Sphaeropleales

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Sphaeropleales
Pediastrum duplex wagner.jpg
Pediastrum duplex , an algae within the order Sphaeropleales
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Sphaeropleales
Luerssen
Families [1]

incertae sedis:

Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. [2] The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as Scenedesmus and Pediastrum . [3] The Sphaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile unicellular, colonial , or filamentous taxa. They have biflagellate zoospores with flagella that are directly opposed in direction (the DO arrangement): Sphaeroplea , Atractomorpha , Neochloris , Hydrodictyon , and Pediastrum . All of these taxa have basal body core connections. [2] Motile cells generally lack cell walls or have only a very fine layer surrounding the cell membrane. [4] Other common characteristics include a robust vegetative cell wall, cup-shaped chloroplasts with large pyrenoids, and relatively large nuclei. [5]

With an increase in the number of taxa for which sequence data are available, there is evidence of an expanded DO clade that includes additional zoosporic ( Bracteacoccus , Schroederia ) and some strictly autosporic genera such as Ankistrodesmus , Scenedesmus , Selenastrum , and Monoraphidium . The filamentous Microspora has been allied with the coccoid genus Bracteacoccus based on molecular data.

Monophyly of the DO clade is supported by phylogenetic analysis of multi-gene data. [3] [4]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships (not all families are included): [5]

Sphaeropleales

Taxonomists have had difficulties classifying Characiaceae and Microsporaceae using molecular genetics, because the taxonomic affiliations of the type species are unclear. At least some of their taxa are known to related to genera within Sphaeropleales, but others are not. [6] Additionally, the placement of the type family, Sphaeropleaceae, is problematic because some phylogenetic analyses find the family to be unrelated to the rest of the order. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyta</span> Phylum of green algae

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae informally called chlorophytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrodictyaceae</span> Family of algae

Hydrodictyaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. They are found in freshwater habitats worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neochloridaceae</span> Family of algae

Neochloridaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphaeropleaceae</span> Family of algae

Sphaeropleaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrasporaceae</span> Family of algae

The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifically of the Chlamydomonadales. They are found in freshwater habitats.

<i>Ankistrodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Ankistrodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is one of the most common types of phytoplankton in freshwater habitats around the world. The name Ankistrodesmus comes from the Greek roots ankistron, meaning "cross", and desmos, meaning "bond".

<i>Bracteacoccus</i> Genus of algae

Bracteacoccus is a genus of green algae, the sole genus of the family Bracteacoccaceae. It is a terrestrial alga commonly found in soils, from the tropics to the poles.

Dictyochloris is a genus of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Dictyochloridaceae. It is commonly found in terrestrial and subaerial habitats.

<i>Dictyosphaerium</i> Genus of algae

Dictyosphaerium is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorellaceae. It occurs in freshwater habitats around the world and is planktonic. The name comes from the Greek roots diktyon, meaning "net", and sphaira, meaning "ball", referring to its morphology.

<i>Monactinus</i> Genus of algae

Monactinus is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Mychonastes</i> Genus of algae

Mychonastes is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Mychonastaceae.

<i>Pediastrum</i> Genus of algae

Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a photoautotrophic, nonmotile coenobial green alga that inhabits freshwater environments. The name Pediastrum comes from the Greek root words pedion, meaning "plane", and astron, meaning "star", referring to its overall shape.

Pseudomuriella is a genus of green algae, specifically of the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Pseudomuriellaceae. It is a terrestrial alga that inhabits soils.

<i>Pseudopediastrum</i> Genus of algae

Pseudopediastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Stauridium</i> Genus of algae

Stauridium is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Characiaceae</span> Family of algae

Characiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. It contains epiphytic or planktonic algae that are unicellular or colonial. The cells are heteropolar, with basal and apical ends having different shapes. The daughter cells are often retained in the cell wall of the old mother cell, whose cell wall becomes gelatinized.

<i>Pediastrum duplex</i> Species of alga

Pediastrum duplex is a species of fresh water green algae in the genus Pediastrum. It is the type species of the genus Pediastrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koliellaceae</span> Family of algae

Koliellaceae is a family of green algae in the order Prasiolales.

Bracteamorpha is a genus of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales, and is the only genus in the family Bracteamorphaceae. It contains a single species, Bracteamorpha trainorii.

References

  1. ↑ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Sphaeropleales". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  2. 1 2 Lewis, LA; McCourt, RM (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID   21652308.
  3. 1 2 Leliaert, F; Smith, DR; Moreau, H; Herron, MD; Verbruggen, H; Delwiche, CF; De Clerck, O (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. S2CID   17603352.
  4. 1 2 Tippery, NP; Fučíková, K; Lewis, PO; Lewis, LA (2012). "Probing the monophyly of the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae) using data from five genes". Journal of Phycology. 48 (6): 1482–1493. doi:10.1111/jpy.12003. PMID   27009998. S2CID   1386675.
  5. 1 2 Silva, Thaís Garcia; Štenclová, Lenka; Archanjo, Naiara Carolina Pereira; Bagatini, Inessa Lacativa (2021). "Revised phylogenetic position of Nephrocytium Nägeli (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), with the description of Nephrocytiaceae fam. nov. And Nephrocytium vieirae sp. nov". Taxon. 70 (5): 917–930. doi:10.1002/tax.12560. S2CID   239685638.
  6. ↑ Fučíková, Karolina; Lewis, Paul O.; Lewis, Louise A. (2014). "Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: A proposal for ten new families and three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 50 (1): 14–25. Bibcode:2014JPcgy..50...14F. doi:10.1111/jpy.12118. PMID   26988005. S2CID   24770288.
  7. ↑ Fučíková, Karolina; Lewis, Paul O.; Neupane, Suman; Karol, Kenneth G.; Lewis, Louise A. (2019). "Order, please! Uncertainty in the ordinal-level classification of Chlorophyceae". PeerJ. 7: e6899. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6899 . PMID   31143537.
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