Sequel

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The Return of Tarzan, official sequel to Tarzan of the Apes Return of Tarzan.jpg
The Return of Tarzan , official sequel to Tarzan of the Apes

A sequel is a work of literature, film, theatre, television, music, or video game that continues the story of, or expands upon, some earlier work. In the common context of a narrative work of fiction, a sequel portrays events set in the same fictional universe as an earlier work, usually chronologically following the events of that work. [1]

Contents

In many cases, the sequel continues elements of the original story, often with the same characters and settings. A sequel can lead to a series, in which key elements appear repeatedly. The difference between more than one sequel and a series is somewhat arbitrary.

Sequels are attractive to creators and publishers because there is less risk involved in returning to a story with known popularity rather than developing new and untested characters and settings. Audiences are sometimes eager for more stories about popular characters or settings, making the production of sequels financially appealing. [2]

In film, sequels are very common. There are many name formats for sequels. Sometimes, they either have unrelated titles or have a letter added to the end. More commonly, they have numbers at the end or have added words at the end. [3] It is also common for a sequel to have a variation of the original title or a subtitle. In the 1930s, many musical sequels had the year included in the title. Sometimes sequels are released with different titles in different countries, because of the perceived brand recognition. There are several ways that subsequent works can be related to the chronology of the original. Various neologisms have been coined to describe them.

Classifications

The most common approach [4] is for the events of the second work to directly follow the events of the first one, either continuing the remaining plot threads or introducing a new conflict to drive the events of the second story. They can either pick up right where the first work left off, or continue sometime after the events of the first work ended. This is often called a direct sequel. Examples include Toy Story 2 (1999) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980).[ citation needed ]

A prequel is an installment that is made following the original product which portrays events occurring chronologically before those of the original work. [5] Although its name is based on the word sequel, not all prequels are true prequels that are part of a main series. Prequels that are not part of a main series are called spin-off prequels, while prequels that are part of a main series are called true prequels. Examples of prequels include the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999-2005), Tremors 4: The Legend Begins (2004) which took place chronologically before the events of the previous Tremors films, Better Call Saul (2015–2022) taking place mainly before Breaking Bad but also having some scenes after and during it,[ citation needed ] The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008) occurring chronologically before the events of The Little Mermaid TV series (1992-1994), the animated Little Mermaid film (1989), and The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), and Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (2024), which took place before Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).

A midquel is a term used to refer to works which take place between events. Types include interquels and intraquels. [6] An interquel is a story that takes place in between two previously published or released stories. For example, if 'movie C' is an interquel of 'movies A' and 'B', the events of 'movie C' take place after the events of 'movie A', but before the events of 'movie B'. Examples can include Rogue One (2016) and Solo (2018) of Star Wars , some films of the Fast & Furious franchise, and Saw X . An intraquel, on the other hand, is a work which focuses on events within a previous work. Examples include Bambi 2 (2005) and Black Widow (2021). [7] [8] [9]

A threequel is the third work after the first sequel. They act as a continuation, and sometimes a conclusion of plot threads from the first two works. Examples include Return of the Jedi (1983), and Rocky III (1982).

A legacy sequel is a work that follows the continuity of the original works, but takes place much further along the timeline, often focusing on new characters with the original ones still present in the plot. [10] [11] [12] They are often made many years after the original works were made. Legacy sequels are sometimes also direct sequels that ignore previous installments entirely, effectively retconning preceding events. Superman Returns (2006), Halloween (2018), Candyman (2021), Cobra Kai (2018-2025), Blade Runner 2049 (2017), the Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015-2019), Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021), Terminator: Dark Fate (2019), Tron: Legacy (2010), Top Gun: Maverick (2022), Doctor Sleep (2019), Rocky Balboa (2006), the Creed films (2015-present), Mary Poppins Returns (2018), The Matrix Resurrections (2021), Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023), and the Jurassic World trilogy (2015–2022) are examples of legacy sequels. Another term for these types of movies is requel, meaning reboot sequel, a term originally coined by Bruce Campbell to describe Evil Dead 2 (1987) in relation to The Evil Dead (1981). [13] Film journalist Pamela McClintock describes a requel as something that "exploits goodwill toward the past while launching a new generation of actors and stories". [14]

