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South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of a single continent called America.
The history of South America is the study of the past, particularly the written record, oral histories, and traditions, passed down from generation to generation on the continent of South America. The continent continues to be home to indigenous peoples, some of whom built high civilizations prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 1400s and early 1500s. South America has a history that has a wide range of human cultures and forms of civilization. The Caral Supe civilization, also known as the Norte Chico civilization in Peru is the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the first six independent civilizations in the world; it was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids. It predated the Mesoamerican Olmec by nearly two millennia.
The Cenepa War or Fourth Ecuadorian-Peruvian War, also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of an area in Peruvian territory near the border between the two countries. The two nations had signed a border treaty following the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1960 it declared the treaty null and void. Most of the fighting took place around the headwaters of the Cenepa River.
The Union of South American Nations (USAN), sometimes also referred to as the South American Union, abbreviated in Spanish as UNASUR and in Portuguese as UNASUL, is an intergovernmental regional organization set up by Hugo Chavez to counteract the influence of the United States in the region. It once comprised twelve South American countries; as of 2019, most have withdrawn.
The Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, known locally as the War of '41, was a South American border war fought between 5–31 July 1941. It was the first of three military conflicts between Ecuador and Peru during the 20th century.
The Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute was a territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru, which, until 1928, also included Colombia. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what Real Cedulas Spain used to precisely define its colonial territories in the Americas. After independence, all of Spain's colonial territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of uti possidetis juris, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of armed conflicts on several occasions.
The Cisplatine War, also known as the Argentine-Brazilian War or, in Argentine and Uruguayan historiography, as the Brazil War, the War against the Empire of Brazil or the Liberating Crusade in Uruguay. It was an armed conflict in the 1820s between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over Brazil's Cisplatina province, in the aftermath of the United Provinces' and Brazil's independence from Spain and Portugal respectively. It resulted in the independence of Cisplatina as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.
Chilean-Peruvian relations are the historical and current bilateral relations between the adjoining South American countries of the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru. Peru and Chile have shared diplomatic relations since at least the time of the Inca Empire in the 15th century. Under the Viceroyalty of Peru, Chile and Peru had connections using their modern names for the first time. Chile aided in the Peruvian War of Independence by providing troops and naval support.
Brazil–Uruguay relations encompass many complex relations over the span of three centuries, beginning in 1680 with the establishment of the Colónia do Sacramento, to the present day, between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Brazil and Uruguay are neighbouring countries in South America, and share close political, economic and cultural ties. The singularity of the bilateral relationship between the two countries originates from a strong historical connection, as both countries having been territories of the Portuguese Empire and sharing the same language – marked by important events, such as the establishment of the Colónia do Sacramento in 1680, the invasion of the Banda Oriental by Brazil in 1815 and the subsequent creation of the Província Cisplatina, and Uruguay's independence from Brazil in 1828. The bilateral relationship was further defined by the Uruguayan Civil War (1839–1851) and the Paraguayan War (1864–1870).
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to South America.
Foreign relations between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Peru, have existed for over a century. Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 10, 1822. Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Group of 77, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The Platine War was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, with the participation of the Republic of Paraguay as Brazil's co-belligerent and ally. The war was part of a decades-long dispute between Argentina and Brazil for influence over Uruguay and Paraguay, and hegemony over the Platine region. The conflict took place in Uruguay and northeastern Argentina, and on the Río de la Plata. Uruguay's internal troubles, including the longrunning Uruguayan Civil War, were heavily influential factors leading to the Platine War.
The military history of South America can be divided into two major periods – pre- and post-Columbian – divided by the entrance of European forces to the region. The sudden introduction of steel, gunpowder weapons and horses into the Americas would revolutionize warfare. Within the post-Columbian period, the events of the early 19th century, when almost all of South America was marked by wars of independence, also forms a natural historical juncture. Throughout its history, South America has had distinct military features: it has been geographically separated from many major military powers by large oceans; its unique terrain has imposed major logistical challenges, and privileged naval lines of communications.
The military history of Ecuador spans hundreds of years.
The dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata meant the breakup of the Spanish colony in South America and the creation of new independent countries. Most of the territory of the Spanish viceroyalty is now part of Argentina, and other regions belong to Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The 1986 South American Under-16 Football Championship was the 2nd edition of the South American Under-17 Football Championship, a football competition for the under-16 national teams in South America organized by CONMEBOL. It was held in Peru from 4 to 19 October 1986.
The 1988 South American Under-16 Football Championship was the 3rd edition of the South American Under-17 Football Championship, a football competition for the under-16 national teams in South America organized by CONMEBOL. It was held in Ecuador from 15 to 30 October 1988.
The Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute was a territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru, which, until 1916, also included Ecuador. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what Real Cedulas Spain used to precisely define its possessions in the Americas. After independence, all of Spain's former territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of uti possidetis juris, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of armed conflicts on several occasions.
Anti-Peruvian sentiment refers to negative feelings, fear, hatred and discrimination toward and/or against Peruvians based on a combination of historical, cultural, and ethnic prejudices.
References
- 1 2 Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003). Boundary Disputes in Latin America. Peaceworks.
- ↑ Golin, Tau (2012). Cartografia da Guerra Guaranítica (in Spanish). Dialnet.
- ↑ Ganson, Barbara Anne (2003). The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata. Journal of Anthropological Research.
- ↑ Burson, Jeffrey D.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. Georgia Southern University.
- ↑ Brasil, Ptolomeu de Assis (1938). Batalha de Caiboaté: episódio culminante da Guerra das Missões (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Ed. Globo.
- ↑ Wiederspahn, Henrique Oscar (1956). Das guerras Cisplatinas às guerras contra Rózas e contra o Paraguai (in Portuguese). Editora Regional.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ Carneiro, David (1946). História da Guerra Cisplatina (in Portuguese). Companhia Editora Nacional.
- ↑ "EL PERÍODO DE LA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA NACIONALIDAD: 1820 A 1842". National Library of Peru . Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- ↑ "Chile Confederation War, 1836-391 - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Photius.
- ↑ Scheina, Robert (2003). "The Peru Bolivian Confederation". Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791-1899. Vol. 1. Brassey's, Incorporated. ISBN 1574884506.
- ↑ "20 de noviembre de 1845 - La Vuelta de Obligado". El Historiador. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20.
- ↑ Cancian, Renato. "Guerra do Paraguai - Tríplice Aliança entre Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai". UOL .
- ↑ Gasparetto Junior, Antonio. "Revolução Acreana". InfoEscola.
- ↑ Abente, Diego (1988). "Constraints and Opportunities: Prospects for Democratization in Paraguay". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 30 (1): 73–104. doi:10.2307/165790. JSTOR 165790.
- ↑ "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1934, THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, VOLUME IV". Office of the Historian .
- ↑ "Protocol of Rio de Janeiro". Britannica. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ↑ Jenkins, Simon (2013-04-09). "How Margaret Thatcher's Falklands gamble paid off". The Guardian .