ScanPyramids

Last updated

The ScanPyramids [1] mission is an Egyptian-International project designed and led by Cairo University and the French HIP Institute (Heritage Innovation Preservation). [2] This project aims at scanning Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids (Khufu, Khafre, the Bent and the Red) to detect the presence of unknown internal voids and structures. [3]

Contents

The project, launched in October 2015, [4] combines several non-invasive and non-destructive techniques which may help to get a better understanding of their structure and their construction processes and techniques.[ clarification needed ] The team is currently using Infrared thermography, muon tomography, 3D simulation and reconstruction techniques. [5] [6]

ScanPyramids is an interdisciplinary project mixing art, science and technology. [7] On November 2, 2017, the ScanPyramids team announced, through a publication in Nature, [8] its third discovery in the Great Pyramid, a "plane-sized" [9] previously unknown void named the "ScanPyramids Big Void". [10]

Discoveries

2016

On October 15, 2016, ScanPyramids confirmed their first unknown void discoveries thanks to muon tomography in the Great Pyramid. [11] [12] A previously unknown cavity [13] was confirmed on the North-Eastern Edge, [14] roughly at 110 metres (360 ft) high with similar void volume characteristics as a known "cave" located at 83 metres (272 ft) on the same edge. [15]

A second void was discovered behind the chevrons area of Khufu's North Face above the Descending Corridor (referred to as "SP-NFC" in papers). This area was investigated after thermal anomalies observation that led the team to position muon emulsion plates in the Descending Corridor. [5] [16] This void was further investigated during 2017 to provide more information about its shape, size, and exact position. [5] [17]

2017

Detectors installed in the descending corridor (DC) and in the al-Ma'mun corridor (MC). a The Chevron, which consists of huge gabled limestone beams, covering the original entrance to the DC on the North side of Khufu's Pyramid. b 3D model and positions of the detectors from Nagoya University, indicated by red dots and of the detectors from CEA, indicated by orange dots, in the DC and in the MC. c-h The detectors. c shows EM3, d shows EM2, e shows EM5, f shows Charpak, g shows Joliot and h shows Degennes. Detectors installed in the DC and in the MC.png
Detectors installed in the descending corridor (DC) and in the al-Ma’mun corridor (MC). a The Chevron, which consists of huge gabled limestone beams, covering the original entrance to the DC on the North side of Khufu’s Pyramid. b 3D model and positions of the detectors from Nagoya University, indicated by red dots and of the detectors from CEA, indicated by orange dots, in the DC and in the MC. c–h The detectors. c shows EM3, d shows EM2, e shows EM5, f shows Charpak, g shows Joliot and h shows Degennes.
East-West cut view of the Great Pyramid and front view of the North face Chevron area. a Subterranean chamber, b queen's chamber, c grand gallery, d king's chamber, e descending corridor, f ascending corridor, g al-Ma'mun corridor, h north face Chevron area, i ScanPyramids Big Void with horizontal hypothesis (red hatching) and inclined hypothesis (green hatching) as published in November 2017. East-West cut view of the Great Pyramid and front view of the North face Chevron area.png
East-West cut view of the Great Pyramid and front view of the North face Chevron area. a Subterranean chamber, b queen’s chamber, c grand gallery, d king’s chamber, e descending corridor, f ascending corridor, g al-Ma’mun corridor, h north face Chevron area, i ScanPyramids Big Void with horizontal hypothesis (red hatching) and inclined hypothesis (green hatching) as published in November 2017.

In 2017 more muon-sensitive emulsion plates were positioned in the descending corridor and in Al-Mamun's tunnel. The void behind the chevrons could be confirmed through different points of view and its characteristics refined. Named "ScanPyramids North-Face Corridor" (SP-NFC), this void is located between 17 and 23 metres (56 and 75 ft) from the Great Pyramid's ground level, between 0.7 and 2 metres (2 ft 4 in and 6 ft 7 in) from the North Face. It could be horizontal or sloping upwards and it has a corridor-like shape. [19]

ScanPyramids Big Void (SP-BV)

