Phaethornis

Phaethornis
Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis superciliosus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Subfamily:	Phaethornithinae
Genus:	Phaethornis Swainson, 1827
Type species
Trochilus superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766
Species
See text

Phaethornis is a genus of hummingbirds in the hermit subfamily, Phaethornithinae. They occur from southern Mexico, through Central America, to South America as far south as northern Argentina.

Description and ecology

Their plumage typically involves greens, browns, rufous or grey. Most species show some green or bronze iridescence to the upperparts, but this is far less conspicuous than that of many other hummingbirds. The male and female plumages of hermits are very similar, with differences limited to details of bill-shape, tail-shape and/or strength of colours/patterns. No species of hermit show the strong sexual dimorphism usually associated with hummingbirds.

Phaethornis hermits typically have a long decurved bill, although three species, P. koepkeae, P. philippii and P. bourcieri have virtually straight bills. They have a red or yellow base to the lower mandible, and their two central tail feathers are elongated and tipped with white, buff or ochraceous. The crown of the head is flat, and two pale facial stripes enclose a dusky mask.

Most Phaethornis hermits are restricted to the edge and undergrowth of forest, woodland and second growth, but some species (e.g. P. pretrei) also occur in more open habitats.

Many species of hermits form leks and congregate on traditional display grounds, where females visit to choose a mate. However, male hermits are generally less aggressive than other male hummingbirds, though both sexes will defend a feeding territory.

Most hermits are associated with heliconias, but will utilize other nectar sources like flowers of Centropogon , Passiflora , Costus , etc. To a lesser degree, they will capture small arthropods. The long, decurved bills typical of most members of this group of hummingbirds are an adaptation to certain flowers.

Taxonomy

The genus Phaethornis was introduced in 1827 by William Swainson with the long-tailed hermit as the type species. ^[1] The name combines the Ancient Greek phaethōn meaning "sun" and ornis meaning "bird". ^[2] The genus now contains 27 species. ^[3]

The taxonomy of some groups have changed significantly in recent years, especially following the split of several small hermits (P. idaliae, P. atrimentalis and P. striigularis) previously considered subspecies of Phaethornis longuemareus, as well as the split of P. longirostris from P. superciliosus. ^[4]

Further confusion exists between P. superciliosus and P. malaris: Most taxa previously considered subspecies of the former (bolivianus, insolitus, margarettae, moorei and ochraceiventris) are now placed with the latter. ^[5] A fully satisfactory taxonomic treatment of the entire longirostris/malaris/superciliosus group is still lacking according to some Neotropical ornithologists. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Another such case is P. maranhaoensis: Some ^[9] considered it invalid, believing it was the male plumage of P. nattereri. However, P. maranhaoensis only occurs in the northern part of the range of P. nattereri, and the two have different voices. ^[10] Molecular work also confirms the validity of P. maranhaoensis, ^[10] though details presently are lacking. Comparably, P. aethopyga has generally been considered invalid as believed to be a hybrid between P. ruber and P. rupurumii , but this assumption has recently been shown to be incorrect, leading to its revalidation as a distinct species. ^[11] For the same authors, the taxa proposed as hybrids by Hinkelmann, ^[12] could be valid taxa, especially P. longuemareus imatacae.

