Savoryella lignicola

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Savoryella lignicola
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Subclass:
Savoryellomycetidae
Order:
Savoryellales
Family:
Savoryellaceae
Genus:
Savoryella
Species:
Savoryella lignicola

E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton (1969) [1]

Savoryella lignicola is a species of marine and freshwater based fungi in the Savoryellaceae family of the order Savoryellales. [2] They are saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter) on submerged wood. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus name of Savoryella is derived from John George Savory (1917-2003), who was a mycologist, born in Sacriston, Co Durham, England. In 1969, a completely new genus of fungi was discovered by researchers at Portsmouth Polytechnic to cause soft rot in the marine environment, its identifier, botanist Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones, gave the new genus of fungi, the name of Savoryella in tribute to Savory. [4] [1]

The Latin epithet "lignicola" means "living on wood". [5]

Taxonomically, Savoryella had been referred to several orders (Jones et al. 2016). [6] In 2011, Savoryella together with genus Ascotaiwania , Canalisporium (and its sexual morph Ascothailandia) formed a distinct clade in the Hypocreomycetidae subclass (within the Sordariomycetes class), based on phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSU rRNA, RPB2, and TEF-1-alpha genes (Boonyuen et al. 2011). [7] It can also occur early in the colonization of timber test panels and also on well-decayed wood (Eaton & Jones 1971), [8] and also causes active soft-rot decay of wood (Mouzouras 1986). [9] [2]

History

Savoryella lignicola was initially described from test panels of Fagus sylvestris and Pinus sylvestris , exposed in a water cooling tower run with brackish water (Eaton & Jones 1971), [8] at Connah's Quay in Wales. [10] [6]

It was later reported as a cosmopolitan species (Jones and Eaton, 1969; [1] Ho et al., 1997; [11] Jones et al., 2016). [6] This is the sole Savoryella taxon detailed from both marine and freshwater environments (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Luo et al., 2004). [12] Though the marine and freshwater isolates of Savoryella lignicola are morphologically alike, it is doubtful whether they are same species (Ho et al., 1997). Molecular data are available only for two Savoryella lignicola strains described from mangrove wood from Malaysia and submerged Nypa fruticans fronds from Thailand, with no molecular data for the freshwater strain of Savoryella lignicola (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Boonyuen et al., 2011, [3] ). Therefore, molecular data should be obtained from collections from freshwater habitats to establish whether they are the same species or not. Savoryella lignicola morphologically resembles Savoryella fusiformis and Savoryella longispora (Boonyuen et al., 2011). However, these taxa can easily be distinguished by measurements of length/width ratio of ascospores and molecular data (Ho et al., 1997; [11] Boonyuen et al., 2011). [7] [3]

Description

Savoryella lignicola has;

The sexual morph, ascomata (fruiting body) that is 170-350 μm (Micrometre) high, 120-250 μm in diameter. They are globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal (in shape). They are immersed, partly immersed or superficial, ostiolate (having an ostiole, a small hole or opening), papillate (covered with or bearing papillae or small hairs), membranous, and pale to dark brown. [13] [2] [3]

They have long necks, [3] (48-)80-165 μm long, [13] up to 72 μm in diameter, brown, with periphyses (short, thread-like filaments that line the opening, or ostiole). The peridium (The outer wall of a sporangium or other fruiting body) is brown, one-layered and composed of several layers of thick-walled angular cells forming a textura angularis. The paraphyses (a sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a hymenium) is present, but sparse. [3]

The asci ascus (the reproductive cell) is 100-(128)-180 × 16-24 μm. It is eight-spored, cylindrical or clavate (club-shaped) in shape. It is short-stalked, unitunicate (enclosed in a single tunic-like layer), persistent, with an apical truncate non-amyloid apical thickening containing a pore. [13] [2] [3]

The ascospores (spores formed in the developing ascus) are 24-36 × 8-12 μm, uni-orbiseriate (arranged in two curved rows), ellipsoidal, tri-septate (having three septa/cell walls), not markedly constricted at the septa. The central cells are brown (10-6-16 μm) with apical cells smaller and hyaline (translucent) and (2.6-6 μm long). [13]

The anamorph or asexual morph is undetermined (modified description of Maharachchikumbura et al., 2016, [14] ). [2] [3] Undetermined. [3]

Distribution

Savoryella lignicola has a cosmopolitan distribution, [1] [11] [15] although they are mostly common in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. [6] They are found in places such as; America (including Florida, [16] ) Andaman Islands, Australia, Brunei, Canada, China, [17] England, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, [18] [19] [20] Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, [11] [21] Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, New Zealand, [22] [23] Philippines, [24] Portugal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, [11] and Wales. [2]

They are found in brackish water habitats, [19] as well as marine water habitats. [3] [25] On submerged wood, [13] within water cooling towers, [1] and in rivers and streams. [3] They also can be found in mangrove swamps, [26] (on species of Rhizophora ) in Asia including Malaysia. [21]

