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Television consumption is a major part of media consumption in Western culture. Similar to other high-consumption ways of life, television watching is prompted by a quest for pleasure, escape, and "anesthesia." Obsessively watching television can be compared with common criteria for addictions, such as the inability to function at work or home, and negative consequences may arise from heavy or addictive consumption. [1]
As television becomes more widespread and easily accessible, television viewing continues to increase, but as the younger generation adopts new forms of entertainment, television viewership has dropped in recent years. Television viewing peaked in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has slightly decreased to an estimated 2 hours and 33 minutes daily in 2023. [2] Although television viewership has declined over the years, people are still watching content on screens. People are watching more content on streaming platforms through their phones, tablets, and laptops, as opposed to traditional television. Streaming service usage continues to grow, and from May 2021 to May 2022, it grew 21%, to now accounting for 32% of total television time. [3]
Starting at the beginning of 2023, streaming services saw a decline in viewership across the board. In a survey asking which services audiences use at least once a week, Netflix lost a few but maintains their lead at 68.3%. Disney+ lost 5.4%, bringing them to 32.3%, and Hulu also went down 4.6% to 42.6%. 85% of people say they use a streaming service, with 15% saying they don't use one. [4]
From 2013 to 2017, adults in the 65 and older demographic spent the most time watching television, about 4.3 hours, while 25-34-year-olds watched the least amount per day, just over 2 hours. Employed individuals, including full- and part-time, watched about 2.2 hours worth of television, while unemployed individuals watched about an hour and a half more of television, around 3.8 hours. Of individuals 65 and older, 80.2% were not employed, and this group watched about 4.5 hours of television per day. Retirement is the most likely reason for these higher numbers, as those in the younger demographic are entering the workforce and starting families, requiring them to divert and focus their time and attention away from television. [5] Given the 30% of local TV news broadcast time devoted to advertising, this results in 2 million TV commercials seen by the average person by age 65. An average child in the US will see 20,000 30-second TV commercials per year. [6] The time spent watching commercials is reduced when watching recorded TV. [7] It has even been surmised that due to media multitasking, TV commercials are largely ignored. [8]
With the growing effect of streaming sites and online television, there is an upward trend towards OTT (over-the-top) streaming sites, which causes a disruptive effect on cable television. [9] In 2013, 63% of the households in the United States have been using a video streaming and delivery service, and 22% of those households watch Netflix every week of the year. In English Canada, Netflix is used by 25% of households, and that increases to 33% for households with teens. Having the ability to watch commercial-free episodes at any given time and however and wherever the consumer desires, Netflix is shifting the way viewers consume television to a more digitalized, online manner. [9] The COVID-19 pandemic forced the world to stay inside, unable to travel or go to work in most cases, this affected television consumption as people did not have many other activities able to do. As a result, studies taken between May and December 2020 showed that Americans averaged 3.1 hours a day of television. In 2020, watching television, whether it was viewing DVDs, streaming shows, watching cable, or watching on a portable device, was the leisure activity that occupied the most time out of any activity. [10]
Binge-watching is the act of watching multiple episodes of a program in a single sitting. [11] This phenomenon originated in the Digital Age when streaming videos became easily accessible due to the advancement in technology and the low costs of unlimited bandwidth. Binge-watching has initiated the notion that by using this style of consumption, viewers have a greater understanding and knowledge of the show and character development, versus viewers who don't binge-watch. This overall greater understanding of the viewer has caused program executives and scholars to create a deeper understanding of uses and gratifications to continue to motivate consumers to use this style of viewing. [11]
In the summer of 2013, all the episodes of Season 4 of Arrested Development were released on Netflix, and 10% of their viewers watched the entire season in 24 hours. When House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black also released full seasons at a time in 2013 on Netflix, high percentage of viewers watched back-to-back episodes and finished the seasons within days. Even though these series are all different genres, the truth of binge-watching remains constant widespread. [9]
A risk of binge-watching is that it may lead a viewer to develop symptoms of behavioral addiction. Binge-watching to gain instant satisfaction is a negative coping strategy of behavioral addiction that may be compared to gambling in terms of its problematic nature. [12] One of the most popular motivations for problematic binge-watching is the ability to experience escape and to overcome a feeling of loneliness. [13] Even though binge-watching is not inherently bad, excessive binge-watching may be a result of existing mental health disorders such as depression and social anxiety, and it may be harmful for vulnerable individuals. [14]
In 2013, a research study showed that 62% of the American population admitted to binge-watching on a regular basis. Studies show that people between the ages of 18 and 39 are more likely to binge-watch TV shows compared to people 39 and older and of these ages regarding gender the only statistical difference is what genre of television each gender prefers more. [15] [16] There have been an increased amount of studies on the effects of binge-watching, some showing that binge-watching is similar to addictions to video games and social media addiction as it provides immediate gratification which can cause the watcher to lose self-control and spend more time watching than they initially anticipated. [17] [18] Research done by Merill and Rubenking also shows a relation between binge-watching and procrastination. [19]
As streaming continues and people binge-watch content, it can invite negative and unhealthy side effects. Watching television for hours on end isn't healthy for the individual's body and brain, so as more time is spent in front of the screen, more damage can be done.