On November 2, 2017, the ScanPyramids team published its third discovery in Nature , which was named "ScanPyramids Big Void", or "SP-BV" for short. It describes a newly discovered huge void in a circumscribed area above the Grand Gallery. It is estimated to have a length of at least 30 metres (98 ft) and a similar cross-section as the Grand Gallery. The ScanPyramids Big Void has been observed by three teams of physicists from different points of view (2 points of view in the Queen's Chamber and from outside in front of the North Face). [8]

Three scientific institutions specializing in particle physics have worked independently and each one used a different and complementary muography technique:

Like the work done on the "ScanPyramids North Face Corridor", more muography observations, from new viewpoints, need to be conducted in order to better determine the Big Void's shape, so that functional inferences can be drawn. [22] [ unreliable source? ] [23] As long the exact layout and function of the void is still unknown, the scientists have been cautious about using architectural nomenclature. [24]


North Facing Corridor (SP-NFC)

In March 2023, the team published [25] its finding of the North Facing Corridor (NFC) behind the original entrance; the void is called "SP-NFC" (ScanPyramids - North Face Corridor) in the paper. [26]

Reactions

Egyptologists

On November 2, 2017, the Egyptologist Zahi Hawass told the New York Times: “They found nothing...This paper offers nothing to Egyptology. Zero.” [27]

On November 3, 2017, Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities said in a statement, "The existence of several void spaces inside the pyramid is not a new thing. Egyptologists and scholars knew about it several years ago," adding, "the ministry sees that the ScanPyramid team should not rushed [ sic ] to publish their findings in media at that stage of their research because it requires more research and it is too early to say that there was a new discovery." [28]

On November 4, Khaled al-Anany, Egyptian Minister of Antiquities said, during a press conference, that the void space found inside the Great Pyramid of Khufu by the ScanPyramids project is a new revelation that brought the world's attention to Egypt. He added “What was discovered is new and larger than the known cavities, and we’ll continue in our scientific steps”. [29]

Other Egyptologists have welcomed the discovery. Yukinori Kawae told National Geographic “This is definitely the discovery of the century...There have been many hypotheses about the pyramid, but no one even imagined that such a big void is located above the Grand Gallery.” [30] [31]

Peter der Manuelian, from Harvard University, said that “This is an exciting new discovery, and potentially a major contribution to our knowledge about the Great Pyramid.” [32] [23]

Physicists

Lee Thompson, an expert in particle physics at the University of Sheffield (UK) told Science: "The scientists have “seen” the void using three different muon detectors in three independent experiments, which makes their finding very robust." [33] Christopher Morris, physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory called the findings “pretty amazing.” [34] Jerry Anderson who worked on Khafre's Pyramid and was a member of the team of Luis Walter Alvarez, the first scientist to use muography inside a pyramid in 1965, [35] said to Los Angeles Times, with a laugh: "I am very excited and very pleased,...I wish we had worked in the Great Pyramid, now that I look back on it”. [36]

International media

This discovery has been featured in many international media as one of the top discoveries of the year 2017 (NBC News, [37] Euronews, [38] Physics World, [39] Science News, [40] Global News, [41] Gizmodo, [42] Business Insider, [43] Altmetric, [44] Egypt Today, [45] NBC, [46] MSN News, [47] Le Monde, [48] CTV, [49] The Franklin Institute, [50] Radio Canada, [51] Sciences et Avenir, [52] RTÉ, [53] PBS, [54] Yahoo, [55] La Vanguardia, [56] France Info [57] ).

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Pyramid of Giza</span> Largest pyramid in the Giza Necropolis, Egypt

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid and served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. Built in the early 26th century BC, over a period of about 27 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact. It is the most famous monument of the Giza pyramid complex, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Memphis and its Necropolis". It is situated at the northern end of the line of the three pyramids at Giza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muon</span> Subatomic particle

A muon is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton. As with other leptons, the muon is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles; that is, it is a fundamental particle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khufu</span> Fourth Dynasty ancient Egyptian pharaoh

Khufu or Cheops was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom period. Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu as king. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are poorly documented.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zahi Hawass</span> Egyptian Egyptologist

Zahi Abass Hawass is an Egyptian archaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, serving twice. He has also worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert, and the Upper Nile Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dahshur</span> Village in Giza Governorate, Egypt