A standalone sequel is a work set in the same universe, yet has little or no narrative connection to its predecessor, and can stand on its own without a thorough understanding of the series. A Shot in the Dark (1964), Big Top Pee-wee (1988), Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982), Home Alone 3 (1997), The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006), Species - The Awakening (2007), Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), [15] Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011), Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015), Wonder Woman 1984 (2020), Spirit Untamed (2021), Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021), Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery (2022), Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes (2024), Twisters (2024), and Jurassic World Rebirth (2025) are examples of standalone sequels. [16] [17] [ better source needed ]

A plot reset, or resetquel is a work set in the same universe of its predecessor that resets the plot in a different premise or setting of the work's predecessor with more than one of the same predecessor characters to appease the audience due to extremely negative reception of the predecessor. An example: The Suicide Squad (2021) to Suicide Squad (2016).

A spiritual sequel is a work inspired by its predecessor. It shares the same styles, genres and elements as its predecessor, but has no direct connection to it at all. Most spiritual sequels are also set in different universes from their predecessors, and some spiritual sequels aren't even a part of their predecessor's franchise, making them non-franchise sequels. Spiritual sequels can sometimes be repurposed from material originally intended to be direct sequels. An example of this is Mute (2018), a spiritual sequel to the film Moon (2009).

A parallel, paraquel, or sidequel is a story that runs at the same point in time as the original story. [18] [19] For instance, three different novels by John Morressy — Starbrat (1972), Stardrift (1973; also known as Nail Down the Stars), and Under a Calculating Star (1975) — involve different lead characters, mostly in different places, but overlap at one dramatic event to which each novel provides a different perspective. [20] Strict legacy parallels are Kirill Eskov's novel The Last Ringbearer (1999) retelling the events of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1955) from the viewpoint of benevolent Mordorians combatting the malevolent West. Likewise, Alice Randall's novel The Wind Done Gone (2001), contemporary to Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind (1936), tells the life story of a mulatto woman born enslaved on the O'Hara plantation and The Lion King 1½ (2004), featuring the origins of characters Timon and Pumbaa occurring simultaneously within the original 1994 film. Major film examples of true parallels include This is 40 , sidequel to Knocked Up , focusing mainly on the side story of Pete (Paul Rudd) and Debbie (Leslie Mann), who are the in-laws of Alison Scott (Katherine Heigl) from the original film. [21]

Relatives

Alongside sequels, there are also other types of continuation or inspiration of a previous work. [22]

A spin-off is a work that is not a sequel to any previous works, but is set in the same universe. It is a separate work-on-its-own in the same franchise as the series of other works. Spin-offs are often focused on one or more of the minor characters from the other work or new characters in the same universe as the other work. The Scorpion King , Planes , Minions , Hobbs & Shaw and Lightyear are examples of spin-off movies while Star Trek: The Next Generation , Torchwood and CSI: NY are examples of spin-off television series. [23]

A crossover is a work where characters or events from two previous works from different franchises are meeting in the same universe. Alien vs. Predator (2004), Freddy vs. Jason (2003), and The Lego Movie (2014) are examples of a crossover film. Crossovers can also function as sequels if aspects from the two previous works continue into them, like with Deadpool and Wolverine (2024). [24]

A reboot is a start over from a previous work. It could either be a film set in a new universe resembling the old one or it could be a regular spin-off film that starts a new film series. Reboots are usually a part of the same media franchise as the previous works, but not always. Batman Begins (2005), Casino Royale (2006), Star Trek (2009), Børning (2014), Man of Steel (2013), and Terminator: Genisys (2015) are examples of reboot films. Kathleen Loock has written that traditional reboots tended to stray away from depicting direct narrative or stylistic correlations to the previous versions of the franchise. Contemporary reboots lean into the nostalgia factor and create new stories that simultaneously revel in the aspects of the original franchise that made it notable in the first place. [25]

History

In The Afterlife of a Character, David Brewer describes a reader's desire to "see more", or to know what happens next in the narrative after it has ended. [26]

Film director Francis Ford Coppola claims to have started the trend of including numbers in film sequel titles with The Godfather Part II . [27]

Sequels of the novel

The Marvelous Land of Oz, sequel to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was an official sequel novel written to satisfy popular demand. Marvelous land of oz.jpg
The Marvelous Land of Oz , sequel to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was an official sequel novel written to satisfy popular demand.

