Stratigraphy of New Zealand

Last updated

Cartoon cross-section of New Zealand stratigraphy. Cenozoic deformation has been removed for clarity. Cross Section New Zealand geology.jpg
Cartoon cross-section of New Zealand stratigraphy. Cenozoic deformation has been removed for clarity.

This is a list of the units into which the rock succession of New Zealand is formally divided. As new geological relationships have been discovered new names have been proposed and others are made obsolete. Not all these changes have been universally adopted. This table is based on the 2014 New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (Litho2014). [1] [2] However, obsolete names that are still in use and names postdating the lexicon are included if it aids in understanding. [3]

Contents

Names for particular rock units have two parts, a proper name which is almost always a geographic location where the rock is found and a hierarchical rank (e.g. Waitematā Group). This ranking system starts with individual 'beds' of rock which can be grouped into 'members', members are grouped into 'formations', formations into 'subgroups' then 'groups'. In New Zealand, groups are further combined into 'supergroups' or for basement rocks into terranes. Not all of these hierarchical layers are necessarily present within a particular rock succession. Many New Zealand rocks can also have names based on their major rock types, such as the Wooded Peak Limestone or the Hawks Crag Breccia. [4]

Summary of New Zealand high order rock names

New Zealand stratigraphy has also informally been divided into two 'megasequences'. [1] The Austral Superprovince (Cambrian-Cretaceous) includes all basement rocks and the Zealandia Megasequence (Cretaceous-Holocene) refers to those, younger rocks, that cover them. The Austral Superprovince is divided into the Eastern and Western Province, which have seven and two terranes respectively. The Zealandia Megasequence is divided into five supergroups, from oldest to youngest they are the Momotu, Haerenga, Waka, Māui and Pākihi supergroups. [1]

New Zealand rocks

Basement rocks (Austral Superprovince)

Cover sequence (Zealandia Megasequence)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torlesse Composite Terrane</span> Terrane found in New Zealand

The Torlesse Composite Terrane is a plate tectonic terrane forming part of the South Island of New Zealand. It contains the Rakaia, Aspiring and Pahau Terranes and the Esk Head Belt. Greywacke is the dominant rock type of the composite terrane; argillite is less common and there are minor basalt occurrences. The Torlesse Composite Terrane is found east of the Alpine Fault in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Its southern extent is a cryptic boundary with the Caples Terrane within the Haast Schists in Central Otago. It is named for the Torlesse Range in Canterbury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haast Schist</span> Metamorphic unit in New Zealand

The Haast Schist, which contains both the Alpine and Otago Schist, is a metamorphic unit in the South Island of New Zealand. It extends from Central Otago, along the eastern side of the Alpine Fault to Cook Strait. There are also isolated outcrops of the Haast Schist within the central North Island. The schists were named after Haast Pass on the West Coast. The Haast Schist can be divided geographically from north to south into the Kaimanawa, Terawhiti, Marlborough, Alpine, Otago and Chatham schist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanism of New Zealand</span> Volcanic activity of New Zealand

The volcanism of New Zealand has been responsible for many of the country's geographical features, especially in the North Island and the country's outlying islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of New Zealand</span>

The geology of New Zealand is noted for its volcanic activity, earthquakes and geothermal areas because of its position on the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plates. New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that broke away from the Gondwanan supercontinent about 83 million years ago. New Zealand's early separation from other landmasses and subsequent evolution have created a unique fossil record and modern ecology.