Dahshur is an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex and necropolis and shares the name of the nearby village of Manshiyyat Dahshur in markaz Badrashin, Giza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian pyramids</span> Ancient masonry structures in Egypt

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures located in Egypt. Sources cite at least 118 identified "Egyptian" pyramids. Approximately 80 pyramids were built within the Kingdom of Kush, now located in the modern country of Sudan. Of those located in modern Egypt, most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giza pyramid complex</span> Archaeological site near Cairo, Egypt

The Giza pyramid complex in Egypt is home to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, between 2600 and 2500 BC. The site also includes several temples and cemeteries and the remains of a workers' village.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giza Plateau</span> Site of the largest known collection of pyramids, in Egypt

The Giza Plateau is a limestone plateau in Giza, Egypt, the site of the Fourth Dynasty Giza pyramid complex, which includes the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It forms the northernmost part of the 16,000 ha Pyramid Fields in the Western Desert edge of the Nile Valley that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Memphis and its Necropolis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Howard Vyse</span>

Major General Richard William Howard Howard Vyse was a British soldier and Egyptologist. He was also Member of Parliament (MP) for Beverley and Honiton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian pyramid construction techniques</span> Overview about the Egyptian pyramid construction techniques

Egyptian pyramid construction techniques are the controversial subject of many hypotheses. These techniques seem to have developed over time; later pyramids were not constructed in the same way as earlier ones. Most of the construction hypotheses are based on the belief that huge stones were carved from quarries with copper chisels, and these blocks were then dragged and lifted into position. Disagreements chiefly concern the methods used to move and place the stones.

Joseph Davidovits is a French materials scientist known for the invention of geopolymer chemistry. He posited that the blocks of the Great Pyramid are not carved stone but mostly a form of limestone concrete or man-made stone. He holds the Ordre National du Mérite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khufu ship</span> Intact vessel from Ancient Egypt

The Khufu ship is an intact full-size solar barque from ancient Egypt. It was sealed into a pit alongside the Great Pyramid of pharaoh Khufu around 2500 BC, during the Fourth Dynasty of the ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife. The Khufu ship is one of the oldest, largest and best-preserved vessels from antiquity. It is 43.4 metres (142 ft) long and 5.9 metres (19 ft) wide, and is the world's oldest intact ship. It has been described as "a masterpiece of woodcraft" that could sail today if put into a lake or a river.

Meritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th Dynasty. Her name means "Beloved of her Father". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyramid G1-d</span> Subsidiary pyramid of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Pyramid G1-d is a satellite pyramid within the Khufu pyramid complex on the Giza plateau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Egyptian royal ships</span> Ancient Egyptian buried ships

Several ancient Egyptian solar ships and boat pits were found in many ancient Egyptian sites. The most famous is the Khufu ship now preserved in the Grand Egyptian Museum. The full-sized ships or boats were buried near ancient Egyptian pyramids or temples at many sites. The history and function of the ships are not precisely known. They might be of the type known as a "solar barge", a ritual vessel to carry the resurrected king with the sun god Ra across the heavens. However, some ships bear signs of being used in water, and it is possible that these ships were funerary barges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giulio Magli</span>

Giulio Magli is an Italian astrophysicist and archaeo-astronomer working primarily on the relationship between the architecture of ancient cultures and the sky.

Muon tomography or muography is a technique that uses cosmic ray muons to generate two or three-dimensional images of volumes using information contained in the Coulomb scattering of the muons. Since muons are much more deeply penetrating than X-rays, muon tomography can be used to image through much thicker material than x-ray based tomography such as CT scanning. The muon flux at the Earth's surface is such that a single muon passes through an area the size of a human hand per second.

The Diary of Merer is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle ranking official with the title inspector (sHD). They are the oldest known papyri with text, dating to the 27th year of the reign of pharaoh Khufu during the 4th dynasty. The text, written with (hieratic) hieroglyphs, mostly consists of lists of the daily activities of Merer and his crew. The best preserved sections document the transportation of white limestone blocks from the Tura quarries to Giza by boat.