The origin of the sequel as it is conceived in the 21st century developed from the novella and romance traditions in a slow process that culminated towards the end of the 17th century. [28]

The substantial shift toward a rapidly growing print culture and the rise of the market system by the early 18th-century meant that an author's merit and livelihood became increasingly linked to the number of copies of a work he or she could sell. This shift from a text-based to an author-centered reading culture [29] led to the "professionalization" of the author – that is, the development of a "sense of identity based on a marketable skill and on supplying to a defined public a specialized service it was demanding." [30] In one sense, then, sequels became a means to profit further from previous work that had already obtained some measure of commercial success. [31] As the establishment of a readership became increasingly important to the economic viability of authorship, sequels offered a means to establish a recurring economic outlet. [32]

In addition to serving economic profit, the sequel was also used as a method to strengthen an author's claim to his literary property. With weak copyright laws and unscrupulous booksellers willing to sell whatever they could, in some cases the only way to prove ownership of a text was to produce another like it. Sequels in this sense are rather limited in scope, as the authors are focused on producing "more of the same" to defend their "literary paternity". [30] As is true throughout history, sequels to novels provided an opportunity for authors to interact with a readership. This became especially important in the economy of the 18th century novel, in which authors often maintained readership by drawing readers back with the promise of more of what they liked from the original. With sequels, therefore, came the implicit division of readers by authors into the categories of "desirable" and "undesirable"—that is, those who interpret the text in a way unsanctioned by the author. Only after having achieved a significant reader base would an author feel free to alienate or ignore the "undesirable" readers. [30]

This concept of "undesirable" readers extends to unofficial sequels with the 18th century novel. While in certain historical contexts unofficial sequels were actually the norm (for an example, see Arthurian literature), with the emphasis on the author function that arises in conjunction with the novel many authors began to see these kinds of unauthorized extensions as being in direct conflict with authorial authority. In the matter of Don Quixote (an early novel, perhaps better classified as a satirical romance), for example, Cervantes disapproved of Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda's use of his characters in Second Volume of the Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, an unauthorized sequel. In response, Cervantes very firmly kills the protagonist at the end of the Second Part to discourage any more such creative liberties. [33] Another example is Samuel Richardson, an 18th-century author who responded particularly strongly against the appropriation of his material by unauthorized third parties. Richardson was extremely vocal in his disapproval of the way the protagonist of his novel Pamela was repeatedly incorporated into unauthorized sequels featuring particularly lewd plots. The most famous of these is Henry Fielding's parody, entitled Shamela . [34]

In To Renew Their Former Acquaintance: Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth Century Sequels, Betty Schellenberg theorizes that whereas for male writers in the 18th century sequels often served as "models of paternity and property", for women writers these models were more likely to be seen as transgressive. Instead, the recurring readership created by sequels let female writers function within the model of "familiar acquaintances reunited to enjoy the mutual pleasures of conversation", and made their writing an "activity within a private, non-economic sphere". Through this created perception women writers were able to break into the economic sphere and "enhance their professional status" through authorship. [30]

Dissociated from the motives of profit and therefore unrestrained by the need for continuity felt by male writers, Schellenberg argues that female-authored sequel fiction tended to have a much broader scope. [29] He says that women writers showed an "innovative freedom" that male writers rejected to "protect their patrimony". For example, Sarah Fielding's Adventures of David Simple and its sequels Familiar Letters between the Principal Characters in David Simple and David Simple, Volume the Last are extremely innovative and cover almost the entire range of popular narrative styles of the 18th century. [35]