The Huriwai River is a river of about 9 km (5.6 mi) in New Zealand's North Island. It rises in rough hill country to the southeast of Port Waikato, flowing west to reach the Tasman Sea 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the mouth of the Waikato River. The main tributary is the Mangapai Stream.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of the Auckland Region</span>

The Auckland Region of New Zealand is built on a basement of greywacke rocks that form many of the islands in the Hauraki Gulf, the Hunua Ranges, and land south of Port Waikato. The Waitākere Ranges in the west are the remains of a large andesitic volcano, and Great Barrier Island was formed by the northern end of the Coromandel Volcanic Zone. The Auckland isthmus and North Shore are composed of Waitemata sandstone and mudstone, and portions of the Northland Allochthon extend as far south as Albany. Little Barrier Island was formed by a relatively isolated andesitic volcano, active around 1 to 3 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of the Tasman District</span>

The Tasman Region, and the small adjoining Nelson Region, form one of the more geologically interesting regions of New Zealand. It contains the oldest rocks of anywhere on New Zealand's main islands. It contains all the main terranes that make up New Zealand's basement. These basement rocks include Ultramafic rocks, such as Serpentine and Dunite, and valuable minerals, such as Gold. The Nelson Region is bordered to the south by the Alpine Fault, the main fault forming the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate, that generated the Southern Alps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunedin Volcano</span> Extinct volcano in New Zealand

The Dunedin Volcano is an extensively eroded multi-vent shield volcano that was active between 16 and 10 million years ago. It originally extended from the modern city of Dunedin, New Zealand to Aramoana about 25 km away. Extensive erosion has occurred over the last 10 million years and Otago Harbour now fills the oldest parts of the volcano. The remnants of the volcano form the hills around Otago Harbour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane</span> Geological feature in New Zealand

The Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane comprises the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, Maitai Group and Patuki Mélange. The Dun Mountain Ophiolite is an ophiolite of Permian age located in New Zealand's South Island. Prehistorically this ophiolite was quarried by Māori for both metasomatized argillite and pounamu (jade) which was used in the production of tools and jewellery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tākaka Terrane</span> Terrane in Tasman, New Zealand

The Tākaka Terrane is a Paleozoic terrane that outcrops in the South Island of New Zealand. It is most extensively exposed within the Kahurangi National Park in the Tasman District. The terrane is mostly made up of marble and volcanic rocks but is highly variable in composition. It ranges in age from mid-Cambrian to Devonian time, including New Zealand's oldest rocks, which are found in the Cobb Valley in north-west Nelson. The Cobb Valley is also the location of "Trilobite Rock" a glacial dropstone made from the moulted exoskeletons of trilobites. Asbestos was mined in the Cobb Valley from the Tākaka Terrene between the late 1880s and 1917. The Tākaka Terrane is highly deformed and has been intruded by many batholiths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banks Peninsula Volcano</span> An extinct volcano in New Zealand

The Banks Peninsula Volcano is an extinct volcanic complex to the east of Christchurch on New Zealand's South Island. While the volcano is highly eroded it still forms the majority of Banks Peninsula with a highest point of 919 m (3,015 ft). It is a composite of two main eruptive centres one originating at Lyttelton Harbour, the other at Akaroa Harbour. The eruptions were predominantly basaltic, with associated andesite and trachytes, with minor rhyolite. The volcanic activity occurred in the Late Miocene and possibly extended into the Early Pliocene. There are four volcanic groups, all of which are within the Māui Supergroup. The Christchurch earthquakes led to rumors of a possible eruption, however, there is no known magma chamber beneath the volcano and there has not been any sign of volcanic activity in the last 5 million years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of the West Coast Region</span> Overview of the geology of the West Coast region

The geology of the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island is divided in two by the Alpine Fault, which runs through the Region in a North-East direction. To the West of the fault Paleozoic basement rocks are interluded by plutones and both are unconformably covered in a sedimentary sequence. To the East of the Alpine Fault are the Mesozoic Alpine Schist and Greywacke of the Southern Alps. There are numerous active faults throughout the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southland Syncline</span>

The Southland Syncline is a major geological structure located in the Southland Region of New Zealand's South Island. The syncline folds the Mesozoic greywackes of the Murihiku Terrane. The northern limb of the fold is steep to overturned, while the southern limb dips shallowly to the northeast. The axial plan dips to the northeast and the axis plunges to the southeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waitemata Group</span>

The Waitemata Group is an Early Miocene geologic group that is exposed in and around the Auckland Region of New Zealand, between the Whangarei Harbour in the North and the Raglan Harbour in the South. The Group is predominantly composed of deep water sandstone and mudstone (flysch). The sandstone dominated units form the cliffs around the Waitemata Harbour and rare more resistant conglomerates underlie some of Auckland's prominent ridges.

