Susan M. Gasser

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Susan M. Gasser
Susan Gasser.jpg
Born (1955-03-29) 29 March 1955 (age 71)
Education St. John's College (1974–1976)
University of Chicago (BA)
University of Basel (PhD)
Known for Chromatin organization, gene silencing and DNA repair
Awards National Latsis Prize (1991)
EMBO Member (1993)
Member of the Academia Europaea (1998)
Otto Naegeli Prize (2006)
Fellow of the AAAS (2008)
FEBS/EMBO Women in Science Award (2012)
Weizmann Women & Science Award (2013)
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2022)
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2026)
Scientific career
Fields Molecular biology
Epigenetics
Workplaces Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research
University of Geneva
Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
University of Basel
University of Lausanne
Gottfried Schatz

Susan Margaret Gasser (born 29 March 1955) is a Swiss molecular biologist whose research concerns chromatin organization, epigenetic regulation and genome stability, with a focus on biomedical impact. She is Director of the ISREC Foundation and a guest professor at the University of Lausanne. Her work examines how the arrangement and movement of chromosomes within the cell nucleus influence gene expression and DNA repair.

Contents

Gasser directed the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel from 2004 to 2019 and was professor of molecular biology at the University of Basel from 2005 to 2021. She has been elected to scientific academies including the French Academy of Sciences, German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Early life and education

Gasser attended St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, from 1974 to 1976, followed by the University of Freiburg from 1976 to 1977. [1] She subsequently studied at the University of Chicago, receiving a Bachelor of Arts with honors in 1979 and completing an honors thesis in biophysics. [2] [3] [4]

She completed a PhD in biochemistry at the University of Basel in 1982 under the supervision of Gottfried Schatz. [4] Her doctoral research involved developing an in vitro assay system for investigating the import of mitochondrial proteins, demonstrating its energy dependence and identifying compartment-specific protein-processing pathways. [5] [6]

After a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Basel in 1982, Gasser worked as a postdoctoral assistant with Ulrich K. Laemmli in the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Geneva from 1983 to 1986. [7] Her research there concerned chromosome structure and the organization of chromatin loops, including the role of topoisomerase II in metaphase chromosome structure and adenine- and thymine-rich sequences in long-range chromatin folding. [8] [9] [10] [11]

Career

In 1986, she established a research group at the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) in Epalinges, near Lausanne. [7] She remained at ISREC until 2001, studying chromatin organization through yeast genetics, microscopy and biochemical methods. [3] She continued these studies as professor of molecular biology at the University of Geneva from 2001 to 2004. [12]

Gasser became Director of the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in 2004, serving until 2019. [13] [14] She continued to lead a research group at the institute until 2021 and held a parallel professorship in molecular biology at the University of Basel from 2005 to 2021. [15]

In 2021, she became Director of the ISREC Foundation [16] and a guest professor at the University of Lausanne. [12] Her work at the foundation includes support for the Agora Cancer Research Center, which brings together cancer researchers and clinicians from universities and hospitals in Lausanne and Geneva. [17]

She has also held visiting appointments at Osaka University [18] and the Tokyo Institute of Technology. [4] In 2026, she took up a 5-year specially appointed visiting professorship at Tohoku University in Sendai. [19]

Research

Gasser's research investigates the relationship between the organization of chromatin—the DNA and associated proteins that make up chromosomes—and the regulation and maintenance of the genome. Her laboratory has used the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model organisms, combining genetics, biochemistry, genome-wide analyses and fluorescence microscopy of living cells.

During her postdoctoral work, Gasser studied the role of topoisomerase II in the structure of mitotic chromosomes and characterized DNA regions associated with chromatin loops. [9] [20] At ISREC, she investigated the organization of DNA replication origins and developed assays for studying replication in isolated yeast nuclei and nuclear extracts. [21] [22]

Her laboratory showed that telomeres cluster near the nuclear envelope and examined how this organization contributes to gene silencing. [23] These studies identified roles for the Sir3 and Sir4 proteins in telomere positioning and integrity. [24] In collaboration with Michael Grunstein, she investigated interactions between these proteins and the tails of histones H3 and H4, contributing to a molecular model of silent chromatin formation in yeast. [25] Her group subsequently examined how the concentration of silencing proteins within nuclear compartments affects gene repression. [26] It also studied the relationship between association with nuclear pores and the activation of inducible genes, showing that positioning at the nuclear periphery can have different effects on gene expression and telomere length maintenance. [27] [24] [28] [29]

