Sclerorhynchoidei

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Sclerorhynchoidei
Temporal range: Barremian-Maastrichtian
Saw-snout cartilagous fish.jpg
Comparison between a longnose sawshark (top and left), Sclerorhynchus (middle), and a largetooth sawfish (bottom and right)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Batoidea
Order: Rajiformes
Suborder: Sclerorhynchoidei
Cappetta, 1980 [1]
Families
Synonyms
  • Ganopristinidea
    Case, 1978 [2]
  • Sclerorhynchiformes
    Kriwet, 2004 [3]
  • Ganopristiformes
    Herman & Van Waes, 2012a [4]
  • Ptychotrygoniformes
    Herman & Van Waes, 2012b [5]
  • Ganopristomorphii
    Herman & Van Waes, 2014 [6]

Sclerorhynchoidei is an extinct suborder of rajiform rays that had long rostra with large denticles similar to sawfishes and sawsharks. This feature was convergently evolved, recently proposed as 'pristification', [7] and their closest living relatives are actually skates. [8] [9] [10] While they are often called "sawfishes", sawskates is a more accurate common name proposed in 2021 for sclerorhynchoids, [11] which has been subsequently used by other researchers. [12] [13] [14]

Contents

The suborder contains five named families: Ganopristidae, Ischyrhizidae, Onchopristidae, Ptychotrygonidae, and Schizorhizidae. [11] Several genera (see below) are not currently placed in any of these families. Sclerorhynchoids first appeared in the Barremian and went extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, with former Paleocene occurrences being misidentifications or reworked specimens. [15] [16] One female specimen of Libanopristis with nine embryos preserved in situ represents one of the first fossil evidence of batoid ovoviviparity. [17]

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram of Sclerorhynchoidei, with the topology based on Villalobos-Segura et al. (2021b) and the family taxonomy based on Greenfield (2021). [10] [11]

Rajiformes

Other genera

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexanchiformes</span> Order of sharks

The Hexanchiformes are a primitive order of sharks, numbering just seven extant species in two families. Fossil sharks that were apparently very similar to modern sevengill species are known from Jurassic specimens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elasmobranchii</span> Subclass of fishes

Elasmobranchii is a subclass of Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish, including modern sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish. Members of this subclass are characterised by having five to seven pairs of gill clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid dorsal fins and small placoid scales on the skin. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The details of this jaw anatomy vary between species, and help distinguish the different elasmobranch clades. The pelvic fins in males are modified to create claspers for the transfer of sperm. There is no swim bladder; instead, these fish maintain buoyancy with large livers rich in oil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajiformes</span> Order of fishes in the superorder Batoidea

Rajiformes is one of the four orders in the superorder Batoidea, flattened cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. Rajiforms are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged pectoral fins, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the head and the gill slits are on the underside of the body. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs enclosed in a horny capsule.

<i>Sclerorhynchus</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Sclerorhynchus is an extinct genus of ganopristid sclerorhynchoid that lived during the Late Cretaceous. The genus Ganopristis is considered a junior synonym of Sclerorhynchus. It was a widespread genus, with fossils found in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, and North America. While it had a long rostrum with large denticles similar to sawfishes and sawsharks, its closest living relatives are actually skates. Complete specimens of S. atavus show that its fin arrangement was similar to skates, with the pectoral and pelvic fins touching, both dorsal fins located behind the pelvic fins, and a reduced caudal fin.

<i>Schizorhiza</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Schizorhiza is an extinct genus of schizorhizid sclerorhynchoid that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains one valid species, Schizorhiza stromeri. It lived from the Campanian to Maastrichtian, and its fossils have been found in Africa, the Middle East, North America, and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anacoracidae</span> Extinct family of sharks

Anacoracidae is a family of extinct mackerel sharks that lived during the Cretaceous. It includes four valid genera: Nanocorax, Ptychocorax, Scindocorax, and Squalicorax. Two previously-included genera, Galeocorax and Pseudocorax, were reassigned to the family Pseudocoracidae.