Video games

The cost of developing triple-A video games has increased significantly over recent years, [36] [37] [38] often reaching tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars due to high expectations for detailed graphics, expansive worlds, and advanced gameplay. Video game companies have turned to sequels as a dependable business strategy. [39] Sequels are now a dominant trend in the industry, making up a large proportion of new releases from major publishers . [40]

One reason seso prevalent is their ability to provide a stable revenue stream in a volatile market. Building on an existing brand with an established fan base, sequels are perceived as safer investments than new intellectual properties (IP). They allow companies to capitalize on previous successes, ensuring a built-in audience and reducing the financial risk associated with launching a new and unproven concept . Additionally, sequels of a formula that players already enjoy, balancing familiarity with new features or improvements, which can increase player retention and positive reception . [40]

Media franchises

In some cases, the characters or the settings of an original film or video game become so valuable that they develop into a series, lately referred to as a media franchise. Generally, a whole series of sequels is made, along with merchandising. Multiple sequels are often planned well in advance, and actors and directors may sign extended contracts to ensure their participation. This can extend into a series/franchise's initial production's plot to provide story material to develop for sequels called sequel hooks. Examples of major media franchises include the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Pokemon, Harry Potter, and Disney Princess. [41]

Box office

Movie sequels do not always do as well at the box office as the original, but they tend to do better than non-sequels, according to a study in the July 2008 issue of the Journal of Business Research. The shorter the period between releases, the better the sequel does at the box office. Sequels also show a faster drop in weekly revenues relative to non-sequels. [42] A quantitative mega-analysis of box office earnings from all the major movie studios revealed that franchise movies dominate the highest grossing films lists, establishing sequels as reliable kinds of movies to make. All studios have come to rely on releasing sequels as they increase the studios' profitability, yield to the consumer demand for simultaneous novelty and familiarity, and help manage risk and uncertainty within studio production and release. [43]

Sequels in other media

Sequels are most often produced in the same medium as the previous work (e.g. a film sequel is usually a sequel to another film). Producing sequels to a work in another medium has also become common, especially when the new medium is less costly or time-consuming to produce. [44]

A sequel to a popular but discontinued television series may be produced in another medium, thereby bypassing whatever factors led to the series' cancellation such as Serenity (sequel to Firefly (TV series)), Downton Abbey: A New Era (sequel to Downton Abbey), and Veronica Mars (sequel to Veronica Mars). [44]

Some highly popular movies and television series have inspired the production of multiple novel sequels, sometimes rivaling or even dwarfing the volume of works in the original medium. [45]

For example, the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians , its 1961 animated adaptation and that film's 1996 live-action remake each have a sequel unrelated to the other sequels: respectively The Starlight Barking (1967), 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003, direct to video) and 102 Dalmatians (2000). [46]

Unofficial sequels

New Adventures of Alice, 1917, John Rae New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png
New Adventures of Alice , 1917, John Rae

Sometimes sequels are produced without the consent of the creator of the original work. These may be dubbed unofficial, informal, unauthorized, or illegitimate sequels. In some cases, the work is in the public domain, and there is no legal obstacle to producing sequels. An example would be books and films serving as sequels to the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, which is in the public domain (as opposed to its 1939 film adaptation). In other cases, the original creator or their heirs may assert copyrights, and challenge the creators of the sequels. [47]

