6] This is the sole Savoryella taxon detailed from both marine and freshwater environments (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Luo et al., 2004). [12] Though the marine and freshwater isolates of Savoryella lignicola are morphologically alike, it is doubtful whether they are same species (Ho et al., 1997). Molecular data are available only for two Savoryella lignicola strains described from mangrove wood from Malaysia and submerged Nypa fruticans fronds from Thailand, with no molecular data for the freshwater strain of Savoryella lignicola (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Boonyuen et al., 2011, [3] ). Therefore, molecular data should be obtained from collections from freshwater habitats to establish whether they are the same species or not. Savoryella lignicola morphologically resembles Savoryella fusiformis and Savoryella longispora (Boonyuen et al., 2011). However, these taxa can easily be distinguished by measurements of length/width ratio of ascospores and molecular data (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Boonyuen et al., 2011). [7] [3]

Description

Savoryella lignicola has;

The sexual morph, ascomata (fruiting body) that is 170-350 μm (Micrometre) high, 120-250 μm in diameter. They are globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal (in shape). They are immersed, partly immersed or superficial, ostiolate (having an ostiole, a small hole or opening), papillate (covered with or bearing papillae or small hairs), membranous, and pale to dark brown. [13] [2] [3]

They have long necks, [3] (48-)80-165 μm long, [13] up to 72 μm in diameter, brown, with periphyses (short, thread-like filaments that line the opening, or ostiole). The peridium (The outer wall of a sporangium or other fruiting body) is brown, one-layered and composed of several layers of thick-walled angular cells forming a textura angularis. The paraphyses (a sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a hymenium) is present, but sparse. [3]

The asci ascus (the reproductive cell) is 100-(128)-180 × 16-24 μm. It is eight-spored, cylindrical or clavate (club-shaped) in shape. It is short-stalked, unitunicate (enclosed in a single tunic-like layer), persistent, with an apical truncate non-amyloid apical thickening containing a pore. [13] [2] [3]

The ascospores (spores formed in the developing ascus) are 24-36 × 8-12 μm, uni-orbiseriate (arranged in two curved rows), ellipsoidal, tri-septate (having three septa/cell walls), not markedly constricted at the septa. The central cells are brown (10-6-16 μm) with apical cells smaller and hyaline (translucent) and (2.6-6 μm long). [13]

The anamorph or asexual morph is undetermined (modified description of Maharachchikumbura et al., 2016, [14] ). [2] [3] Undetermined. [3]

Distribution

Savoryella lignicola has a cosmopolitan distribution, [1] [11] [15] although they are mostly common in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. [6] They are found in places such as; America (including Florida, [16] ) Andaman Islands, Australia, Brunei, Canada, China, [17] England, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, [18] [19] [20] Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, [11] [21] Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, New Zealand, [22] [23] Philippines, [24] Portugal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, [11] and Wales. [2]

They are found in brackish water habitats, [19] as well as marine water habitats. [3] [25] On submerged wood, [13] within water cooling towers, [1] and in rivers and streams. [3] They also can be found in mangrove swamps, [26] (on species of Rhizophora ) in Asia including Malaysia. [21]

Uses

Five lignicolous mangrove fungi ( Hypoxlon oceanicum , Julella avicenniae , Lignincola laevis , Trematosphaeria mangrovei and Savoryella lignicola) produced extracellular endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase in lab conditions. [27]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreales</span> Order of fungi

The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Hypocreomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bionectriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate places 35 genera and 281 species in the family. Species in the family tend to grow on plant material, including woody debris, while some species associate with algae, bryophytes, or other fungi.

The Trichosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi. It is monotypic, and consists of the single family, the Trichosphaeriaceae. In 2017, the family of Trichosphaeriaceae was placed in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis, which was accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2018), and Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The order of Trichosphaeriales was also unplaced. They are generally saprobic and pathogenic on plants, commonly isolated from herbivore dung.

<i>Annulatascus</i> Genus of fungi

Annulatascus is a genus of fungi in the Annulatascaceae family of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the Sordariomycetes class is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order. The genus is characterized by taxa that are saprobic on submerged, decaying plant material in freshwater habitats. Morphologically the taxa possess dark brown to black perithecia, long tapering hyaline septate paraphyses, eight-spored asci with relatively massive J− apical rings, and ascospores that may or may not possess gelatinous sheaths or appendages. There are currently 17 species included in the genus.

Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones is a British mycologist. His main area of research interest is aquatic fungi, particularly marine fungi. He has supervised about 100 PhD and MSc students, published approximately 600 research articles and is a highly cited scientist. Other research interests include marine biofouling, biodeterioration of materials, and wood decay by fungi.

Lulworthiomycetidae is a subclass of Sordariomycetes.

Savoryellomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi within the class of Sordariomycetes. It contains 4 known orders of Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales.

Conioscypha is a genus of terrestrial and freshwater fungi in the monotypic family Conioscyphaceae and the monotypic order Conioscyphales. They are found on decayed wood, leaves, or bamboo stems. Except for Conioscypha japonica which was isolated from dog skin fragments and hair in 2017.

Conioscyphales is an order of freshwater and terrestrial fungi within the division Ascomycota. It is in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and the class Sordariomycetes and the subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

Fuscosporellales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota and in the class Sordariomycetes and subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Savoryellaceae</span> Order of fungi

Savoryellaceae is a family of aquatic based fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic order Savoryellales within the class Sordariomycetes, division Ascomycota.

<i>Savoryella</i> Genus of fungi

Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.

Fuscosporella is a genus of terrestrial and freshwater fungi in the family Fuscosporellaceae and within the monotypic order of Fuscosporellales.

Pseudodactylaria are a genus of fungi, within the monotypic family PseudodactylariaceaeCrous, and within the monotypic order PseudodactylarialesCrous, within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on plants in freshwater or terrestrial habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torpedosporales</span> Order of fungi

The Torpedosporales are an order of marine based fungi in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Most are found on wood substrates in the water.

Etheirophoraceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal wood and bark within marine habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juncigenaceae</span> Family of fungi

Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangrove forests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.

Torpedosporaceae is a monotypic family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal mangrove wood and roots, bark leaves, and sand in various marine habitats.

