Tapajós hermit

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Tapajós hermit
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Phaethornis
Species:
P. aethopygus
Binomial name
Phaethornis aethopygus
Zimmer, 1950
Phaethornis aethopyga map.svg

The Tapajós hermit (Phaethornis aethopygus) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil. [3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The Tapajós hermit was first described in 1950 as a subspecies of the little hermit (P. longuemareus). [4] At that time many small hermits now treated as separate species were considered subspecies of the little hermit, and the Tapajós hermit was believed to be most closely related to the black-throated hermit (P. atrimentalis). [4] In 1996 it was suggested that the Tapajós hermit was entirely invalid, and actually represented a hybrid between the reddish (P. ruber) and streak-throated (P. rupurumii) hermits. [5] In 2009 this hypothesis was shown to be incorrect, [6] and the Tapajós hermit was recognized as a valid species. [7]

The Tapajós hermit is monotypic. [3]

Description

The Tapajós hermit is about 9 cm (3.5 in) long. The male has a metallic olive green crown and back with reddish edges to the feathers and a rich reddish rump. The tail is rounded; the feathers are dusky brownish with reddish shafts and all but the outermost have white at their base. The face is blackish with a pale supercilium and a reddish malar stripe. The chin is white and the throat black becoming rufous on the neck, chest, and belly. The female is similar but with a paler rump and buffy olive underparts with a reddish tinge. [8]

Distribution and habitat

The Tapajós hermit is found in Brazil between the Tapajós and Xingu Rivers, north-flowing tributaries of the Amazon River. It inhabits primary forest but also tolerates logged and burned areas. It has been observed in a heavily disturbed terra firme area. [8]

Behavior

Feeding

The Tapajós hermit feeds on nectar and is assumed to also consume small insects and other invertebrates. [8]

Breeding

Male Tapajós hermits display to females at leks, but nothing else is known about the species' breeding phenology. [8]

Vocalization

The Tapajós hermit's song is "a long high-pitched phrase repeated incessantly without pauses between phrases...e.g. 'tsi ... tsi ... tsi ... tsi .. tsi-tsi-tse-tsee-chup-chup'." [8]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the Tapajós hermit as Vulnerable. Its population size is not known but is thought to be declining due to deforestation and the paving of a major highway with accompanying development. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little hermit</span> Species of bird

The little hermit is a hummingbird that is a resident breeder in north-eastern Venezuela, northern Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Trinidad. This lowland species occurs in various semi-open wooded habitats, e.g. mangrove, secondary forest, plantations and scrub. In Trinidad it also occurs in rainforest. It is fairly common in most of its range, and therefore listed as Least Concern by BirdLife International.

<i>Phaethornis</i> Genus of birds

Phaethornis is a genus of hummingbirds in the hermit subfamily, Phaethornithinae. They occur from southern Mexico, through Central America, to South America as far south as northern Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tawny-bellied hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The tawny-bellied hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-bellied hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The black-throated hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Straight-billed hermit</span> Species of hummiingbird

The straight-billed hermit is a species of bird in the family Trochilidae, the hummingbirds. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scale-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The scale-throated hermit is a species in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-chinned hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The grey-chinned hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minute hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The minute hermit is a tiny species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koepcke's hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

Koepcke's hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great-billed hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The great-billed hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinnamon-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The cinnamon-throated hermit is a species in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Needle-billed hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The needle-billed hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reddish hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The reddish hermit is a species of bird in the family Trochilidae, the hummingbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streak-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The streak-throated hermit, also known as the Rupurumi hermit, is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The dusky-throated hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-browed hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The white-browed hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in the Andean foothills and adjacent lowlands in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planalto hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The planalto hermit is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripe-throated hermit</span> Species of bird

The stripe-throated hermit is a species of hummingbird from Central America and north-western South America. It is generally fairly common and considered Least Concern by BirdLife International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The Mexican hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Mexico.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2018). "Tapajos Hermit Phaethornis aethopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22736463A131358580. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22736463A131358580.en . Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. 1 2 Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)" . Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Zimmer, J. T. (1950). Studies of Peruvian Birds #55. The hummingbird genera Doryfera, Glaucis, Threnetes, and Phaethornis. American Museum Novitates 1449: 1–51.
  5. Hinkelmann, C. (1996). Evidence for natural hybridisation in hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornis spp.). Bulletin B.O.U. 116: 5–14.
  6. Piacentini, V. Q., A. Aleixo, & L. F. Silveira (2009). Hybrid, subspecies or species? The validity and taxonomic status of Phaethornis longuemareus aethopyga Zimmer, 1950 (Trochilidae). Auk 126: 604-612.
  7. Piacentini, V. Q. (2010). Recognize Phaethornis aethopyga as a valid species. Archived 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine South American Classification Committee. Accessed 13 August 2010
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Fjeldså, J. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Tapajos Hermit (Phaethornis aethopygus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.lither3.01 retrieved November 25, 2021