The Hong Kong Federation of Students is a student organisation founded in May 1958 by the student unions of four higher education institutions in Hong Kong. The inaugural committee had seven members representing the four schools. The purpose of the HKFS is to promote student movements and to enhance the student body's engagement in society. Since the 1990s,the federation has taken an interest in daily events in Hong Kong,and no longer restricts itself to the areas of education and politics. The HKFS council (代表會) is convened by representatives of the university student unions. The representatives are elected by the university students. A standing committee is appointed by the council.
The 2012 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 9 September 2012 for the 5th Legislative Council (LegCo) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Moral and national education (MNE),initially known as Moral and civic education (MCE),was a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong in 2012.
Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP) was a single-purpose Hong Kong civil disobedience campaign initiated by Reverend Chu Yiu-ming,Benny Tai and Chan Kin-man on 27 March 2013. The campaign was launched on 24 September 2014,partially leading to the 2014 Hong Kong protests. According to its manifesto,the campaign advocates for an electoral system in Hong Kong that is decided through a democratic process and satisfies international standards of universal and equal suffrage. With the first three stages of the movement –dialogue,deliberation and citizens' authorization –the civil disobedience that follows must be non-violent.
Civic Passion was a radical,populist,localist,and nativist political party in Hong Kong. Founded by Wong Yeung-tat as an activist group in 2012,it held strong localist views and opposed the involvement of the Chinese government in the governance of Hong Kong. In the 2016 Legislative Council election,the Civic Passion formed an electoral alliance with Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute and Chin Wan's Hong Kong Resurgence Order. Cheng Chung-tai became the only candidate of the alliance elected to the legislature and subsequently took over as the leader of the Civic Passion. After the election,Cheng reorganised the group into a political party and pulled out from the social activism. From December 2020 to August 2021,it was the only opposition party in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.
Joshua Wong Chi-fung is a Hong Kong pro-democracy activist and politician. He served as secretary-general of the pro-democracy party Demosistōuntil it disbanded following implementation of the Hong Kong national security law on 30 June 2020. Wong was previously convenor and founder of the Hong Kong student activist group Scholarism. Wong first rose to international prominence during the 2014 Hong Kong protests,and his pivotal role in the Umbrella Movement resulted in his inclusion in Time magazine's Most Influential Teens of 2014 and nomination for its 2014 Person of the Year;he was named one of the "world's greatest leaders" by Fortune magazine in 2015,and nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017.
The 2014 Hong Kong class boycott campaign,also known as 922 Class Boycott and 926 Class Boycott,is a student strike protesting the PRC Standing Committee of the National People's Congress's restriction on nomination system of the election of the Chief Executive in the 2016 and 2017 Hong Kong Political Reform. The campaign,jointly organised by the Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism,was participated in by university students from 22 to 26 September and later also by secondary school students on 26 September. The student movement evolved into the 2014 Hong Kong protests in which several regions across the Victoria Harbour were occupied by pro-democracy protesters.
A series of sit-in street protests,often called the Umbrella Revolution and sometimes used interchangeably with Umbrella Movement,or Occupy Movement,occurred in Hong Kong from 26 September to 15 December 2014.
The Umbrella Movement was a political movement that emerged during the 2014 Hong Kong protests. Its name arose from the use of umbrellas as a tool for passive resistance to the Hong Kong Police Force's use of pepper spray to disperse the crowd during a 79-day occupation of the city demanding more transparent elections,which was sparked by the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) of the People's Republic of China of 31 August 2014 that prescribed a selective pre-screening of candidates for the 2017 election of Hong Kong's chief executive.
Lester Shum Ngo-fai is a Hong Kong social activist and politician. He was a leader of the 2014 pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong and served as deputy secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) from April 2014 to March 2015. He was a member of the Tsuen Wan District Council for Hoi Bun from 2020 to 2021.