Falcocladium is a genus of fungi, within the monotypic family FalcocladiaceaeSomrith., E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, and within the monotypic order FalcocladialesR.H. Perera, Maharachch., Somrith., Suetrong & K.D. Hyde, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are saprobic on leaf litter, including the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in tropical and terrestrial habitats.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Jones, E.B.G.; Eaton, R.A. (1969). "Savoryella lignicola gen. et sp. nov. from water cooling towers". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 52: 161–174. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(69)80169-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "lignicola :: Marine Fungi". marinefungi.org. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dayarathne, Monika C.; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Gareth Jones, E. B.; Dong, Wei; Devadatha, Bandarupalli; Yang, Jing; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; De Silva, Wasana; Sarma, Vemuri V.; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Khongphinitbunjong, Kitiphong; Hyde, Kevin D.; Zhao, Rui Lin (7 May 2019). "Phylogenetic Revision of Savoryellaceae and Evidence for Its Ranking as a Subclass". Front. Microbiol. Section. Fungi and Their Interactions. 10: 840. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00840 . PMC   6514050 . PMID   31133992.
  4. ↑ Bravery, Tony (15 September 2003). "John Savory". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Li, W.L.; Luo, Z.L.; Liu, J.K.; Bhat, D.J.; Bao, D.Ff; Su, H.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2017). "Lignicolous freshwater fungi from China I : Aquadictyospora lignicola gen. et sp. nov. and new record of Pseudodictyosporium wauense from northwestern Yunnan Province". Mycosphere. 8 (10): 1587–1597. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/8/10/1 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jones, E.B.G.; To-anun, C.; Suetrong, S.; Boonyuen, N. (2016). "Mycosphere Essays 12. Progress in the classification of the water cooling tower ascomycete Savoryella and a tribute to John Savory: a review". Mycosphere. 7: 570–581. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/7/5/4 .
  7. 1 2 Boonyuen, Nattawut; Charuwan, Chuaseeharonnachai; Suetrong, Satinee; Sri-indrasutdhi, Veera; Sivichai, Somsak; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Pang, Ka-Lai (2011). "Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes): a novel lineage of aquatic ascomycetes inferred from multiple-gene phylogenies of the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia, and Savoryella". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1351–1371. doi:10.3852/11-102. PMID   21642338. S2CID   207626885.
  8. 1 2 Eaton, R.A.; Jones, E.B.G. (1971). "The biodeterioration of timber in water–cooling towers. I. Fungal ecology and the decay of wood at Connah's Quay and Ince". Material and Organismen. 6: 51–80.
  9. ↑ Mouzouras, R. (1986). "Soft rot decay of wood by marine microfungi". J. Inst. Wood Sci. 11: 193–201.
  10. ↑ Jones, E.B.G.; Hyde, Kevin D. (1992). "Taxonomic studies on Savoryella Jones et Eaton (Ascomycotina)". Bot. Mar. 35 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1515/botm.1992.35.2.83. S2CID   85339613.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ho, W.H.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997). "Ascomycetes from tropical freshwater habitats: the genus Savoryella, with two new species". Mycol. Res. 101 (7): 803–809. doi:10.1017/s0953756296003310.
  12. ↑ Luo, J.; Yin, J.; Cai, L.; Zhang, K.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2004). "Freshwater fungi in Lake Dianchi, a heavily polluted lake in Yunnan, China". Fungal Divers. 16: 93–112.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Vasudeo Ramesh Patil Biodiversity Of Salt Water Fungi From Lonar Lake And Fresh Water From Buldhana District (2015) , p. 57, at Google Books
  14. ↑ Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN   1560-2745. S2CID   256070646.
  15. ↑ "Savoryella lignicola E.B.G.Jones & R.A.Eaton". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  16. ↑ Gareth Jones, E. B.; Puglisi, Melany P. (Summer 2006). "Marine Fungi From Florida". Florida Scientist. 69 (3): 157–164.
  17. ↑ Shen, Hong-Wei; Bao, Dan-Feng; Bhat, Darbhe J.; Su, Hong-Yan; Luo, Zong-Long (2022). "Lignicolous freshwater fungi in Yunnan Province, China: an overview". Mycology. 13 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1080/21501203.2022.2058638. PMC   9196657 . PMID   35711328.
  18. ↑ Borse, B.D.; Pawara, C.M. (2007). "Fresh water Ascomycetes from North Maharashtra-I". Bioinfolet. 4: 107–110.
  19. 1 2 Nambiar, Gayatri R.; Raveendran, K.; Jaleel, Cheruth Abdul (2009). "Marine mycoflora of south India with special emphasis on lignicolous marine fungi". Frontiers of Biology in China. 4 (4): 436–441. doi:10.1007/s11515-009-0048-z. S2CID   8363922.
  20. ↑ B.D. Borse, K.N. Borse, S.Y. Patil, C.M. Pawara, L.C. Nemade and V.R. Patil Freshwater Higher Fungi of India (2016) , p. 146, at Google Books
  21. 1 2 Yuk-Shan Wong and Nora F.Y. Tam (Editor) Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems: Proceedings of the International Conference held at The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology September 1–3, 1993 , p. 123, at Google Books
  22. ↑ "Savoryella lignicola E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton 1969 - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  23. ↑ Pennycook, S.R.; Galloway, D.J. (2004). "Checklist of New Zealand "fungi".". Fungi of New Zealand. 1. Fungal Diversity Press.
  24. ↑ Brian Morton Asian Marine Biology 1988, Volume 5 , p. 104, at Google Books
  25. ↑ Fryar, S.C., Kirby, G.C. and Hyde, K.D. Fungal Diversity: 1999-00 Inc., Volumes 2-5, Fungal Diversity Press, 1999 , p. 54, at Google Books
  26. ↑ Jayanta Kumar Patra, Rashmi Ranjan Mishra and Hrudayanath Thatoi (Editors) Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources (2020) , p. 199, at Google Books
  27. ↑ Pointing, S.B.; Buswell, J.A.; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Vrijmoed, L.L.P. (June 1999). "Extracellular cellulolytic enzyme profiles of five lignicolous mangrove fungi". Mycological Research. 103 (6): 696–700. doi:10.1017/S0953756298007655.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.