Siganus rivulatus

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Siganus rivulatus
20230518 Siganus rivulatus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Siganidae
Genus: Siganus
Species:
S. rivulatus
Binomial name
Siganus rivulatus
Synonyms [2]
  • Amphacanthus rivulata(Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775)
  • Teuthis rivulata(Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775)
  • Teuthis rivulatus(Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775)
  • Amphacanthus siganus(Forsskål, 1775)
  • Siganus siganus(Forsskål, 1775)
  • Teuthis sigana(Forsskål, 1775)
  • Teuthis siganus (Forsskål, 1775)
  • Amphacanthus sigan Klunzinger, 1871
  • Teuthis siganKlunzinger, 1871

Siganus rivulatus, the marbled spinefoot, rivulated rabbitfish or surf parrotfish, is a gregarious, largely herbivorous ray-finned fish of the family Siganidae. Its natural range encompasses the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea from where it colonised the Mediterranean Sea by Lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal. It is the type species of the genus Siganus .

Contents

Naming and taxonomy

The generic name is new Latin derived from the Arabic sijan which is equivalent to the English "rabbitfish", [3] the specific name rivulatus refers to the irregular streaking. [4] It is the type species of the genus Siganus and therefore of the monogeneric family Siganidae too. [5] S. rivulatus was named by the Swedish zoologist Peter Forsskål and published posthumously in the book Descriptiones animalium, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, which was edited and published in 1775 by his friend Carsten Niebuhr. [6] The specific name rivulatus means “rivulated”, which in turn means “irregularly marked with colour”, a reference to its yellow streaks on its sides. [7]

If the revision of the genus Siganus into three new sub-genera proposed by Kuriiwa et al in 2007 is accepted the taxonomic position of S. rivulatus is uncertain thus no names for the proposed new groupings have been established. [8]

Description

Siganus rivulatus has a laterally compressed body which has a standard length of 2.7-3.4 times the greatest body depth. [9] The dorsal fin has 14 spines and 10 soft rays, the anal fin has 7 spines and 9 soft rays, there are 23 vertebrae [10] and the caudal fin is slightly forked. [11] The longest spine in the dorsal fin is shorter than the distance between the front of the eye and the posterior edge of the operculum while the length of the longest dorsal ray is equal to or less than the length of the snout. [9] The slender spines are barbed and bear venom. [10] The teeth are incisor-like with lateral cusps and are arranged in a single row in the jaws. [9] The body is covered in small embedded scales, [11] except of the midline of the underside. [10] The colour is variable and it usually shows some darks spots and yellow wavy lines along the sides. [9] The upper body tends to be grey-green to brown with a yellow abdomen or silvery white underside. [11] It usually grows to around 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in), sometimes up to 27 cm in standard length but the maximum recorded size is 40 cm. [9]

Venom

S. rivulatus, like other rabbitfish, has venom glands associated with the spines in the fins and these spines can envenomate a human if the fish is handled incorrectly. The effect is very painful but there are no records of fatalities. The venom is a heat labile protein and any site where the body has been envenomated should be treated at as high a temperature as possible, 43-46 °C. Anyone so envenomated should also be treated for possible infection too. [12]

Distribution

Siganus rivulatus has a natural range which extends along the east African coast from South Africa to the Red Sea, including the Comoros, Madagascar and the Seychelles. [1] It was first recorded in the Mediterranean off the coast of Israel in 1924, [11] following entry through the Suez Canal, and is now very common in the entire eastern Basin reaching as far as the Sicily channel [13] and parts of the Adriatic Sea. [14]

Biology

Siganus rivulatus occurs in shallow waters over substrates clothed with algae, including rocky and sandy as well as areas where the algae grows among sea grass beds at depths of less than 15m.[ citation needed ] It sometimes enters estuarine environments and so can be described as euryhaline. [15] It is normally found in schools of 50 to several hundred fish; it prefers sheltered areas. It feeds mainly by grazing on algae. [10]

The newly hatched fish larvae are planktonic feeders on small diatoms, as they grow they also feed on zooplankton such a copepods.[ citation needed ] The adults are mainly herbivorous, feeding mainly on algae including Polysiphonia spp and Sphacelaria spp. [10] but have been observed feeding on ctenophores and scyphozoans in the Spring and early summer within the northern Red Sea, attacking relatively large ctenophores until the disintegrate and on the schypozoan moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita until it sinks to the bottom. [16]

S. rivulatus reaches sexual maturity at a length of 13.7 cm. [10] The spawning season of S. rivulatus takes place when the water temperature reaches 24–27 °C [17] and is later in the Mediterranean, May to July, than it is in the Red Sea when the season runs through March, April and May.[ citation needed ] Spawing takes place at dusk, they are oviparous and the eggs are fertilised externally, the eggs are small, 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter and are adhesive, the adults show no parental care for the brood after spawning. [17] The larvae are planktonic and do not feed for three days after hatching, when they are about three weeks old they undergo metamorphosis and congregate in schools which migrate into deeper water. [15]