Across cultures, television consumption has been associated to cause an overweight, inactive lifestyle among high school students across the United States. [20] Sedentary activities, such as consuming television, combined with soda consumption create positive energy in adolescents and contributes to childhood obesity. [21] Adolescents over 15 have a more structured schedule, going into high school and possibly also work, therefore they don't have as much time for television. Those under 15, however, have more free time, and they fill it up with television. Children and adolescents under 15 are more vulnerable to obesity as their bodies are adjusting and growing. Those in the age group who watch over 2 hours worth of television a day are twice as likely to become obese than those who watch less than 2 hours a day. The urge for food intake is increased when in front of a screen, which includes TV, computer, and video games. The food intake urge paired with TV commercials and advertisements for junk food and fast food only strengthens the urge, therefore increasing the obesity numbers. [22] From a sample of over 15,000 high school students, 43% of those students exceeded 2 hours a day of television viewing on a regular school day. Overall, 31% of the sample did not participate in daily physical activity, 11% were overweight, and 76% ate an insufficient amount of servings of fruit and vegetables. Watching television for 2 hours a day was correlated to being overweight and sedentary for White male and females, as well as Hispanic females. Among Black males, the amount of television consumption was associated with an increase on physical activity. There was no correlation for Black females and Hispanic males. [20]
Many shows and films on television portray thin and fit actors. Without full representation, those who don't reflect the thin and fit looks of those on-screen feel as if they don't meet societal norms. Society's idea of a perfect body can greatly lower the self-esteem of adolescents who view their bodies as not meeting what society deems as the ideal look. Many shows and advertisements feature thin women and muscular men. While companies are making moves to change those stereotypes, it still is influential in the minds of adolescents, and can damage their self-esteem. [23] Entertainment, social learning, and escape from negative effect are seen as the three main components of television usage, and other than entertainment, the components have significant correlations to negative outcomes for both males and females. This study suggests that the correlation between negative body images among adolescents and television consumption is based on the types of content and motives for watching, not the total amount. [24] In terms of the content that is being displayed in these television programs, it is important to evaluate the qualities that are given to the characters, by extension, the actors and actresses of these programs. The main characters of these televised programs are frequently portrayed by actors and actresses that fit into the attractive and thinner beauty standards. These actors and actresses frequently portray characters that are given successful story arcs and positions within their programs. In comparison, the actors and actresses that are viewed as less attractive and not as thin as their co-stars often portray characters that are used as the butt of jokes or less successful. These portrayals go beyond the screen as these main actors and actresses are also viewed as successful as their television characters. [25] These media portrayals and the promotion of the 'thin ideal' create a standard that physical beauty is the most important element of a woman as well as establishes more benefits for those that can fit into these ideas of beauty. In contrast, the standard would reinforce a conflicting standard that those who do not fit into these beauty ideals will not have access to these benefits and would be more likely to be subjected to negative social attitudes. [26]
Television continues to have a strong influence and impact on society. With many crime shows depicting factually incorrect information about crime, viewers are misled to believe the information from the show, therefore having a skewed perspective on the reality of crime. Those who consume more television, especially local and national news and crime shows, believe there are more violent crimes in society than there really are, and also have unrealistic views and expectations about the police force. [27] Regular consumption of various crime shows are not related to perceived police effectiveness and punishment-type attitudes, but is related to the viewers overall fear of crime. Also, the amount of time spent viewing these shows had no correlation to perceived police effectiveness, punitive attitudes, or fear of crime. [28] Further research has suggested that the correlation to crime shows and viewer's attitudes of crime, is dependent on program type. Programs that showcased more fear-driven responses were those that depicted a more violence-centered viewing.
