The Symphony No. 78 in C minor, Hoboken 1/78, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn completed in 1782.
In 1782, almost a decade before Haydn composed the first of his famous London symphonies, he composed a trio of symphonies – 76, 77 and 78 – for a trip to London which fell through. [1] Haydn wrote the following to his Paris music publisher Boyer on July 15, 1783: [2]
Last year I composed 3 beautiful, magnificent and by no means over-lengthy Symphonies, scored for 2 violins, viola, basso, 2 horns, 2 oboes, 1 flute and 1 bassoon – but they are all very easy, and without too much concertante– for the English gentlemen, and I intended to bring them over myself and produce them there: but a certain circumstance hindered that plan, and so I am willing to hand over these 3 Symphonies.
It is not known how much Haydn knew of the tastes of English audiences, but the three symphonies do possess a polish and style typical of London composers such as Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel. As noted in the letter, the winds have very few measures where they do not support the strings: they are used primarily to add color. [2]
The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and strings.
The galant character that Haydn used for the previous two symphonies for London is still present in the inner two movements, but Sturm und Drang rules the outer two.
The first movement defines C minor in the first bar, but then destabilizes it with awkward leaps at odd intervals:
This symphony served as one of the models for Mozart's Piano Concerto in C minor of 1786, which employs a variant of the opening statement of Haydn's symphony. [3] But the claim has been questioned, since Mozart already has a similar expression of minor seventh leaps in the Act III interlude from Thamos, King of Egypt, K. 345/336a, which predates the Haydn symphony in date of composition.
Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 13 in D major was written in 1763 for the orchestra of Haydn's patron, Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, in Eisenstadt.
The Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K. 183/173dB, was written by the then 17-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in October 1773, shortly after the success of his opera seria Lucio Silla. It was supposedly completed in Salzburg on October 5, a mere two days after the completion of his Symphony No. 24, although this remains unsubstantiated. Its first movement was used as the opening music in Miloš Forman's film biographical Amadeus.
Symphony No. 103 in E♭ major is the eleventh of the twelve London symphonies written by Joseph Haydn. This symphony is nicknamed The Drumroll after the long roll on the timpani with which it begins. It is from 1795, and his second-to-last symphony.
The Symphony No. 96 in D major, Hoboken I/96, was completed by Joseph Haydn in 1791 as part of the set of symphonies composed on his first trip to London. It was first performed at the Hanover Square Rooms in London on 11 March 1791. Although it is the fourth of the twelve London symphonies by number, it was actually the first one written and performed. It is popularly known as the Miracle Symphony.
Symphony No. 93 in D major, Hoboken I/93, one of the twelve London symphonies written by Joseph Haydn.
The Symphony No. 98 in B♭ major, Hoboken I/98, is the sixth of the twelve London symphonies composed by Joseph Haydn. It was completed in 1792 as part of the set of symphonies composed on his first trip to London. It was first performed at the Hanover Square Rooms in London on 2 March 1792.
The Symphony No. 99 in E♭ major is the seventh of the twelve London symphonies written by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was written in 1793 in Vienna in anticipation for his second trip to London.
Symphony No. 81 in G major is a symphony by Joseph Haydn composed in 1784 as part of a trio of symphonies that also included symphonies 79 and 80.These three symphonies were specially written for performance in March 1785.
Symphony No. 77 in B♭ major, Hoboken I/77, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn completed in 1782.
Symphony No. 76 in E♭ major is a symphony by Joseph Haydn completed in 1782.
The Symphony No. 75 in D major is a symphony composed by Joseph Haydn between 1779 and 1781.
The Symphony No. 72 in D major is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was probably composed between 1763 and 1765. The date of this composition is earlier than its number suggests. This work is not well chronologically placed in the Hoboken numbering system: it was composed fifteen to twenty years before the neighboring works.
The Symphony No. 68 in B flat major, Hoboken I/68, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was composed by 1779 for Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy. It is chronologically the last symphony by Haydn where the Minuet is second out of the four movements.
The Symphony No. 62 in D major, Hoboken I/62, is a symphony written by Joseph Haydn for the orchestra at Esterháza in 1780 or 1781, a good length of time after the writing of Symphony No. 61.
The Symphony No. 54 in G major, Hoboken I/54, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, composed in 1774.
The Symphony No. 51 in B♭ major, Hoboken I/51, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, written in either 1773 or 1774, although the exact dating remains ambiguous.
The Symphony No. 30 in C major, Hoboken I/30, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn composed in 1765, at the age of 33. It is nicknamed the Alleluia Symphony because of Haydn's use of a Gregorian Alleluia chant in the opening movement.
Joseph Haydn wrote Symphony No. 24 in D major, Hoboken I/24, in 1764.
The Symphony No. 7 in C major, Hoboken I/7, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, sometimes called "Le midi", meaning "The Noon."
The Symphony No. 9 in C major, Hoboken I/9, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was composed in 1762, under the auspices of Nikolaus Esterházy, who allowed the symphony to be performed in Eisenstadt.
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