Gwyneth Alva Challis, known as Alva, was a Welsh-born New Zealand geologist who discovered the mineral Wairauite, and pioneered the use of x-rays for mineral investigation in New Zealand.

The Waitākere volcano, also known as the Manukau volcano, was a Miocene era volcano that formed off the west coast of the modern Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. Erupting intermittently between 23 million and 15 million years ago, the volcano was at one point one of the tallest mountains in New Zealand. The volcano alternated between periods as a seamount and as a volcanic island, before tectonic forces raised the volcano up from the seafloor 17 million years ago. Volcanism at the site ceased 15 million years ago and the cone has mostly eroded, however the modern Waitākere Ranges are formed from the remnants of the volcano's eastern slopes. A number of visible volcanic sites associated with the Waitākere volcano remain around Auckland, including Pukematekeo, Karekare and Lion Rock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngatutura volcanic field</span> Extinct volcanic field in Waikato district, New Zealand

The extinct Ngatutura volcanic field that was active between 1.54 and 1.83 million years ago is one of four volcanic fields in an intraplate back arc relationship with the still active Hauraki Rift and the presently dormant Auckland volcanic field. The other volcanic fields, which are part of the Auckland Volcanic Province, are the oldest, Okete to the south near Raglan in late Pliocene times. and to the north the younger South Auckland volcanic field.

The Alexandra Volcanic Group is a chain of extinct calc-alkalic basaltic stratovolcanoes that were most active between 2.74 and 1.60 million years ago but is now known to have had more recent activity between 1.6 and 0.9 million years ago. They extend inland from Mount Karioi near Raglan with Mount Pirongia being the largest, with Pukehoua on the eastern slopes of Pirongia, Kakepuku, Te Kawa, and Tokanui completing the definitive lineament. The associated, but usually separated geologically basaltic monogenetic Okete volcanic field, lies mainly between Karioi and Pirongia but extends to the east and is quite scattered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangahoe Formation</span> Geologic formation in the southwestern North Island of New Zealand


The Tangahoe Formation is a geologic formation in the southwestern North Island of New Zealand.