The United States lead the global list of daily TV viewing time in 2015, followed by Poland, Japan, Italy, and Russia. [29] According to other statistics, the UK was top, followed by the US, France, Indonesia, Kenya and Nigeria in 2014. [30] In 2002, the US and the UK were ranked equal with 28 hours per person per week, followed by Italy, Germany, France, and Ireland. [31]
Television grows and evolves worldwide, and with the COVID-19 pandemic, television consumption increased everywhere. In Europe, mid-day news consumption in total doubled, and grew the most among younger viewers, up 20%. In the US, television consumption during the first weeks of the pandemic increased around 60%, evening news viewership grew 42% during the same period, and cable news viewership grew by 92%, compared to the months prior. [32]
Currently, worldwide media consumption averages at around 455 minutes per day. As technology continues to evolve, we adapt and change to how we receive our entertainment and information. From 2015 to 2020, traditional TV consumption in 18–34-year olds has dropped 14%. Some of this may be due to a switch to streaming on mobile devices which differ from traditional viewing methods, while still part of it may be due to other forms of media, like social media and games, that also account for media consumption. In Japan, daily viewership of TV broadcasting was around 3 hours and 42 minutes as of 2019. While the numbers may have dropped, TV broadcasts are still in use and relied upon for news, entertainment, and other uses. As 2023 continues on, worldwide paid VOD subscriptions are expected to reach 1.79 billion. With an increase in streaming services and VOD content, and also with the ease of mobility, there are more ways than ever to watch television. [33]
| Region | min/day |
|---|---|
| Asia Pacific | 154.5 |
| Central and Eastern Europe | 222.9 |
| Latin America | 199.0 |
| North America | 292.6 |
| MENA | 249.7 |
| Western Europe | 220.5 |
| Rest of world | 211.0 |
Cultivation theory is a sociological and communications framework designed to unravel the enduring impacts of media consumption, with a primary focus on television. At its core, the theory posits a compelling hypothesis: individuals who invest more time in watching television are prone to perceive the real world through a lens aligning with the prevalent depictions in television messages, in contrast to their counterparts with lower television viewership but comparable demographic profiles.
Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as television series and films, streamed over the Internet. Standing in contrast to dedicated terrestrial television delivered by over-the-air aerial systems, cable television, and/or satellite television systems, streaming television is provided as over-the-top media (OTT), or as Internet Protocol television (IPTV). In the United States, streaming television has become "the dominant form of TV viewing."
A food addiction or eating addiction is any behavioral addiction characterized primarily by the compulsive consumption of palatable and hyperpalatable food items. Such foods often have high sugar, fat, and salt contents (HFSS), and markedly activate the reward system in humans and other animals. Those with eating addictions often overconsume such foods despite the adverse consequences associated with their overconsumption.
Mean world syndrome is a proposed cognitive bias wherein people may perceive the world to be more dangerous than it is. This is due to long-term moderate to heavy exposure to violence-related content in mass media. In the early stages of research, mean world syndrome was only discussed as an effect of watching television. However, it became clear that social media platforms also play a major role in the spread of mean world syndrome.
Food reality television is a genre of reality television programming that considers the production, consumption and/or sociocultural impact of food.
The medium of television has had many influences on society since its inception. The belief that this impact has been dramatic has been largely unchallenged in media theory since its inception. However, there is much dispute as to what those effects are, how serious the ramifications are and if these effects are more or less evolutionary with human communication.