Gasser's laboratory developed time-lapse fluorescence imaging methods to measure the movement of individual chromosomal regions in living yeast cells. [30] These studies showed that chromatin moves continuously within the nucleus and that its mobility varies with the cell cycle and its attachment to nuclear structures. [30] Chromatin organization and movement change upon DNA damage in a checkpoint kinase-dependent manner [31] and depend on the recruitment of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex. [32] [33] They also were first to show the relocation of persistent DNA double-strand breaks to nuclear pores, [29] and that both pores and remodelers contribute to the recovery of collapsed replication forks. [34] [29] [35]

Later studies showed that DNA damage can trigger histone degradation, altering chromatin structure and increasing access for proteins involved in homologous recombination. [36] [37] These investigations linked changes in chromatin packaging and mobility to the mechanisms through which cells repair damaged DNA. [36] [37]

In C. elegans, Gasser's laboratory investigated how heterochromatin, a form of chromatin associated with gene repression, is positioned within the nucleus during development. [38] Her group showed that methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3, known as H3K9 methylation, contributes to the localization of heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery. [38] The laboratory identified CEC-4, a chromodomain protein that selectively binds methylated H3K9, as a heterochromatin anchor at the nuclear periphery, connecting chromatin anchoring with the maintenance of cell identity during cellular differentiation. [39] [40] Subsequent studies examined how modifications associated with active chromatin help separate transcribed regions of the genome from heterochromatin in differentiated cells. [41] [42]

Her group illustrated how H3K9 methylation suppresses repetitive DNA transcription and protects against genome instability associated with RNA–DNA hybrids. [43] [44] Using a C. elegans model of Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, the laboratory examined how altered chromatin anchoring by nuclear lamins affects gene positioning and muscle function. [45] [46]

Professional service

Gasser served on the research council of the Swiss National Science Foundation from 1993 to 2002 and chaired the council of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) from 2002 to 2004. [47] [48] She was a member of the President's Science and Technology Advisory Council of the European Commission from 2013 to 2015, [3] and of the Swiss Science Council from 2016 to 2023. [49] She was a member of the ETH Board from 2018 to 2026. [50] From 2019 to 2026, she was Chairwoman of the Strategic Advisory Committee of the Helmholtz Health Institutes in Germany. [51] She has also represented Switzerland on the councils of the European Molecular Biology Conference and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. [52] [53]

Her scientific advisory work has included roles with the Francis Crick Institute, [54] the Biozentrum of the University of Basel, [55] Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie in Belgium [56] and the International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, [57] among others. Outside academia, she served on the Board of Directors of UCB from 2021 to 2025, [58] on the Board of Directors of the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation from 2014 to 2018, [3] and as a member of the Nestlé Nutrition Council from 2007 to 2017. [59]

Gasser chaired the Swiss National Science Foundation's gender equality commission and helped establish its PRIMA programme to support women in academic research. [47] [60] She has participated in mentoring programmes for women scientists in Switzerland and Japan and was a founding member of Women in Science Japan in 2019. [61]