The East Wing Forecourt of the Central Government Office,or Civic Square,is an open space in front of the East Wing of the Central Government Complex,Hong Kong,which is located in Tamar. It was once an area where protesters took part in protests and demonstrations. It was closed in July 2014,and reopened on 10 September 2014. For many,it represents democracy and freedom,and a place to express their discontent. It was occupied for a rally opposing the moral and national education school curriculum proposal in August 2012,and during the 2014 Hong Kong protests in September 2014. Since then,the square is closed by the government in order to prevent protests.
Liberalism in Hong Kong has become the driving force of the democratic movement since the 1980s which is mainly represented by the pro-democracy camp which strives for the universal suffrage,human rights and rule of law in Hong Kong. It is one of two major political ideologies of the Hong Kong,with the other being conservatism. The emergence of the contemporary liberalism took root in the rapid democratisation in the final years of the colonial years in the 1980s and 1990s,which the pro-democracy camp was united under the banner of an autonomous Hong Kong under Chinese sovereignty. The liberals consolidated their popular support from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and received landslide victories in the first direct elections in 1991 and 1995 in the final colonial years. The liberals took the defensive role against the Beijing's authoritarian regime going into the early SAR period which led to the massive demonstration against the Basic Law Article 23 in 2003.
In Hong Kong,localism is a political movement centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local culture. The Hong Kong localist movement encompasses a variety of groups with different goals,but all of them oppose the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese central government on the city's management of its own political,economic,and social affairs. While the movement's milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining as part of China,the more radical elements call for a return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state. Some also advocate for a more aggressive and militant stance against the mainland government in defending local interests. For that reason,they are labelled as "radicals" and "separatists" by the Chinese government. Issues of concern to the localist camp include land use and development,cultural and heritage conservation,parallel trading,and the increasing number of mainland immigrants and mainland tourists. Although grouped together with liberals,they have a distinct view as they advocate for Hongkongers' right to self-determination. In the aftermath of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests,localists were largely absorbed into the pro-democracy camp.
Localist camp or localist and self-determination groups refers to the various groups with localist ideologies in Hong Kong. It emerged from post-80s social movements in the late 2000s which centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local lifestyles and opposed the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese government on the city's management of its own political,economic,and social affairs.
Demosistō was a pro-democracy political organisation established on 10 April 2016 as a political party. It was led by Joshua Wong and Agnes Chow –former leaders of Scholarism,along with Nathan Law,former secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS). Scholarism and the HKFS were the two student activist groups which played an instrumental role in the 79-day occupy protests known as the Umbrella Revolution in 2014.
Nathan Law Kwun-chung is a Hong Kong activist and politician. As a student leader,he was chairman of the Representative Council of the Lingnan University Students' Union (LUSU),acting president of the LUSU,and secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS). He was one of the student leaders during the 79-day Umbrella Movement in 2014. He is the founding and former chairman of Demosistō,a new political party derived from the 2014 protests.
On 17 August 2017,three Hong Kong pro-democracy activists,Alex Chow,Nathan Law and Joshua Wong,were given prison sentences by the Court of Appeal for their roles in a protest at the Civic Square in front of the Central Government Complex in Tamar,Admiralty,on 26 and 27 September 2014. The events at the Civic Square helped set off massive pro-democracy protests,sometimes referred to as the Umbrella Movement,which lasted until police cleared the last of the protest sites in December 2014.
Tommy Cheung Sau-yin is a Hong Kong activist and a former Yuen Long District Councillor. He is the former spokesman of Scholarism,president of the Student Union of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the standing committee of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS).
Ventus Lau Wing-hong is a Hong Kong politician. He is the convenor of the Shatin Community Network and the founding convenor of the Community Network Union,an alliance of the localist community groups in different districts. He came to media attention in the 2018 New Territories East by-election and his candidacy was disqualified by the returning officer for his previous pro-Hong Kong independence stance. For his participation in the 2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries he was part of a mass arrest on national security charges in January 2021 and remains in jail as of October 2021.
Prince Wong Ji-yuet is a Hong Kong activist. A former spokesperson of Scholarism,she was involved in the Umbrella Revolution of 2014 and the anti-extradition bill protests in 2019.