Mehdi Tayoubi is Strategy and Innovation Vice-President at Dassault Systèmes, and an employee since 2001. He is the co-director of the ScanPyramids mission launched in 2015 and co-founder of the HIP Institute. In November 2017, he was a co-author with the ScanPyramids team, in the journal Nature, of "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons".The team revealed their third discovery named ScanPyramids Big Void thanks to muography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mostafa Waziri</span> Egyptian archaeologist

Mostafa Waziri is the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt.

References

  1. ↑ "ScanPyramids". www.scanpyramids.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  2. ↑ "Heritage Innovation Preservation Institute". HIP Institute. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  3. ↑ "CEA joins #ScanPyramids project - Ancient Egypt - Heritage - Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Archaeologists Plan on Using Cosmic Ray Muons to Peer Inside the Pyramids". Motherboard. October 29, 2015. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 HIP Institute (October 15, 2016). "The " ScanPyramids " Project launch to crack the secret of the biggest Egyptian pyramids" (PDF). www.hip.institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Researchers Will Use Lasers and Drones to Map the Pyramids Inside and Out". Popular Mechanics. October 29, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Scan Pyramids project". Altaplana. March 2, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Nishio, Akira; Kitagawa, Nobuko; Manabe, Yuta; Moto, Masaki; Takasaki, Fumihiko; Fujii, Hirofumi; Satoh, Kotaro (November 2, 2017). "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature. 552 (7685): 386–390. arXiv: 1711.01576 . Bibcode:2017Natur.552..386M. doi:10.1038/nature24647. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   29160306. S2CID   4459597.
  9. ↑ "What we know about the 'plane-sized void' scientists have just found in the Great Pyramids". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Historique ! Une gigantesque cavité de 30 mètres de long découverte dans la pyramide de Kheops". Sciences et Avenir (in French). Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  11. ↑ "In Photos: Looking Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza". Live Science. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Scanning the Pyramids: Hidden cavities beneath Giza's Great Pyramid". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  13. ↑ Procureur, S. (January 11, 2018). "Muon imaging: Principles, technologies and applications". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 878: 169–179. Bibcode:2018NIMPA.878..169P. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.08.004. ISSN   0168-9002.
  14. ↑ "Deux cavités découvertes dans la grande pyramide de Khéops". FIGARO (in French). October 15, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  15. ↑ Kanaya, Ichi; Kawae, Yukinori; Yasumuro, Yoshihiro; Chiba, Fumito (October 28, 2013). "3D reconstruction of the “cave” of the great pyramid from video footage". 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage). pp. 227–230. doi:10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2013.6743739. ISBN   978-1-4799-3170-5. S2CID   16347058.
  16. ↑ "More hidden 'cavities' found in Great Pyramid of Giza". Global News. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  17. ↑ "ScanPyramids first discoveries October 2016 - Official Video Report". H. I. P. Institute. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018– via Vimeo.
  18. 1 2 Procureur, Sébastien; Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; et al. (March 2, 2023). "Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 1144. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.1144P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36351-0. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   9981702 . PMID   36864018.
  19. ↑ "ScanPyramids 2017 Video Report". H. I. P. Institute. November 16, 2017. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018– via Vimeo.
  20. ↑ "Nagoya University Research Achievements". Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Research of Egyptian Pyramids with Cosmic ray Imaging | Features". July 29, 2022. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  22. ↑ "We've brought ancient pyramid experts here to answer your questions about the mysterious, recently-discovered voids inside Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza". reddit AMA (Ask Me Anything). February 2018. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  23. 1 2 "How cosmic rays revealed a new, mysterious void inside the Great Pyramid". Vox. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  24. ↑ Dvorsky, George. "Stunned Scientists Detect Suspected Hidden Chamber Within Great Pyramid of Giza". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. We're avoiding the word 'chamber', we know that it's a big void, but we're not calling it a chamber
  25. ↑ Procureur, Sébastien; Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Manabe, Yuta; Kitagawa, Nobuko; Nishio, Akira; Gomez, Hector; Attié, David; Sakakibara, Ami; Hikata, Kotaro; Moto, Masaki; Mandjavidze, Irakli; Magnier, Patrick; Lehuraux, Marion; Benoit, Théophile (March 2, 2023). "Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 1144. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.1144P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36351-0. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   9981702 . PMID   36864018.