Honors and awards

Selected publications

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Susan Margaret Gasser-Wilson – Curriculum vitae". Academia Europaea. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  2. ↑ Wilson SM, Makinen MW (1980). "An electron microscope study of the fiber-to-crystal transition of sickle cell hemoglobin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 77 (2): 944–948. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.944 . PMC   348399 . PMID   6928690.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Susan M. Gasser". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 "Susan Gasser". Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative. Tokyo Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  5. ↑ Gasser, Susan M.; Daum, Günther; Schatz, Gottfried (10 November 1982). "Import of proteins into mitochondria: Energy-dependent uptake of precursors by isolated mitochondria". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (21): 13034–13041. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33618-4 . PMID   6215405.
  6. ↑ Daum, Günther; Gasser, Susan M.; Schatz, Gottfried (10 November 1982). "Import of proteins into mitochondria: Energy-dependent, two-step processing of the intermembrane space enzyme cytochrome b2 by isolated yeast mitochondria". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (21): 13075–13080. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33624-X . PMID   6752147.
  7. 1 2 "Marker Lectures in Genetic Engineering scheduled for April 22 and 23". Pennsylvania State University. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  8. ↑ "Uli K. Laemmli". University of Geneva. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  9. 1 2 Gasser, Susan M.; Laroche, Thierry; Falquet, Jacques; Boy de la Tour, Edith; Laemmli, Ulrich K. (20 April 1986). "Metaphase chromosome structure: Involvement of topoisomerase II". Journal of Molecular Biology. 188 (4): 613–629. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(86)80010-9. PMID   3016287.
  10. ↑ Gasser, Susan M.; Laemmli, Ulrich K. (15 August 1986). "Cohabitation of scaffold binding regions with upstream/enhancer elements of three developmentally regulated genes of D. melanogaster". Cell. 46 (4): 521–530. Bibcode:1986Cell...46..521G. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90877-9. PMID   3015418.
  11. ↑ Gasser SM, Laemmli UK (1987). "A glimpse at chromosomal order". Trends in Genetics. 3 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(87)90156-9.
  12. 1 2 "Susan Gasser". University of Lausanne. Archived from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  13. ↑ "Interview with Susan Gasser, FMI Director Emeritus". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  14. ↑ "Dirk Schübeler appointed as new FMI Director". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  15. ↑ "Former Group Leaders". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  16. ↑ "Susan Gasser elected director of the ISREC Foundation". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  17. ↑ Dowell, William Thatcher (16 October 2019). "Innovative Cancer Research in Switzerland: AGORA Rising". Global Geneva. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  18. ↑ "Projects for promoting international joint research selected". Osaka University. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  19. ↑ "Welcoming Professor Susan GASSER to Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University". Tohoku University Graduate School of Agricultural Science. 14 July 2026. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  20. ↑ Gasser SM, Laemmli UK (1986). "The organization of chromatin loops: characterization of a scaffold attachment site". The EMBO Journal. 5 (3): 511–518. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04240.x. PMC   1166792 . PMID   16453673.
  21. ↑ Pasero P, Braguglia D, Gasser SM (1997). "ORC-dependent and origin-specific initiation of DNA replication at defined foci in isolated yeast nuclei". Genes & Development. 11 (12): 1504–1518. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.12.1504 . PMID   9203578.
  22. ↑ Braguglia D, Heun P, Pasero P, Duncker BP, Gasser SM (1998). "Semi-conservative replication in yeast nuclear extracts requires Dna2 helicase and supercoiled template". Journal of Molecular Biology. 281 (4): 631–649. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1973. PMID   9710536.
  23. ↑ Gotta M, Laroche T, Formenton A, Maillet L, Scherthan H, Gasser SM (1996). "The clustering of telomeres and colocalization with Rap1, Sir3, and Sir4 proteins in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Journal of Cell Biology. 134 (6): 1349–1363. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.6.1349. PMC   2121006 . PMID   8830766.
  24. 1 2 Palladino F, Laroche T, Gilson E, Axelrod A, Pillus L, Gasser SM (1993). "SIR3 and SIR4 proteins are required for the positioning and integrity of yeast telomeres". Cell. 75 (3): 543–555. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90388-7. PMID   8221893.