Parasites

S. rivulatus is known to be a host of the following parasites: the Cliophoran Balantidium sigani ; the copepod Bomolochus parvulus ( nomen dubium ); the monogeneans Tetrancistrum strophosolenus , Tetrancistrum suezicum , Glyphidohaptor plectocirra , the digenean Hexangium saudii , and the acanthocephalan Sclerocollum saudii . [5]

A 2019 study in the Red Sea, from a chronically polluted small bay at Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, showed that S. rivulatus harboured Gyliauchen volubilis (Digenea), Procamallanus elatensis (Nematoda) and Sclerocollum rubrimaris (Acanthocephala); among these three parasites, only Sclerocollum rubrimaris accumulated trace metals such as Cadmium and Lead. [18]

Ecological impact

Siganus rivulatus, together with the related Lessepsian Siganus luridus have been implicated in the creation of "barrens" off the coast of Turkey, grazing by the two fish species has reduced the complexity, biomass and biodiversity of algal communities creating an environment which is almost barren of vegetation. [19]

Uses

Fisheries

Siganus rivulatus is a quarry species for fisheries throughout much of its distribution and can be an important component of local artisanal fisheries. It is occasionally harvested by trawling but the more usual methods are beach seines and gill nets. However, the numbers appear to be stable and there are no reported significant declines in any populations. Landings of S. rivulatus are combined with other siganid species, [1] although data from the sampling of fish in the Red Sea suggests that the stock is subject to overexploitation there.[ citation needed ]

Aquaculture

There is ongoing research into the suitability of S. rivulatus as a suitable species for aquaculture, both in the Mediterranean and in the Red Sea. It is considered that the mainly herbivorous species may prove more sustainable than the more normal species in aquaculture such as salmonids, gadids and flatfish which are mainly carnivorous and require high protein food to grow. [1] [20] [21] It has been shown that S. rivulatus can be matured and spawned in captivity, readily consumes artificial feeds, can be reared in offshore cages and has good market demand. [20]

Health issues

S. rivulatus has been shown to be a source of ciguatoxin-like toxins and poisoning has been recorded in Israel after consuming Siganus flesh which appears to be associated with fish caught in polluted waters. [22] It has otherwise been reported to cause hallucinations when consumed.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabbitfish</span> Genus of fishes

Rabbitfishes or spinefoots are perciform fishes in the family Siganidae. The 29 species are in a single genus, Siganus. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes—colloquially called foxfaces–are in the genus Lo. Other species, such as the masked spinefoot, show a reduced form of the stripe pattern. Rabbitfishes are native to shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific, but S. luridus and S. rivulatus have become established in the eastern Mediterranean via Lessepsian migration. They are commercially important food fish, and can be used in the preparation of dishes such as bagoong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-spotted spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The orange-spotted spinefoot, also known as the deepbody spinefoot, gold-saddle rabbitfish, golden rabbitfish, golden-spotted spinefoot, goldlined spinefoot or yellowblotch spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The masked spinefoot, also known as the masked rabbitfish, bluelined rabbitfish, blue-lined spinefoot, decorated rabbitfish or maiden spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It occurs in shallow, coral-rich areas of clear lagoons and seaward reefs of the Indo-West Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-spotted spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The blue-spotted spinefoot, the coral rabbitfish, coral spinefoot, ocellated spinefoot or orange spinefoot is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific where it is often caught as a food fish and occasionally as an aquarium fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streaked spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The streaked spinefoot, also known as the Java rabbitfish, blue-spotted spinefoot, blue-spotted trevally, Java spinefoot or white-spotted rabbit-fish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found throughout most of the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Siganus doliatus</i> Species of fish

Siganus doliatus, commonly known as the barred spinefoot, scribbled rabbitfish, pencil-streaked rabbitfish, barred Spanish mackerel, blue-lined rabbitfish or two-barred rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is native to the western Pacific Ocean where it occurs on reefs and in lagoons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streamlined spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The streamlined spinefoot, also known as the forktail rabbitfish, schooling rabbitfish or silver spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The dusky spinefoot, also known the squaretail rabbitfish,is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is native to the western Indian Ocean which has spread to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. Its fin spines contain venom. It is regarded as a food fish.

<i>Siganus insomnis</i> Species of rabbitfish

Siganus insomnis, the bronze-lined spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the northern central Indian Ocean. It had formerly been confused with S. lineatus, but was recognized as a separate species in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-lined spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The golden-lined spinefoot, also known as the goldlined rabbitfish or lined rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the tropical Western Pacific and along the coasts of northern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermiculated spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The vermiculated spinefoot, also known as maze rabbitfish, scribbled spinefoot or vermiculate rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. Like all rabbitfishes, it has venomous spines on the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins. It is a reef associated fish species of the Indo-West Pacific region. It is a common commercially important fish in many tropical countries.