Uses

Five lignicolous mangrove fungi ( Hypoxlon oceanicum , Julella avicenniae , Lignincola laevis , Trematosphaeria mangrovei and Savoryella lignicola) produced extracellular endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase in lab conditions. [27]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Jones, E.B.G.; Eaton, R.A. (1969). "Savoryella lignicola gen. et sp. nov. from water cooling towers". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 52: 161–174. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(69)80169-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "lignicola :: Marine Fungi". marinefungi.org. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dayarathne, Monika C.; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Gareth Jones, E. B.; Dong, Wei; Devadatha, Bandarupalli; Yang, Jing; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; De Silva, Wasana; Sarma, Vemuri V.; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Khongphinitbunjong, Kitiphong; Hyde, Kevin D.; Zhao, Rui Lin (7 May 2019). "Phylogenetic Revision of Savoryellaceae and Evidence for Its Ranking as a Subclass". Front. Microbiol. Section. Fungi and Their Interactions. 10: 840. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00840 . PMC   6514050 . PMID   31133992.
  4. ↑ Bravery, Tony (15 September 2003). "John Savory". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Li, W.L.; Luo, Z.L.; Liu, J.K.; Bhat, D.J.; Bao, D.Ff; Su, H.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2017). "Lignicolous freshwater fungi from China I : Aquadictyospora lignicola gen. et sp. nov. and new record of Pseudodictyosporium wauense from northwestern Yunnan Province". Mycosphere. 8 (10): 1587–1597. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/8/10/1 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jones, E.B.G.; To-anun, C.; Suetrong, S.; Boonyuen, N. (2016). "Mycosphere Essays 12. Progress in the classification of the water cooling tower ascomycete Savoryella and a tribute to John Savory: a review". Mycosphere. 7: 570–581. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/7/5/4 .
  7. 1 2 Boonyuen, Nattawut; Charuwan, Chuaseeharonnachai; Suetrong, Satinee; Sri-indrasutdhi, Veera; Sivichai, Somsak; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Pang, Ka-Lai (2011). "Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes): a novel lineage of aquatic ascomycetes inferred from multiple-gene phylogenies of the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia, and Savoryella". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1351–1371. doi:10.3852/11-102. PMID   21642338. S2CID   207626885.
  8. 1 2 Eaton, R.A.; Jones, E.B.G. (1971). "The biodeterioration of timber in water–cooling towers. I. Fungal ecology and the decay of wood at Connah's Quay and Ince". Material and Organismen. 6: 51–80.
  9. ↑ Mouzouras, R. (1986). "Soft rot decay of wood by marine microfungi". J. Inst. Wood Sci. 11: 193–201.
  10. ↑ Jones, E.B.G.; Hyde, Kevin D. (1992). "Taxonomic studies on Savoryella Jones et Eaton (Ascomycotina)". Bot. Mar. 35 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1515/botm.1992.35.2.83. S2CID   85339613.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ho, W.H.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997). "Ascomycetes from tropical freshwater habitats: the genus Savoryella, with two new species". Mycol. Res. 101 (7): 803–809. doi:10.1017/s0953756296003310.
  12. ↑ Luo, J.; Yin, J.; Cai, L.; Zhang, K.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2004). "Freshwater fungi in Lake Dianchi, a heavily polluted lake in Yunnan, China". Fungal Divers. 16: 93–112.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Vasudeo Ramesh Patil Biodiversity Of Salt Water Fungi From Lonar Lake And Fresh Water From Buldhana District (2015) , p. 57, at Google Books
  14. ↑ Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN   1560-2745. S2CID   256070646.
  15. ↑ "Savoryella lignicola E.B.G.Jones & R.A.Eaton". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  16. ↑ Gareth Jones, E. B.; Puglisi, Melany P. (Summer 2006). "Marine Fungi From Florida". Florida Scientist. 69 (3): 157–164.
  17. ↑ Shen, Hong-Wei; Bao, Dan-Feng; Bhat, Darbhe J.; Su, Hong-Yan; Luo, Zong-Long (2022). "Lignicolous freshwater fungi in Yunnan Province, China: an overview". Mycology. 13 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1080/21501203.2022.2058638. PMC   9196657 . PMID   35711328.
  18. ↑ Borse, B.D.; Pawara, C.M. (2007). "Fresh water Ascomycetes from North Maharashtra-I". Bioinfolet. 4: 107–110.
  19. 1 2 Nambiar, Gayatri R.; Raveendran, K.; Jaleel, Cheruth Abdul (2009). "Marine mycoflora of south India with special emphasis on lignicolous marine fungi". Frontiers of Biology in China. 4 (4): 436–441. doi:10.1007/s11515-009-0048-z. S2CID   8363922.
  20. ↑ B.D. Borse, K.N. Borse, S.Y. Patil, C.M. Pawara, L.C. Nemade and V.R. Patil Freshwater Higher Fungi of India (2016) , p. 146, at Google Books
  21. 1 2 Yuk-Shan Wong and Nora F.Y. Tam (Editor) Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems: Proceedings of the International Conference held at The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology September 1–3, 1993 , p. 123, at Google Books
  22. ↑ "Savoryella lignicola E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton 1969 - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  23. ↑ Pennycook, S.R.; Galloway, D.J. (2004). "Checklist of New Zealand "fungi".". Fungi of New Zealand. 1. Fungal Diversity Press.
  24. ↑ Brian Morton Asian Marine Biology 1988, Volume 5 , p. 104, at Google Books
  25. ↑ Fryar, S.C., Kirby, G.C. and Hyde, K.D. Fungal Diversity: 1999-00 Inc., Volumes 2-5, Fungal Diversity Press, 1999 , p. 54, at Google Books
  26. ↑ Jayanta Kumar Patra, Rashmi Ranjan Mishra and Hrudayanath Thatoi (Editors) Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources (2020) , p. 199, at Google Books
  27. ↑ Pointing, S.B.; Buswell, J.A.; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Vrijmoed, L.L.P. (June 1999). "Extracellular cellulolytic enzyme profiles of five lignicolous mangrove fungi". Mycological Research. 103 (6): 696–700. doi:10.1017/S0953756298007655.
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