  25. ↑ Hecht A, Laroche T, Strahl-Bolsinger S, Gasser SM, Grunstein M (1995). "Histone H3 and H4 N-termini interact with SIR3 and SIR4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast". Cell. 80 (4): 583–592. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90512-x. PMID   7867066.
  26. ↑ Maillet L, Boscheron C, Gotta M, Marcand S, Gilson E, Gasser SM (1996). "Evidence for silencing subcompartments within the yeast nucleus: a role for telomere proximity and Sir protein concentration in silencer-mediated repression". Genes & Development. 10 (14): 1796–1811. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.14.1796 . PMID   8698239.
  27. ↑ Taddei A, Van Houwe G, Hediger F, Kalck V, Cubizolles F, Schober H, Gasser SM (2006). "Nuclear pore association confers optimal expression levels for an inducible yeast gene". Nature. 441 (7094): 774–778. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..774T. doi:10.1038/nature04845. PMID   16760983.
  28. ↑ Laroche T, Martin SG, Gotta M, Gorham HC, Pryde FE, Louis EJ, Gasser SM (1998). "Mutation of yeast Ku genes disrupts the subnuclear organization of telomeres". Current Biology. 8 (11): 653–656. Bibcode:1998CBio....8..653L. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70252-0. PMID   9635192.
  29. 1 2 3 Nagai S, Dubrana K, Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Davidson MB, Roberts TM, Brown GW, Varela E, Hediger F, Gasser SM, Krogan NJ (2008). "Functional targeting of DNA damage to a nuclear pore-associated SUMO-dependent ubiquitin ligase". Science. 322 (5901): 597–602. Bibcode:2008Sci...322..597N. doi:10.1126/science.1162790. PMC   3518492 . PMID   18948542.
  30. 1 2 Heun P, Laroche T, Shimada K, Furrer P, Gasser SM (2001). "Chromosome dynamics in the yeast interphase nucleus". Science. 294 (5549): 2181–2186. doi:10.1126/science.1065366. PMID   11739961.
  31. ↑ Dion V, Kalck V, Horigome C, Towbin BD, Gasser SM (2012). "Increased mobility of double-strand breaks requires Mec1, Rad9 and the homologous recombination machinery". Nature Cell Biology. 14 (5): 502–509. doi:10.1038/ncb2465. PMID   22484486.
  32. ↑ van Attikum H, Fritsch O, Hohn B, Gasser SM (2004). "Recruitment of the INO80 complex by H2A phosphorylation links ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling with DNA double-strand break repair". Cell. 119 (6): 777–788. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.033. PMID   15607975.
  33. ↑ Seeber A, Dion V, Gasser SM (2013). "Checkpoint kinases and the INO80 nucleosome remodeling complex enhance global chromatin mobility in response to DNA damage". Genes & Development. 27 (18): 1999–2008. doi:10.1101/gad.222992.113. PMC   3792476 .
  34. ↑ Cobb JA, Bjergbaek L, Shimada K, Frei C, Gasser SM (2003). "DNA polymerase stabilization at stalled replication forks requires Mec1 and the RecQ helicase Sgs1". The EMBO Journal. 22 (16): 4325–4336. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg391. PMC   175781 . PMID   12912929.
  35. ↑ Su XA, Dion V, Gasser SM, Freudenreich CH (15 May 2015). "Regulation of recombination at yeast nuclear pores controls repair and triplet repeat stability". Genes & Development. 29 (10): 1006–1017. doi:10.1101/gad.256404.114. PMC   4441049 . PMID   25940904.
  36. 1 2 "Histone degradation accompanies the DNA repair response". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  37. 1 2 Hauer MH, Seeber A, Singh V, Thierry R, Sack R, Amitai A, Kryzhanovska M, Eglinger J, Holcman D, Owen-Hughes T, Gasser SM (2017). "Histone degradation in response to DNA damage enhances chromatin dynamics and recombination rates". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 24 (2): 99–107. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3347. PMID   28067915.
  38. 1 2 Towbin BD, González-Aguilera C, Sack R, Gaidatzis D, Kalck V, Meister P, Askjaer P, Gasser SM (2012). "Step-wise methylation of histone H3K9 positions heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery". Cell. 150 (5): 934–947. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.051. hdl: 10261/129114 .
  39. ↑ "How packing away DNA stabilizes cell fate decisions". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  40. ↑ Gonzalez-Sandoval A, Towbin BD, Kalck V, Cabianca DS, Gaidatzis D, Hauer MH, Geng L, Wang L, Yang T, Wang X, Zhao K, Gasser SM (2015). "Perinuclear anchoring of H3K9-methylated chromatin stabilizes induced cell fate in C. elegans embryos". Cell. 163 (6): 1333–1347. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.066. PMID   26607792.
  41. ↑ "A role for gene activators in 3D nuclear organization". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  42. ↑ Cabianca DS, Muñoz-Jiménez C, Kalck V, Gaidatzis D, Padeken J, Seeber A, Askjaer P, Gasser SM (2019). "Active chromatin marks drive spatial sequestration of heterochromatin in C. elegans nuclei". Nature. 569 (7758): 734–739. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1243-y. PMID   31118512.
  43. ↑ "Epigenetic repression suppresses genomic instability". Phys.org. Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  44. ↑ Zeller P, Padeken J, van Schendel R, Kalck V, Tijsterman M, Gasser SM (2016). "Histone H3K9 methylation is dispensable for Caenorhabditis elegans development but suppresses RNA:DNA hybrid-associated repeat instability". Nature Genetics. 48 (11): 1385–1395. doi:10.1038/ng.3672. PMID   27668659.