Literary

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Fabrikant, Geraldine (March 12, 1991). "Sequels of Hit Films Now Often Loser". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  2. ↑ Rosen, David (June 15, 2011). "Creative Bankruptcy". Call It Like I See It. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Word Sequel". TV Tropes. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  4. ↑ Levine, Adam (2022-07-28). "Every Kind Of Sequel Explained". Looper. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  5. ↑ Silverblatt, Art (2007). Genre Studies in Mass Media: A Handbook. M. E. Sharpe. p.  211. ISBN   9780765616708. Prequels focus on the action that took place before the original narrative. For instance, in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith the audience learns about how Darth Vader originally became a villain. A prequel assumes that the audience is familiar with the original—the audience must rework the narrative so that they can understand how the prequel leads up to the beginning of the original.
  6. ↑ Wolf, Mark J.P. (2017). The Routledge Companion to Imaginary Worlds. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–. ISBN   978-1-317-26828-4.
  7. ↑ William D. Crump, How the Movies Saved Christmas: 228 Rescues from Clausnappers, Sleigh Crashes, Lost Presents and Holiday Disasters; 19
  8. ↑ Jack Zipes; The Enchanted Screen: The Unknown History of Fairy-Tale Films
  9. ↑ Mark J.P. Wolf; The Routledge Companion to Imaginary Worlds
  10. ↑ "6 Films That Are Waiting for Their Legacy Sequels". 4 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "Do legacy sequels fail if they pander to the fans?". 30 December 2016.
  12. ↑ "Creed 2 Loses Sylvester Stallone as Director". 12 December 2017.
  13. ↑ Squires, John (3 May 2017). "Bruce Campbell Finally Settled the 'Evil Dead 2' "Sequel or Remake?" Debate". Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  14. ↑ McClintock, Pamela (2016-03-30). "'Batman v. Superman,' 'Star Wars' and Hollywood's New Obsession With the "Requel"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
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  16. ↑ Michael Andre-Driussi (1 August 2008). Lexicon Urthus, Second Edition. Sirius Fiction. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-9642795-1-3 . Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  17. ↑ "Five Films Show How 2008 Redefined the Movies". Cinematic Slant. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ↑ "What is a Paraquel?", The Storyteller's Scroll ; Sunday, March 27, 2011
  19. ↑ Mark J.P. Wolf, Building Imaginary Worlds: The Theory and History of Subcreation; 210
  20. ↑ "Morressy, John". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (SFE). September 12, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2023. [T]he Del Whitby trilogy... intriguingly tells the same noisy tale of interstellar intrigue and revolution from three partial points of view; none of the protagonists (orphans or impostors all) knows the whole story.
  21. ↑ Kuroranj (December 7, 2012). "Sidequel". Urban Dictionary. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  22. ↑ Levine, Adam (2022-07-28). "Every Kind Of Sequel Explained". Looper. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  23. ↑ Levine, Adam (2022-07-28). "Every Kind Of Sequel Explained". Looper. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  24. ↑ "The 17 greatest crossover and team-up films". Yardbarker. 2024-11-10. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  25. ↑ Loock, Kathleen (2020-09-15), "Reboot, Requel, Legacyquel: Jurassic World and the Nostalgia Franchise", Film Reboots, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 173–188, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474451369.003.0012, ISBN   9781474451369, S2CID   236796220 , retrieved 2023-03-11
  26. ↑ Brewer, David A. The Afterlife of Character, 1726–1825. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2005. Print.
  27. ↑ Yuan, Jada (2024-12-02). "Francis Ford Coppola found himself outside Hollywood. He's okay with that". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2024-12-11. [Coppola] told [Paramount Pictures] he wanted to name it 'The Godfather Part II,' an idea he'd gotten from the Russians who'd done 'Ivan the Terrible' in two parts, at a time when no one had done a numbered sequel in Hollywood. The studio thought he was nuts, that people would think it was the same movie they'd already seen. But Coppola threatened to walk off the project if he didn't get his way. 'So I'm the jerk that started numbers on movies,' he says. 'I'm embarrassed, and I apologize to everyone.'
