Suaeda fruticosa

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Suaeda fruticosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Suaeda
Species:
S. fruticosa
Binomial name
Suaeda fruticosa

Suaeda fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae (formerly placed in the family Chenopodiaceae). It is a small shrub, with very variable appearance over its wide range. It is a halophyte, and occurs in arid and semi-arid saltflats, salt marshes and similar habitats.

Contents

Description

Suaeda fruticosa is a low shrub growing to a height of about 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft). It is extremely variable throughout its wide range in height, growth habit, colouring, internode length, leaf shape, and the size and orientation of inflorescences and fruits. It is usually a rounded, much-branched bush but can be prostrate, climbing or straggling. It is densely-branched, the stems feeling very rough when the leaves are shed, pale green at first, becoming grey and fissured. The leaves are succulent, the smaller ones being long and narrow while the larger ones are elliptical. The flowers grow in clusters in the leaf axils. Some are bisexual, being drum-shaped and up to 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide, with five succulent tepals fused to a third of their length. Others are entirely female, rather smaller with non-succulent tepals, fused for half their length, persistent and partly concealing the fruit. There are three stigmas. The perianth enlarges in the bisexual fruits but remains unchanged in the female fruits. Reproduction is mainly by seed, which are black and shining, slightly flattened, globular or drop-shaped. [1] It has a chromosome number of 2n=36.

Taxonomy

The species has a complicated taxonomic history, and other species have been called S. fruticosa for a very long time. Two later homonyms of Suaeda fruticosaForssk. ex J.F.Gmel. exist: [2]

In Europe, what was formerly called S. fruticosa is now known to be S. vera, whereas in Africa what was formerly identified as S. fruticosa is now thought to be either S. vera or S. vermiculata. The 'real' S. fruticosaForssk. ex J.F.Gmel. occurs from the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East eastwards to the Indian subcontinent, however, here it has in some cases been misidentified as S. vermiculata. In Israel all three species may occur (or not), elsewhere S. fruticosa does not appear to occur in the same countries as the other two species.

The name S. fruticosa has furthermore also been misapplied in North America to plants of the species S. nigra. [3]

Distribution

It occurs in the Arabian peninsula, Iran, Afghanistan and the Indian sub-continent.

Ecology

It is a common and widespread species growing on sometimes-flooded alluvial land, drier areas, coastal regions, salt flats and salt marshes on soils that are sandy and soils that have a lot of clay. [1]

This plant is common in the saltlands of the Indian sub-continent, and is one of the dominant plants in the Tamarix/Salvadora/Suaeda climax vegetation. Other associated plants include Zygophyllum simplex , Cressa cretica , Caroxylon imbricatum , Salsola stocksii , Aeluropus lagopoides and Sporobolus helvolus . The few trees and shrubs growing in these saline habitats include Salvadora persica , Salvadora oleoides , Tamarix dioica and Capparis decidua . [4]

Uses

It is one of a number of plants high in sodium known as barilla which were used to make soda ash for use in the soap and glass industries. Large quantities were exported from India in the 18th and 19th centuries, and S. fruticosa and various chenopods, are still collected from the seasonal salt marshes in the Rann of Kutch for local use in the manufacture of soap and baking soda. [5] It also provides forage for camels. [1]

The seeds could be a potential source of edible oils which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. [6] The plant is an obligate halophyte and can be used to reduce the salinity of soils. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Suaeda</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Suaeda is a genus of plants also known as seepweeds and sea-blites. Most species are confined to saline or alkaline soil habitats, such as coastal salt-flats and tidal wetlands. Many species have thick, succulent leaves, a characteristic seen in various plant genera that thrive in salty habitats.

<i>Nitraria retusa</i> Species of plant in the family Nitrariaceae

Nitraria retusa, commonly known as Nitre bush, is a salt-tolerant and drought-resistant shrub in the family Nitrariaceae. It can grow to heights of 2.5 metres, although it seldom exceeds more than 1 m in height. It produces small white/green coloured flowers and small edible red fruit. The plant is native to desert areas of northern Africa, where it grows in primary succession on barren sand dunes, and in areas with high salinities such as salt marshes.

<i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> Species of shrub

Tamarix ramosissima, commonly known as saltcedarsalt cedar, or tamarisk, is a deciduous arching shrub with reddish stems, feathery, pale green foliage, and characteristic small pink flowers.

Morocco provides a refuge for a rich and diverse flora with about 4,200 taxa, of which 22% are endemic. The phytogeographic zones of Morocco comprise 8 zones: the Mediterranean zone, the Cedar zone (1000-2000m), the sub-Alpine zone (2,000-2,500m), the Alpine zone (2,500m+), the semi-desert scrub zone, the Reg, the sandy desert zone and the oases.

<i>Suaeda nigra</i> Species of flowering plant

Suaeda nigra, often still known by the former name Suaeda moquinii, is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family, known by the vernacular names bush seepweed or Mojave sea-blite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suaedoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The Suaedoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Amaranthaceae.