  26. ↑ "Scientists discover corridor hidden for 4,500 years in Great Pyramid of Giza". ABC News. March 2, 2023. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  27. ↑ Fleur, Nicholas St (November 2, 2017). "Inside Giza's Great Pyramid, Scientists Discover a Void". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. "They found nothing," said Dr. Hawass, noting that such construction gaps had been known of for at least two decades. "This paper offers nothing to Egyptology. Zero."
  28. ↑ "The response to the Ministry of Antiquities on the void space found inside the Great Pyramid of Khufu". November 3, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Khufu pyramid void draws world attention to Egypt: Minister - Egypt Independent". Egypt Independent. November 4, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. "What was discovered is new and larger than the known cavities, and we'll continue in our scientific steps," Anany said
  30. ↑ "Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid". November 2, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. "There have been many hypotheses about the pyramid, but no one even imagined that such a big void is located above the Grand Gallery."
  31. ↑ "Kheops : Fausse polémique autour de la découverte d'une gigantesque cavité dans la grande pyramide". Sciences et Avenir (in French). Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  32. ↑ Sample, Ian (November 2, 2017). "Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza". the Guardian. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. Peter Der Manuelian, professor of Egyptology and director of the Harvard Semitic Museum, said the discovery was "potentially a major contribution to our knowledge about the Great Pyramid."
  33. ↑ "Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza". Science | AAAS. November 1, 2017. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  34. ↑ Fleur, Nicholas St (November 2, 2017). "Inside Giza's Great Pyramid, Scientists Discover a Void". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  35. ↑ Alvarez, Luis Walter (March 1, 1965). "A proposal to "X-ray" the Egyptian Pyramids to Search for Presently Unknown Chambers" (PDF). Alvarez Physics Memos 541–550. pp. 39–102. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  36. ↑ Khan, Amina (November 3, 2017). "Using particle physics, scientists find hidden structure inside Egypt's Great Pyramid". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  37. ↑ "5 groundbreaking scientific discoveries of 2017 that could change our future". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  38. ↑ "Here are the top science and tech stories of 2017". euronews. December 26, 2017. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  39. ↑ "First multimessenger observation of a neutron-star merger is Physics World 2017 Breakthrough of the Year – Physics World". Physics World. December 11, 2017. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  40. ↑ Travis, Kate (February 15, 2018). "Revisiting the science stories that made us cry, think and say 'OMG' in 2017". Science News. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  41. ↑ "7 Earth-like planets, designer babies and a tower of human skulls: Best science discoveries of 2017". Global News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  42. ↑ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. "The Coolest Scientific Discoveries of 2017". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  43. ↑ "The wildest scientific discoveries of 2017". Business Insider France (in French). Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  44. ↑ "Altmetric's top 100 research articles – 2017". Altmetric. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  45. ↑ "The best scientific breakthroughs of 2017 - Egypt Today". www.egypttoday.com. December 20, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  46. ↑ "7 top science and tech stories of 2017". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  47. ↑ "20 important discoveries of 2017". a.msn.com. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  48. ↑ "2017, une année de sciences en images". Le Monde.fr (in French). Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  49. ↑ Gajewski, Misha (December 21, 2017). "The 17 most amazing moments in science of 2017". CTVNews. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  50. ↑ "7 Most Exciting Scientific Breakthroughs of 2017". The Franklin Institute. December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  51. ↑ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Science -. "Rétrospective : 17 découvertes qui ont marqué la science en 2017". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  52. ↑ "Rétrospective : ce qu'il faut retenir de 2017 en sciences - Sciencesetavenir.fr". www.sciencesetavenir.fr (in French). December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  53. ↑ Goodbody, Will (December 27, 2017). "Ten science stories that grabbed headlines in 2017". RTE.ie. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  54. ↑ "Big Idea of 2017: Cosmic Discoveries in Space and Time — NOVA Next | PBS". NOVA Next. December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  55. ↑ "Les évènements scientifiques qui ont marqué 2017" (in French). Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  56. ↑ "Los grandes descubrimientos arqueológicos que deja este 2017". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Douze avancées et découvertes scientifiques qui ont marqué 2017". Franceinfo (in French). Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.