<i>Onchopristis</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Onchopristis is an extinct genus of sclerorhynchoid from the Cretaceous of North Africa, Europe, and North America. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek ónkos and prístis. It contains two valid species, O. numida and O. dunklei, though some researchers argue that both may be considered a single taxon with variation in morphology caused by a wide geographical range. Specimens of Onchopristis have been discovered in coastal and fluvial deposits dated from the Barremian to the Cenomanian age, making this genus one of the oldest and longest-lived sclerorhynchoid genera.

<i>Ptychotrygon</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Ptychotrygon is a genus of sawfish-like ray whose fossils have been found worldwide from the Cretaceous period (Albian-Maastrichtian). Along with Ptychotrygonoides, Texatrygon, and Asflapristis, it is the member of the family Ptychotrygonidae within the suborder Sclerorhynchoidei.

<i>Onchosaurus</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Onchosaurus is an extinct genus of sclerorhynchid sawskate from the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in the Cretaceous sediments of Egypt, Brazil, Congo, Morocco, France, Niger, Japan, Chile, Peru and the United States.

<i>Pseudocorax</i> Extinct genus of sharks

Pseudocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains six valid species that have been found in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and North America. It was formerly assigned to the family Anacoracidae, but is now placed in its own family Pseudocoracidae along with Galeocorax. The former species "P." australis and "P." primulus have been reidentified as species of Echinorhinus and Squalicorax, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pristiorajea</span> Clade of cartilaginous fishes

Pristiorajea is a defunct clade of chondrichthyans containing the sawsharks (Pristiophoriformes) and rays. It is sister to the Squatiniformes and shares a common ancestry with the Squaliformes. However, phylogenetic evidence supports rays and sharks as being monophyletic groupings and distinct from one another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synechodontiformes</span> Extinct order of sharks

Synechodontiformes is an extinct order of prehistoric shark-like cartilaginous fish, known from the Permian to the Paleogene. They are considered to be members of Neoselachii, the group that contains modern sharks and rays.

<i>Paracestracion</i> Extinct genus of sharks

Paracestracion is an extinct genus of heterodontiform sharks from Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous-aged rocks of England, France, Germany and Luxembourg. The genus was first described in 1911 by Ernst Hermann Friedrich von Koken in Karl Alfred von Zittel.

Eoptolamna is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Cretaceous. It contains two valid species, E. eccentrolopha and E. supracretacea, which have been found in Europe and North Africa.

Ganopristidae is an extinct family of cartilaginous fish from the Cretaceous belonging to the suborder Sclerorhynchoidei. While the name Sclerorhynchidae is often used for this family, it is a junior synonym of Ganopristidae. This family contains the genera Libanopristis, Micropristis, and Sclerorhynchus. The type genus Ganopristis is considered to be a junior synonym of Sclerorhynchus.

The Sao Khua sclerorhynchoid is an unnamed genus and species of sclerorhynchoid from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation in Thailand. It is known from the tip of a rostral denticle that is deposited in the Sirindhorn Museum as SM 2012-1-021. The denticle has a single barb similar to Onchopristis, Onchosaurus, and Pucapristis, but is distinguished from all other genera by having a row of enameloid "droplets" on each side. It is one of the earliest sclerorhynchoids, along with Celtipristis and Onchopristis which also appeared in the Barremian.

Galeocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains a single valid species, G. jaekeli, that has been found in Europe and North America.

Ptychocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains three valid species that have been found in Europe and Asia. It was originally identified as a hybodontiform, but was later reidentified as an anacoracid. It has also been considered to belong to its own family, Ptychocoracidae. Ptychocorax is characterized by its unique dentition, combining Squalicorax-like, cutting anterior teeth with Ptychodus-like, crushing posterior teeth.

Schizorhizidae is an extinct family of cartilaginous fish from the Late Cretaceous belonging to the suborder Sclerorhynchoidei. This family contains the genera Harranahynchus and Schizorhiza. It was originally named as a subfamily of Sclerorhynchidae, but was later raised to the rank of family.