The volcanic activity in the South Island of New Zealand terminated 5 million years ago as the more northern parts of the North Island became extremely volcanically active. The South Islands surface geology reflects the uplift of the Pacific Plate as it collides with the Indo-Australian Plate along the Alpine Fault over the last 12 million years and the termination of subduction, about 100 to 105 million years ago. There is a very small chance of reactivation of volcanism in the Dunedin Volcano. This chance is made slightly higher by the observation that Southland's Solander Islands / Hautere just off the coast of the South Island were active as recently as 50,000 years old, and on a larger scale 150,000 years old.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mortimer, N; Rattenbury, MS; King, PR; Bland, KJ; Barrell, DJA; Bache, F; Begg, JG; Campbell, HJ; Cox, SC; Crampton, JS; Edbrooke, SW; Forsyth, PJ; Johnston, MR; Jongens, R; Lee, JM; Leonard, GS; Raine, JI; Skinner, DNB; Timm, C; Townsend, DB; Tulloch, AJ; Turnbull, IM; Turnbull, RE (2014). "High-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand rocks". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (4): 402–419. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2014.946062 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (2014)". data.gnSuperGroupcri.nz.
  3. 1 2 3 J.J., Kamp, Peter; A., Vincent, Kirsty; J.S., Tayler, Michael (2015). Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of New Zealand: A reference volume of lithology, age and paleoenvironments with maps (PMAPs) and database (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Definitions and procedures, section 3
  5. 1 2 "Macrostrat". macrostrat.org. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  6. 1 2 Münker, Carsten; Cooper, Roger (1999). "The Cambrian arc complex of the Takaka Terrane, New Zealand: An integrated stratigraphical, paleontological and geochemical approach". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (3): 415–445. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1999.9514854 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  7. Coleman, A. C. (1977). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Mt Patriarch-Crow River area, North-West Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 20 (3): 401–423. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1977.10427595 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  8. Simes, J. E. (1980). "Age of the Arthur Marble: conodont evidence from Mount Owen, northwest Nelson". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 23 (4): 529–532. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1980.10424123 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  9. Allibone, A. H.; Tulloch, A. J. (1997). "Metasedimentary, granitoid, and gabbroic rocks from central Stewart Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 40 (1): 53–68. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1997.9514740 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  10. Adams, ComplexJ.D. (1975). "Discovery of Precambrian rocks in New Zealand: Age relations of the Greenland Group and Constant Gneiss, West Coast, South Island". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 28 (1): 98–104. Bibcode:1975E&PSL..28...98A. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90078-3. ISSN   0012-821X.
  11. Bradshaw, M.A.; Hegan, B.D. (1983). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Devonian rocks of Inangahua Outlier, Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 26 (4): 325–344. doi:10.1080/00288306.1983.10422252. ISSN   0028-8306.
  12. Campbell, H. J.; Smale, D.; Grapes, R.; Hoke, L.; Gibson, G. M.; Landis, C. A. (1998). "Parapara Group: Permian‐Triassic rocks in the Western Province, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 41 (3): 281–296. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1998.9514811 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  13. Beresford, S. W.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Weaver, S. D.; Muir, R. J. (1996). "Echinus Granite and Pepin Group of Pepin Island, northeast Nelson, New Zealand: Drumduan Terrane basement or exotic fragment in the Median Tectonic Zone?". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514710. ISSN   0028-8306.
  14. Johnston, M. R.; Raine, J. I.; Watters, W. A. (1987). "Drumduan Group of East Nelson, New Zealand: Plant-bearing Jurassic arc rocks metamorphosed during terrane interaction". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 17 (3): 275–301. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10418162. ISSN   0303-6758.
  15. Mossman, David J.; Force, Lucy M. (1969). "Permian fossils from the Greenhills group, Bluff, Southland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 12 (4): 659–672. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1969.10431104 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  16. Force, Lucy M. (1975). "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Productus Creek Group, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 18 (3): 373–399. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1975.10421544 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  17. Coombs, D. Supergroup; Cook, N. D. J.; Kawachi, Y.; Johnstone, R. D.; Gibson, L. L. (1996). "Park Volcanics, Murihiku Terrane, New Zealand: Petrology, petrochemistry, and tectonic significance". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (4): 469–492. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1996.9514727 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  18. Campbell, J. D.; Coombs, D. S.; Grebneff, A. (2003). "Willsher Group and geology of the Triassic Kaka Point coastal section, south‐east Otago, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 33 (1): 7–38. doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517719. ISSN   0303-6758.