Species in taxonomic order

Image	Common name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Dusky-throated hermit	Phaethornis squalidus	Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil.
	Streak-throated hermit	Phaethornis rupurumii	south-eastern Venezuela, west-central Guyana, and the extreme northern Brazil Amazon Basin
	Tapajós hermit	Phaethornis aethopygus	south-eastern Amazon in Brazil
	Little hermit	Phaethornis longuemareus	north-eastern Venezuela, northern Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Trinidad.
	Minute hermit	Phaethornis idaliae	humid Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil, ranging from Rio de Janeiro north to south-eastern Bahia
	Cinnamon-throated hermit	Phaethornis nattereri	Amazon Rainforest from far north-eastern Bolivia north-east to Maranhão in Brazil.
	Black-throated hermit	Phaethornis atrimentalis	western Amazon in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
	Stripe-throated hermit	Phaethornis striigularis	southern Mexico (north-eastern Oaxaca and southern Veracruz east to southern Quintana Roo), Belize, north-eastern Guatemala, northern and eastern Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, western, central and northern Colombia (mainly Pacific lowlands and the Magdalena valley region), western Ecuador (south to El Oro) and north-eastern Venezuela (both slopes of the Andes and northern mountains)
	Grey-chinned hermit	Phaethornis griseogularis	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and - marginally - far northern Brazil
	Reddish hermit	Phaethornis ruber	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas.
	White-browed hermit	Phaethornis stuarti	Bolivia and Peru.
	Buff-bellied hermit	Phaethornis subochraceus	Bolivia and Brazil.
	Sooty-capped hermit	Phaethornis augusti	Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana and Brazil
	Planalto hermit	Phaethornis pretrei	eastern and south-central Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and marginally in north-western Argentina.
	Scale-throated hermit	Phaethornis eurynome	north-eastern Argentina, south-eastern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay
	Pale-bellied hermit	Phaethornis anthophilus	Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela
	White-bearded hermit	Phaethornis hispidus	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
	White-whiskered hermit	Phaethornis yaruqui	Colombia and Ecuador.
	Green hermit	Phaethornis guy	southern Central America (Costa Rica and Panama) south to northern South America (north-eastern Venezuela and Trinidad, and the northern Andes of eastern Peru)
	Tawny-bellied hermit	Phaethornis syrmatophorus	Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
	Koepcke's hermit	Phaethornis koepckeae	Peru.
	Needle-billed hermit	Phaethornis philippii	western Brazil, Peru and northwestern Bolivia
	Straight-billed hermit	Phaethornis bourcieri	Guyanas of Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; also the northern Amazon basin of Brazil, and Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
	Long-billed hermit or western long-tailed hermit	Phaethornis longirostris	central Mexico south to northwestern Colombia, extreme western Venezuela and western Ecuador.
	Mexican hermit	Phaethornis mexicanus	Mexico
	(Eastern) long-tailed hermit	Phaethornis superciliosus	Venezuela, the Guianas, and north-eastern Brazil.
	Great-billed hermit	Phaethornis malaris	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

References

1. Swainson, William John (1827). "A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F.L.S. and Mr. William Bullock jun". Philosophical Magazine. New Series. 1: 364–369, 433–442 [441]. doi:10.1080/14786442708674330.
2. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 301. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
4. Hinkelmann, Christoph & Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig (1997). "Phylogeny of the hermit hummingbirds (Trochilidae: Phaethornithinae)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 32 (3): 142–163. Bibcode:1997SNFE...32..142H. doi:10.1080/01650521.1997.9709616.
5. Hinkelmann, Christoph (1996). "Systematics and geographic variation in long-tailed hermit hummingbirds, the Phaethornis superciliosus-malaris-longirostris species group (Trochilidae), with notes on their biogeography" (PDF). Ornitologia Neotropical. 7 (2): 119–148.
6. South American Classification Committee (2003): Proposal (# 77) to South American Check-list Committee Archived 2006-09-04 at the Wayback Machine : Split Threnetes leucurus from Threnetes niger. Retrieved 2008-OCT-31.
7. South American Classification Committee (2005): Proposal (# 178) to South American Check-list Committee Archived 2007-02-23 at the Wayback Machine : Abandon the Hinkelmann-Schuchmann classification of the hermit hummingbirds (Phaethorninae), and specifically their classification of the Phaethornis superciliosus-malaris-longirostris species group. Retrieved 2008-OCT-31.
8. South American Classification Committee (2008): A classification of the bird species of South America – Part 4. Apodiformes Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine . Version of 2008-OCT-27. Retrieved 2008-OCT-31.
9. Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig (1999): Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World (Vol. 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds): 468–680, plates 45–76. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN   84-87334-25-3
10. Mallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006). "Táxons de aves de validade questionável com ocorrência no Brasil. III – Trochilidae (I)" [Questionable bird taxa with occurrence in Brazil. III – Trochilidae (I)](PDF). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (in Portuguese and English). 14 (4): 475–479. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27.
11. Piacentini, V. de Q., A. Aleixo, & L. F. Silveira (2009). "Hybrid, Subspecies, or Species? The Validity and Taxonomic Status of Phaethornis longuemareus aethopyga Zimmer, 1950 (Trochilidae)" (PDF). The Auk. 126 (3): 604–612. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.08130. S2CID   85821671.
12. Hinkelmann, Christoph (1996). "Evidence for natural hybridisation in hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornis spp.)". Bulletin B.O.U. 116: 5–14.

Further reading

• ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN   0-8014-9792-2
• Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN   0-7136-6418-5
• Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN   0-8014-9600-4