References

  1. Cappetta, H. (1980). "Les Sélaciens du Crétacé supérieur du Liban. II. Batoïdes". Palaeontographica, Abteilung A. 168 (5–6): 149–229.
  2. Case, G.R. (1978). "A new selachian fauna from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Montana". Palaeontographica, Abteilung A. 160 (1–6): 176–205.
  3. Kriwet, J. (2004). "The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea)". In Arratia, G.; Tintori, A. (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Proceedings of the International Meeting Serpiano, 2001. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 57–73. ISBN   3-89937-053-8.
  4. Herman, J.; Van Waes, H. (2012a). "Observations diverses et déductions concernant l'evolution et la systématique de quelques Euselachii, Neoselachii et Batoidei (Pisces - Elasmobranchii), actuels et fossiles" (PDF). Géominpal Belgica. 2 (1): 1–89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-17.
  5. Herman, J.; Van Waes, H. (2012b). "Observations diverses et déductions concernant l'evolution et la systématique de quelques Euselachii, Neoselachii et Batoidei (Pisces - Elasmobranchii), actuels et fossiles. Données complémentaires" (PDF). Géominpal Belgica. 2 (2): 1–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-17.
  6. Herman, J.; Van Waes, H. (2014). "Observations concerning the evolution and the parasystematics of all the living and fossil Chlamydoselachiformes, Squatiniformes, Orectolobiformes, and Pristiophoriformes, based on both biological and odontological data. Suggestion of a possible origin of the order Pristiophoriformes, of the order Ganopristiformes and a global synthesis of the previous systematics proposals" (PDF). Géominpal Belgica. 6 (1): 1–347. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-17.
  7. Greenfield, T. (2024). "Pristification: Defining the convergent evolution of saws in sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)". Mesozoic. 1 (2): 121–124. doi:10.11646/MESOZOIC.1.2.3.
  8. Villalobos-Segura, E.; Underwood, C.J.; Ward, D.J.; Claeson, K.M. (2019). "The first three-dimensional fossils of Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfish: Asflapristis cristadentis gen. et sp. nov., and implications for the phylogenetic relations of the Sclerorhynchoidei (Chondrichthyes)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (21): 1847–1870. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1847V. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832. S2CID   145940997.
  9. Villalobos-Segura, E.; Underwood, C.J.; Ward, D.J. (2021a). "The first skeletal record of the enigmatic Cretaceous sawfish genus Ptychotrygon (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Turonian of Morocco" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 353–376. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..353V. doi:10.1002/spp2.1287. S2CID   210302939.
  10. 1 2 Villalobos-Segura, E.; Kriwet, J.; Vullo, R.; Stumpf, S.; Ward, D.J.; Underwood, C.J. (2021b). "The skeletal remains of the euryhaline sclerorhynchoid †Onchopristis (Elasmobranchii) from the 'Mid'-Cretaceous and their palaeontological implications" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (2): 746–771. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa166. ISSN   0024-4082.
  11. 1 2 3 Greenfield, T. (2021). "Corrections to the nomenclature of sawskates (Rajiformes, Sclerorhynchoidei)". Bionomina. 22 (1): 39–41. doi:10.11646/bionomina.22.1.3. S2CID   239067365.
  12. Mulcahy, Kevin D. (2023). "Relative abundance of vertebrate fossil taxa in the Upper Cretaceous exposures of Monmouth County brooks & a test of species richness extrapolators". The Mosasaur. 13: 1–14. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7905373.
  13. Smith, Roy E.; Martill, David M.; Longrich, N.; Unwin, David M.; Ibrahim, N.; Zouhri, S. (2023). "Comparative taphonomy of Kem Kem Group (Cretaceous) pterosaurs of southeast Morocco". Evolving Earth. 1. 100006. Bibcode:2023EvEar...100006S. doi:10.1016/j.eve.2023.100006.
  14. George, H.; Bazzi, M.; El Hossny, T.; Ashraf, N.; Saad, Pierre A.; Clements, T. (2024). "The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura, and Sahel Aalma". Journal of the Geological Society. 181 (5). doi: 10.1144/jgs2023-210 . ISSN   0016-7649.
  15. Kriwet, J.; Kussius, K. (2001). "Paleobiology and paleobiogeography of sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Chondrichthyes, Batomorphii)". Revista Española de Paleontología. 16 (3): 35–46.
  16. Cappetta, H. (2012). Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Volume 3E. Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN   978-3-89937-148-2.
  17. Capasso, L. (2003). "Embryos and trophonems in Cenomanian rays from Lebanon (Batomorphii, Pisces)". Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste. 50: 23–39. ISSN   0365-1576.