  19. Dickins, J.M.; Johnston, M.R.; Kimbrough, D.L.; Landis, C.A. (July 1986). "The stratigraphic and structural position and age of the Croisilles Melange, east Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 29 (3): 291–301. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1986.10422152 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  20. "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon". data.gns.cri.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  21. Jugum, D; Norris, RH; Palin, JM (2013). "Late Jurassic detrital zircons from the Haast Schist and their implications for New Zealand terrane assembly and metamorphism". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 56 (4): 223–228. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2013.815639 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  22. Bassett, Kari N.; Orlowski, Richard (2004). "Pahau Terrane type locality: Fan delta in an accretionary prism trench‐slope basin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 47 (4): 603–623. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515079. ISSN   0028-8306.
  23. Silberling, N. J.; Nichols, K. M.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Blome, C. D. (1988). "Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 100 (8): 1213–1223. Bibcode:1988GSAB..100.1213S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1213:LACITB>2.3.CO;2. ISSN   0016-7606.
  24. Mayer, W. (1969). "Petrology of the Waipapa Group, near Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 12 (2–3): 412–435. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1969.10420291 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  25. Moore, P. R.; Speden, Ian (1979). "Stratigraphy, structure, and inferred environments of deposition of the Early Cretaceous sequence, eastern Wairarapa, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 22 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424150. ISSN   0028-8306.
  26. Beck, A. C.; Reed, J. J.; Willett, R. W. (1958). "Uranium mineralization in the Hawks Crag Breccia of the Lower Buller Gorge Region, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 1 (3): 432–450. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1958.10422773 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  27. 1 2 3 Killops, S. D.; Cook, R. A.; Sykes, R.; Boudou, J. P. (2010). "Petroleum potential and oil‐source correlation in the Great South and Canterbury Basins". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 40 (4): 405–423. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1997.9514773 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  28. 1 2 Schiøler, Poul; Rogers, Karyne; Sykes, Richard; Hollis, Chris J.; Ilg, Brad; Meadows, Dylan; Roncaglia, Lucia; Uruski, Chris (2010). "Palynofacies, organic geochemistry and depositional environment of the Tartan Formation (Late Paleocene), a potential source rock in the Great South Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 27 (2): 351–369. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.09.006. ISSN   0264-8172.
  29. 1 2 Schellart, W.P. (2007). "North-eastward subduction followed by slab detachment to explain ophiolite obduction and Early Miocene volcanism in Northland, New Zealand". Terra Nova. 19 (3): 211–218. Bibcode:2007TeNov..19..211S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00736.x. ISSN   0954-4879. S2CID   128484978.
  30. Bradshaw, J. D. (2004). "Northland Allochthon: An alternative hypothesis of origin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 47 (3): 375–382. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2004.9515063 . ISSN   0028-8306. S2CID   129227048.
  31. Weaver, S. D.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1991). "A precise Rb‐Sr age for the Mandamus Igneous Complex, North Canterbury, and regional tectonic implications". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 34 (3): 341–345. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1991.9514472 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  32. Baker, I. A.; Gamble, J. A.; Graham, I. J. (1994). "The age, geology, and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex, Marlborough, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 37 (3): 249–268. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1994.9514620 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Ballance, P. F.; Spörli, K. B. (1979). "Northland Allochthon". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 9 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1080/03036758.1979.10419416. ISSN   0303-6758.
  34. Higgs, K.E.; Arnot, M.J.; Browne, G.H.; Kennedy, E.M. (2010). "Reservoir potential of Late Cretaceous terrestrial to shallow marine sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 27 (9): 1849–1871. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.08.002. ISSN   0264-8172.
  35. Mac Beggs, J. (1978). "Geology of the metamorphic basement and late Cretaceous Oligocene sedimentary sequence of Campbell Island, Southwest Pacific Ocean". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 8 (2): 161–177. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1978.10429389 . ISSN   0303-6758.
  36. Flores, Romeo M.; Sykes, Richard (1996). "Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand". International Journal of Coal Geology. 29 (4): 291–336. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3. ISSN   0166-5162.