<i>Siganus sutor</i> Species of fish

Siganus sutor, the shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish ,whitespotted rabbitfish or African whitespotted rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It lives in Indo-Pacific coral reefs. It is endemic to the Indian Ocean, from Indonesia to Comoros. S. sutor is one of the commercial marine fishes, which is ubiquitously caught, in Tanzania and the entire East African coast of Indian ocean. S. sutor is among the most common fish species in the marine fisheries of Kenya, and accounts for around 40% of the artisanal fishery landings. Various fishing gears are used to target the siganids, but basket traps are the preferred ones. It is one of the mangrove/seagrass-associated coral reef fishes. This species inhabits littoral areas and its fin spines are venomous to humans.

<i>Siganus canaliculatus</i> Species of fish

Siganus canaliculatus, the white-spotted spinefoot, white-spotted rabbitfish, pearly spinefoot, seagrass rabbitfish, slimy spinefoot or smudgespot spinefoot is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is native to the western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean where it occurs on reefs and in lagoons.

<i>Siganus fuscescens</i> Species of fish

Siganus fuscescens, the mottled spinefoot, black rabbitfish, black spinefoot, dusky rabbitfish, fuscous rabbitfish, happy moments, mi mi, pearl-spotted spinefoot, pin-spotted spinefoot, stinging bream or West Australian rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.

The blackeye rabbitfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indian Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peppered spinefoot</span> Species of fish

The peppered spinefoot, also known as the finespotted rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It occurs in the Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Siganus punctatus</i> Species of fish

Siganus punctatus the goldspotted spinefoot, goldspotted rabbitfish, punctuated spinefoot, spotted rabbitfish, spotted spinefoot or yellow-spotted spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It occurs in the Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Siganus randalli</i> Species of fish

Siganus randalli, the variegated spinefoot or Randall's rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.

<i>Siganus spinus</i> Species of fish

Siganus spinus, the little spinefoot, scribbled rabbitfish, blunt-nosed spinefoot, spiny rabbitfish, or spiny spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Siganus stellatus</i> Species of fish

Siganus stellatus, the brown-spotted spinefoot, brown-spotted rabbitfish, honeycomb rabbitfish, starspotted spinefoot, starspotted rabbitfish or stellate rabbitfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 R. Fricke (2017) [errata version of 2010 assessment]. "Siganus rivulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T155025A115261652. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T155025A4703643.en . Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  2. ↑ "Synonyms of Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775". Fishbase . Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  3. ↑ "Siganus". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  4. ↑ "Rivulated". Coral Reef Information System Glossary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  5. 1 2 Nicola Bailly (2013). "Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Biodiversity History Library. 1775. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  8. ↑ Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; et al. (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. PMID   17590356.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 J.C, Hureau. "Marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus)". Marine Species Identification Portal - Fishes of the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean. ETI Bioinformatics. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Susan M. Luna; Nicolas Bailly (2016). R. Froese; D. Pauly (eds.). "Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775". Fishbase . Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Bella S. Galil (2006). "Siganus rivulatus" (PDF). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  12. ↑ James W. Fatherree. "Aquarium Fish: Fishes of the Genus Siganus: The Rabbitfishes". Advanced Aquarist. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  13. ↑ G. Insacco; B. Zava (2016). "3.4 First record of the Marbled spinefoot Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775 (Osteichthyes, Siganidae) in Italy part of "New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (March 2016)"". Mediterranean Marine Science. 17 (1): 230–252.
  14. ↑ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Siganus rivulatus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Siganus_rivulatus.pdf
  15. 1 2 "Siganus rivulatus (Forsskål, 1775)". Malawi Cichlid Homepage. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  16. ↑ Arthur R. Bos; Edwin Cruz-Rivera; Ashraf M. Sanad (2016). "Herbivorous fishes Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae) and Zebrasoma desjardinii (Acanthuridae) feed on Ctenophora and Scyphozoa in the Red Sea (abstract)". Marine Biodiversity. 47: 243–246. doi:10.1007/s12526-016-0454-9. S2CID   24694789.
  17. 1 2 D.J. Woodland (1990). "Revision of the fish family Siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology". Indo-Pacific Fishes. 19: 136.
  18. ↑ Al-Hasawi, Zaki M. (2019). "Environmental Parasitology: intestinal helminth parasites of the siganid fish Siganus rivulatus as bioindicators for trace metal pollution in the Red Sea". Parasite. 26: 12. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019014. ISSN   1776-1042. PMC   6402366 . PMID   30838973. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  19. ↑ Enric Sala; Zafer Kizilkaya; Derya Yildirim; c Ballesteros (2011). "Alien Marine Fishes Deplete Algal Biomass in the Eastern Mediterranean". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17356. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617356S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017356 . PMC   3043076 . PMID   21364943.
  20. 1 2 "The Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus: The Promise of a Marine Algaevore" (PDF). World Aquaculture Society. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  21. ↑ Feisal A. Bukhari (2015). "Trials of rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus production in floating cages in the Red Sea" (PDF). Emirates Journal of Agricultural Science. 17 (2): 23–29.
  22. ↑ Yedidia Bentur; Ehud Spanier (2006). "Ciguatoxin-like substances in edible fish on the eastern Mediterranean". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (6): 695–700. doi:10.1080/15563650701502865. PMID   17849245. S2CID   39709672.
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