  45. ↑ "The importance of gene position for muscle development and integrity". Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  46. ↑ Harr JC, Schmid CD, Muñoz-Jiménez C, Romero-Bueno R, Kalck V, Gonzalez-Sandoval A, Hauer MH, Padeken J, Askjaer P, Mattout A, Gasser SM (2020). "Loss of an H3K9me anchor rescues laminopathy-linked changes in nuclear organization and muscle function in an Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy model". Genes & Development. 34 (7–8): 560–579. doi:10.1101/gad.332213.119. PMC   7111258 . PMID   32139421.
  47. 1 2 Gasser, Susan M. (2022). "Lessons in chromatin organization and gender equity in research: an interview with Susan Gasser". Epigenomics. 14 (6): 331–337. doi:10.2217/epi-2022-0063. PMID   35259924.
  48. ↑ EMBO Annual Report 2004 (PDF) (Report). European Molecular Biology Organization. 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  49. ↑ "Prof Susan Gasser leaves the Swiss Science Council after eight years". ISREC Foundation. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  50. ↑ "Federal Council appoints new vice president and member of the ETH Board". ETH Board. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  51. ↑ "Staff members". University of Lausanne. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  52. ↑ "Strengthening ties with the science community in Japan". European Molecular Biology Organization. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  53. ↑ "EMBL Council and Finance Committee members". European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  54. ↑ "Susan Gasser". Scientific Advisory Board. Francis Crick Institute. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  55. ↑ "Advisory Board". Biozentrum, University of Basel. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  56. ↑ "Institutional Advisory Board". VIB. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  57. ↑ "International Advisory Board". International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  58. ↑ "UCB announces changes on Board of Directors". UCB. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  59. ↑ "Shaping the future of nutrition" (PDF). Nestlé. November 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  60. ↑ "Susan Gasser receives honorary doctorate from the University of Fribourg". University of Basel. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  61. ↑ "Celebrating women in science in Japan". Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  62. ↑ "Swiss Science Prize Latsis". Swiss National Science Foundation. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  63. ↑ "Susan M. Gasser". EMBO.
  64. ↑ "Friedrich Miescher Award". Life Sciences Switzerland. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  65. ↑ "Susan Gasser". Academia Europaea. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  66. ↑ "Susan Gasser". French Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  67. ↑ "Sénat de l'ASSM: Membres individuel.le.s depuis 1992" (PDF) (in French). Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences. p. 4. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  68. ↑ "Awardees". Otto Nägeli Award. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  69. ↑ "Awarded The Gregor Johann Mendel Honorary Medals for Merit in the Biological Sciences". Czech Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  70. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Susan M. Gasser". German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
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  73. ↑ "FEBS | EMBO Women in Science Awardees". European Molecular Biology Organization. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  74. ↑ "President Barroso announces creation of a Science and Technology Advisory Council" (Press release). European Commission. 27 February 2013. IP/13/168. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  75. ↑ "Signs of Success" (PDF). Weizmann International Magazine of Science and People. No. 5. Weizmann Institute of Science. Winter–Spring 2014. p. 45. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  76. ↑ "Susan Gasser, Docteur honoris causa de l'UNIL". Unil.ch (in French).
  77. ↑ "Univerzita Karlova udělila dva čestné doktoráty". Charles University. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  78. ↑ "Yeast Genetics Meeting: Lee Hartwell Lecture". Genetics Society of America . Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  79. ↑ "Susan Gasser receives honorary doctorate from the University of Fribourg". University of Basel. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  80. ↑ "Doctorats honoris causa dès 1878". University of Geneva (in French). 28 August 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  81. ↑ "Susan M. Gasser". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  82. ↑ "Lelio Orci Award". Life Sciences Switzerland. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  83. ↑ "2026 New Member List". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
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