Related Research Articles
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells. Its physiological role is to bind to lysophosphatidylcholine expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells in order to activate the complement system via C1q.
Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose concentrations in blood plasma either increase or decrease in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction. The acute-phase reaction characteristically involves fever, acceleration of peripheral leukocytes, circulating neutrophils and their precursors. The terms acute-phase protein and acute-phase reactant (APR) are often used synonymously, although some APRs are polypeptides rather than proteins.
Fetuins are blood proteins that are made in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. They belong to a large group of binding proteins mediating the transport and availability of a wide variety of cargo substances in the bloodstream. Fetuin-A is a major carrier protein of free fatty acids in the circulation. The best known representative of carrier proteins is serum albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood plasma of adult animals. Fetuin is more abundant in fetal blood, hence the name "fetuin". Fetal bovine serum contains more fetuin than albumin, while adult serum contains more albumin than fetuin.
The serum amyloid P component (SAP) is the identical serum form of the amyloid P component (AP), a 25 kDa pentameric protein first identified as the pentagonal constituent of in vivo pathological deposits called "amyloid". APCS is its human gene.
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis. LXRs were earlier classified as orphan nuclear receptors, however, upon discovery of endogenous oxysterols as ligands they were subsequently deorphanized.
The thromboxane receptor (TP) also known as the prostanoid TP receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBXA2R gene, The thromboxane receptor is one among the five classes of prostanoid receptors and was the first eicosanoid receptor cloned. The TP receptor derives its name from its preferred endogenous ligand thromboxane A2.
Pentraxins (PTX), also known as pentaxins, are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins characterised by containing a pentraxin protein domain. Proteins of the pentraxin family are involved in acute immunological responses. They are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They are a superfamily of multifunctional conserved proteins, some of which are components of the humoral arm of innate immunity and behave as functional ancestors of antibodies (Abs). They are known as classical acute phase proteins (APP), known for over a century.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by the SERPINA3 gene.
Interleukin-18 (IL-18), also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a proinflammatory cytokine. Many cell types, both hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells, have the potential to produce IL-18. It was first described in 1989 as a factor that induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in mouse spleen cells. Originally, IL-18 production was recognized in Kupffer cells, liver-resident macrophages. However, IL-18 is constitutively expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-18 can modulate both innate and adaptive immunity and its dysregulation can cause autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LBP gene.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.
N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species. The human receptor protein is encoded by the FPR2 gene and is activated to regulate cell function by binding any one of a wide variety of ligands including not only certain N-Formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides such as N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) but also the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolite of arachidonic acid, lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Because of its interaction with lipoxin A4, FPR2 is also commonly named the ALX/FPR2 or just ALX receptor.
Serum amyloid A protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAA2 gene.
Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAA1 gene. SAA1 is a major acute-phase protein mainly produced by hepatocytes in response to infection, tissue injury and malignancy. When released into blood circulation, SAA1 is present as an apolipoprotein associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). SAA1 is a major precursor of amyloid A (AA), the deposit of which leads to inflammatory amyloidosis.
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RORC gene. RORγ is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. It is mainly expressed in immune cells and it also regulates circadian rhythms. It may be involved in the progression of certain types of cancer.
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), also known as GPR109A and niacin receptor 1 (NIACR1), is a protein which in humans is encoded (its formation is directed) by the HCAR2 gene and in rodents by the Hcar2 gene. The human HCAR2 gene is located on the long (i.e., "q") arm of chromosome 12 at position 24.31 (notated as 12q24.31). Like the two other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors, HCA1 and HCA3, HCA2 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface membrane of cells. HCA2 binds and thereby is activated by D-β-hydroxybutyric acid (hereafter termed β-hydroxybutyric acid), butyric acid, and niacin (also known as nicotinic acid). β-Hydroxybutyric and butyric acids are regarded as the endogenous agents that activate HCA2. Under normal conditions, niacin's blood levels are too low to do so: it is given as a drug in high doses in order to reach levels that activate HCA2.
G-protein coupled receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors and is involved in signal transduction.
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2(PGLYRP2) is an enzyme, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (NAMLAA), that hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and is encoded by the PGLYRP2 gene.
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, PGLYRP1, also known as TAG7, is an antibacterial and pro-inflammatory innate immunity protein that in humans is encoded by the PGLYRP1 gene.
AA amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of fibers of insoluble protein in the extracellular space of various tissues and organs. In AA amyloidosis, the deposited protein is serum amyloid A protein (SAA), an acute-phase protein which is normally soluble and whose plasma concentration is highest during inflammation.
References
- ↑ Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS (October 1999). "Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant". European Journal of Biochemistry. 265 (2): 501–23. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x . PMID 10504381.
- 1 2 Zhang N, Ahsan MH, Purchio AF, West DB (June 2005). "Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition". Journal of Immunology. 174 (12): 8125–34. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8125 . PMID 15944321.
- ↑ Betts JC, Edbrooke MR, Thakker RV, Woo P (October 1991). "The human acute-phase serum amyloid A gene family: structure, evolution and expression in hepatoma cells". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 34 (4): 471–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x. PMID 1656519. S2CID 26076389.
- ↑ Kluve-Beckerman B, Drumm ML, Benson MD (November 1991). "Nonexpression of the human serum amyloid A three (SAA3) gene". DNA and Cell Biology. 10 (9): 651–61. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.651. PMID 1755958.
- ↑ "SAA1 - Serum amyloid A-1 protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SAA1 gene & protein".
- ↑ https://www.uniprot.org/blast/?about=P35542[19-130]&key=Chain&id=PRO_0000031583 [ bare URL ]
- ↑ Pincus MR; McPherson RA; Henry JB (2007). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-0287-1.
- ↑ Steel DM, Sellar GC, Uhlar CM, Simon S, DeBeer FC, Whitehead AS (May 1993). "A constitutively expressed serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA4) is closely linked to, and shares structural similarities with, an acute-phase serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA2)". Genomics. 16 (2): 447–54. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1209. PMID 7686132.
- ↑ de Beer MC, Kindy MS, Lane WS, de Beer FC (February 1994). "Mouse serum amyloid A protein (SAA5) structure and expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (6): 4661–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41827-8 . PMID 8308037.
- ↑ de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Gerardot CJ, Cecil DR, Webb NR, Goodson ML, Kindy MS (May 1996). "Structure of the mouse Saa4 gene and its linkage to the serum amyloid A gene family". Genomics. 34 (1): 139–42. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0253. PMID 8661036.