<i>Suaeda vera</i> Species of flowering plant in the amaranth family Amaranthaceae

Suaeda vera, also known as shrubby sea-blite, shrubby seablight or in the USA sometimes as alkali seepweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a small shrub, with very variable appearance over its wide range. It is a halophyte, and occurs in arid and semi-arid saltflats, salt marshes and similar habitats.

<i>Batis maritima</i> Species of flowering plant

Batis maritima, the saltwort or beachwort, is a halophyte. It is a C3-plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, succulent shrub. The plant forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of saltpans and wind-tidal flats. Batis maritima is a pioneer plant, covers quickly areas where hurricanes have destroyed the natural vegetation.

<i>Suaeda aegyptiaca</i> Species of plant

Suaeda aegyptiaca is a species of succulent plant in the family Amaranthaceae, and salt-tolerant (halophyte) plant that is distributed in eastern North Africa, the Near East and West Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nabkha</span>

A nabkha, nebkha or nebka is a type of sand dune. Other terms used include coppice dune and dune hummock or hummocky dune, but these more accurately refer to similar, but different, sand dune types. Authors have also used the terms phytogenic hillock, bush-mound, shrub-coppice dune, knob dune, dune tumulus, rebdou, nebbe, and takouit.

Caroxylon imbricatum, synonym Salsola imbricata, is a small species of shrub in the family Amaranthaceae. It grows in deserts and arid regions of north Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Asia.

<i>Arthrocaulon macrostachyum</i> Species of flowering plant

Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, synonym Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.

<i>Halocnemum strobilaceum</i> Species of plant

Halocnemum strobilaceum is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Salicornioideae of the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East and central Asia, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.

<i>Tamarix usneoides</i> Species of shrub

Tamarix usneoides, locally known as wild tamarisk, is a twiggy shrub or small evergreen tree that grows in saline habitats, semi-deserts and karroid areas in southern Africa, ranging from Angola through Namibia to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It has a short trunk, thin branches usually growing from ground level, tiny scale-like leaves and spikes of creamy-white flowers.

<i>Aeluropus lagopoides</i> Species of grass

Aeluropus lagopoides, sometimes called mangrove grass or rabbit-foot aeluropus, is a species of Eurasian and African plant in the grass family, found primarily in salty soils and waste places.

<i>Halopeplis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Halopeplis is a genus in the family Amaranthaceae. The plants are halophytes with not articulated stems and fleshy stem-clasping leaves. There are three species, occurring from the Mediterranean basin and North Africa to Southwest Asia and Central Asia.

<i>Suaeda vermiculata</i> Species of flowering plant

Suaeda vermiculata is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a salt-tolerant plant (halophyte) that grows naturally in salt-affected areas.

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The Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion in southwestern Europe. It lies southwestern coastal Spain, along the Mediterranean Sea.

Suaeda monoica is a species of flowering plant in the sea-blite genus Suaeda, largely native to the shores of the Indian Ocean from South Africa to Sri Lanka, and salty areas inland. It has been introduced in Argentina. It exhibits phenotypic plasticity, with leaves that are much more succulent when grown under higher salinity conditions. Its leaves are edible, and it is used as an animal fodder plant where it grows.

Salsola melitensis is an endemic vascular plant of the Maltese archipelago. Its generic name is derived from the Latin word “salsus” which means salty, attributing to the salt tolerant nature of the species within this genus. The genus name was published in 1753 in the Species Plantarum composed by Carl Linnaeus but was reclassified again by Akhani et al. in 2007.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Suaeda fruticosa". Flora of Pakistan. efloras.org. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  2. "Search for Suaeda fruticosa". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  3. Ferren, Wayne R. Jr.; Jochen Schenk, H. (2003). "Suaeda nigra". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 390, 396, 397. ISBN   978-0-19-517389-5.
  4. Singh, N.T. (2005). Irrigation and Soil Salinity in the Indian Subcontinent: Past and Present. Lehigh University Press. p. 250. ISBN   978-0-934223-78-2.
  5. Wickens, G.E.; Field, David. V.; Goodin, Joe R. (2012). Plants for Arid Lands: Proceedings of the Kew International Conference on Economic Plants for Arid Lands held in the Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, 23–27 July 1984. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 181. ISBN   978-94-011-6830-4.
  6. Webera, D.J.; Ansarib, R.; Gulb, B.; Ajmal Khan, M. (2007). "Potential of halophytes as source of edible oil". Journal of Arid Environments. 68 (2): 315–321. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.010.
  7. Abdul Hameed; Tabassum Hussain; Salman Gulzar; Irfan Aziz; Bilquees Gul; Muhammad Ajmal Khan (2012). "Salt tolerance of a cash crop halophyte Suaeda fruticosa: Biochemical responses to salt and exogenous chemical treatments". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34 (11): 2331–2340. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-1035-6.