  28. ↑ Literary, Brink; Sullivan, Amber (2024-02-28). "A Brief History of the Romance Novel". F(r)iction. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  29. 1 2 Schellenberg, Betty A. (2007). "The Measured Lines of the Copyist: Sequels, Reviews, and the Discourse of Authorship in England, 1749–1800". In Taylor Bourdeau, Debra; Kraft, Elizabeth (eds.). On Second Thought: Updating the Eighteenth-century Text. University of Delaware Press. p. 27. ISBN   9780874139754 . Retrieved 2014-11-14. Of particular interest to me in this essay is the shift from a text-based to an author-based culture, accompanied by a developing elevation of the original author over the imitative one.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Schellenberg, Betty A. "'To Renew Their Former Acquaintance': Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth-Century Sequels." Part Two: Reflections on the Sequel (Theory / Culture). Ed. Paul Budra and Betty A. Schellenberg. New York: University of Toronto, 1998. Print.
  31. ↑ Budra, Paul, and Betty Schellenberg. "Introduction." Part Two: Reflections on the Sequel (Theory / Culture). New York: University of Toronto, 1998. Print.
  32. ↑ Lawson, Mark (2012-03-09). "To be continued … the grand tradition of prequels and sequels". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  33. ↑ Riley, E.C. "Three Versions of Don Quixote". The Modern Language Review 68.4 (173). JSTOR. Web.
  34. ↑ Brewer, David A. The Afterlife of Character, 1726–1825. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2005. Print.
  35. ↑ Michie, Allen. "Far From Simple: Sarah Fielding's Familiar Letters and the Limits of the Eighteenth-Century Sequel" in Second Thought, Edited by Bourdeau and Kraft. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont, 2007. Print.
  36. ↑ Koster, Raph (January 23, 2018). "The cost of games". VentureBeat. Retrieved June 20, 2019. The trajectory line for triple-A games ... goes up tenfold every 10 years and has since at least 1995 or so ...
  37. ↑ Takatsuki, Yo (December 27, 2007). "Cost headache for game developers". BBC News.
  38. ↑ Mattas, Jeff (12 January 2010). "Video Game Development Costs Continue to Rise in Face of Nearly 12K Layoffs Since '08". Shacknews.
  39. ↑ Taub, Eric (September 20, 2004). "In Video Games, Sequels Are Winners". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  40. 1 2 Richtel, Matt (August 8, 2005). "Relying on Video Game Sequels". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  41. ↑ Zaheer, Minal (February 15, 2024). "30 Highest-Grossing Media Franchises of All Time". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  42. ↑ Newswise: Researchers Investigate Box Office Impact Vs. Original Movie Retrieved on June 19, 2008.
  43. ↑ Pokorny, Michael; Miskell, Peter; Sedgwick, John (February 2019). "Managing uncertainty in creative industries: Film sequels and Hollywood's profitability, 1988–2015". Competition & Change. 23 (1): 23–46. doi: 10.1177/1024529418797302 . ISSN   1024-5294. S2CID   158819120.
  44. 1 2 Woehle, Dietz (2023-08-13). "10 Best Movies That Were Sequels To TV Shows, Ranked". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  45. ↑ "Movie sequels that were released in other mediums". uk.movies.yahoo.com. 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  46. ↑ "Every 101 Dalmatians Movie, Book, and TV Show". List Challenges. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  47. ↑ Patten, Dominic (2015-05-22). "'Mr. Holmes' Lawsuit: Arthur Conan Doyle Estate Sues Bill Condon & Distributors". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  48. ↑ "Austen mashups are nothing new to Janeites". The Daily Dot. 23 July 2012.
  49. ↑ Morrison, Ewan (13 August 2012). "In the beginning, there was fan fiction: from the four gospels to Fifty Shades". The Guardian.
  50. ↑ "Piratical prequels".
  51. ↑ "Heidi Grows Up" - foreword, by Charles Tritten
  52. ↑ "Heidi has a secret past: she sneaked in over the border".
  53. ↑ "War of the Worlds gets a sequel 119 years on – but what about all the unofficial ones?". The Guardian. 8 December 2015.
  54. ↑ "Steampunk". The A.V. Club. 16 July 2009.
  55. ↑ Fuller, John (5 May 1985). "LEWIS CARROLL IS STILL DEAD (Published 1985)". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ Susannah Clapp (2006-01-29). "Theatre: Nights at the Circus | The Observer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  57. ↑ Smith, Kevin (23 February 2011). "One ring to rule them all?". Scholarly Communications @ Duke.

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