  37. Kamp, PJJ; Tripathi, ARP; Nelson, CS (2014). "Paleogeography of Late Eocene to earliest Miocene Te Kuiti Group, central-western North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (2): 128–148. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2014.904384 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  38. Christie, A. B.; Simpson, M. P.; Brathwaite, R. L.; Mauk, J. L.; Simmons, S. F. (2007). "Epithermal Au-Ag and Related Deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Economic Geology. 102 (5): 785–816. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.102.5.785. ISSN   0361-0128.
  39. Hayward, B.W. (1976). "Lower miocene stratigraphy and structure of the Waitakere Ranges and the Waitakere Group (new)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 19 (6): 871–895. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1976.10420745 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  40. Heming, R. F. (1980). "Petrology of Ti Point Group, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 23 (3): 345–351. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1980.10424144 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  41. Hayward, Bruce W.; Smale, David (2010). "Heavy minerals and the provenance history of Waitemata Basin sediments (early Miocene, Northland, New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 35 (2): 223–242. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1992.9514516 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  42. Cole, J. W (1978). "Distribution, petrography, and chemistry of Kiwitahi and Maungatautari volcanics, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 21 (2): 143–153. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1978.10424046 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Sewell, R. J. (1988). "Late Miocene volcanic stratigraphy of central Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 31 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1080/00288306.1988.10417809. ISSN   0028-8306.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Timm, Christian; Hoernle, Kaj; Van Den Bogaard, Paul; Bindeman, Ilya; Weaver, Steve (2009). "Geochemical Evolution of Intraplate Volcanism at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: Interaction Between Asthenospheric and Lithospheric Melts". Journal of Petrology. 50 (6): 989–1023. Bibcode:2009JPet...50..989T. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egp029 . ISSN   1460-2415.
  45. Carter, Robert M; Norris, Richard J (1977). "Redeposited conglomerates in a miocene flysch sequence at Blackmount, Western Southland, New Zealand". Sedimentary Geology. 18 (4): 289–319. Bibcode:1977SedG...18..289C. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.452.9322 . doi:10.1016/0037-0738(77)90056-2. ISSN   0037-0738.
  46. Lloyd, E. F.; Nathan, Simon; Smith, I. E. M.; Stewart, R. B. (1996). "Volcanic history of Macauley Island, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514713. ISSN   0028-8306.
  47. Brook, F. J. (1998). "Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pleistocene submarine volcanic‐sedimentary sequences at the northern Kermadec Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 28 (2): 235–257. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1998.9517561 . ISSN   0303-6758.
  48. Hamill, PAUL F.; Ballance, PETER F. (1985). "Heavy mineral rich beach sands of the Waitakere coast, Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 28 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1080/00288306.1985.10421203. ISSN   0028-8306.
  49. Lindsay, Jan M.; Worthington, Tim J.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Black, Philippa M. (1999). "Geology, petrology, and petrogenesis of Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (2): 155–168. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1999.9514837 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  50. Houghton, B.F.; Weaver, SupergroupD.; Wilson, ComplexJ.N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992). "Evolution of a Quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 51 (3): 217–236. Bibcode:1992JVGR...51..217H. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V. ISSN   0377-0273.
  51. Downs, D. T.; Wilson, C. J. N.; Cole, J. W.; Rowland, J. V.; Calvert, A. T.; Leonard, G. S.; Keall, J. M. (2014). "Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (9–10): 1131–1144. Bibcode:2014GSAB..126.1131D. doi:10.1130/B30891.1. ISSN   0016-7606.
  52. Froggatt, P. C.; Lowe, D. J. (1990). "A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: Their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 33 (1): 89–109. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576 . hdl: 10289/176 . ISSN   0028-8306.
  53. Donoghue, Susan L.; Neall, Vincent E. (2001). "Late Quaternary constructional history of the southeastern Ruapehu ring plain, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514949. ISSN   0028-8306.
  54. Mortimer, Nick; Sutherland, Rupert; Nathan, Simon (2010). "Torlesse greywacke and Haast Schist source for Pliocene conglomerates near Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (1): 105–111. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2001.9514927 . ISSN   0028-8306. S2CID   129503499.
  55. Campbell, H. J.; Andrews, P. B.; Beu, A. G.; Edwards, A. R.; Hornibrook, N. deB.; Laird, M. G.; Maxwell, P. A.; Watters, W. A. (1988). "Cretaceous-Cenozoic lithostratigraphy of the Chatham Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 18 (3): 285–308. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1988.10426471 . ISSN   0303-6758.
  56. Mortimer, N.; Gans, P.B.; Mildenhall, D.C. (2008). "A middle-late Quaternary age for the adakitic arc volcanics of Hautere (Solander Island), Southern Ocean". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 178 (4): 701–707. Bibcode:2008JVGR..178..701M. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.003. ISSN   0377-0273.