In broadcasting, time shifting is the recording of programming to a storage medium to be viewed or listened to after the live broadcasting. Typically, this refers to TV programming but it can also refer to radio shows via podcasts.
Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably.
Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films, and newspapers. Headquartered in New York City, it is best known for the Nielsen ratings, an audience measurement system of television viewership that for years has been the deciding factor in canceling or renewing television shows by television networks. As of August 2024, it is the primary part of Nielsen Holdings.
Social media and television have a number of connections and interrelationships that have led to the phenomenon of Social Television, which is an emerging communication digital technology that centers around real-time interactivity involving digital media displayed on television. The main idea behind Social Television is to make television consumption a more active content experience for audiences. In the 2010s, social media platforms and websites allowed for television shows to be accessed online on a range of desktop and mobile computer devices, smartphones and smart TVs that are still evolving today in the 2020s. Alongside this, online users can use social media websites to share digital video clips or excerpts from TV shows with fellow fans or even share an entire show online. Many social media websites enable users to post online comments on the programs—both negative and positive—in a variety of ways. Viewers can actively participate while watching a TV program by posting comments online, and have their interactions viewed and responded to in real time by other viewers. Technologies such as smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers allow viewers to watch downloaded digital files of TV shows or "stream" digital files of TV shows on a range of devices, both in the home and while on the go. In the 2020s, many television producers and broadcasters encourage active social media participation by viewers by posting "hashtags" on the TV screen during shows. These hashtags enable viewers to post online comments about the show, which may either be read by other social media users, or even, in some cases, displayed on the screen during the show.
The media and American adolescent sexuality relates to the effect the media has on the sexuality of American adolescents and the portrayal thereof.
Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to radio. An active media consumer must have the capacity for skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding. Media consumption is to maximize the interests of consumers.
Screen time is the amount of time spent using a device with a screen such as a smartphone, computer, television, video game console, or a tablet. The concept is under significant research with related concepts in digital media use and mental health. Screen time is correlated with mental and physical harm in child development. The positive or negative health effects of screen time are influenced by levels and content of exposure. To prevent harmful exposure to screen time, some governments have placed regulations on its usage.
A marathon or watchalong is an event in which viewers or readers engage many hours' worth of media in a condensed time period. This phrase represents a two-fold shift from binge-watch in that it incorporates other media and it reduces the negative connotations associated with bingeing. In the 2014 book Media Marathoning: Immersions in Morality, Lisa Perks describes media marathoning as a "comprehensive and complimentary phrase" that "connotes a conjoined triumph of commitment and stamina. This phrase also captures viewers' or readers' engrossment, effort, and sense of accomplishment surrounding their media interaction." Netflix executive Todd Yellin is quoted as saying "I don't like the term 'binge,' because it sounds almost pathological. 'Marathon' sounds more celebratory."
Binge-watching is the practice of watching entertainment or informational content for a prolonged time span, usually a single television show.
Childhood obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 96th percentile for children of the same age and sex. It can cause a variety of health problems, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, breathing problems, sleeping problems, and joint problems later in life. Children who are obese are at a greater risk for social and psychological problems as well, such as peer victimization, increased levels of aggression, and low self-esteem. Many environmental and social factors have been shown to correlate with childhood obesity, and researchers are attempting to use this knowledge to help prevent and treat the condition. When implemented early, certain forms of behavioral and psychological treatment can help children regain and/or maintain a healthy weight.
In the United States, the Golden Age of Television is a period widely regarded for its high number of "high quality", internationally acclaimed television programs.
A mukbang is an online audiovisual broadcast in which a host consumes various quantities of food while interacting with the audience. The genre became popular in South Korea in the early 2010s, and has become a global trend since the mid-2010s. Varieties of foods ranging from pizza to noodles are consumed in front of a camera. The purpose of mukbang is also sometimes educational, introducing viewers to regional specialties or gourmet spots.
Alcoholism in adolescence, though less common than in adults, presents a unique set of dangers due to the developing brain's vulnerability to alcohol's effects. Alcohol can cause harm and even damage to a person's DNA. "Alcohol consumption is recognized worldwide as a leading risk factor for disease, disability, and death" and is rated as the most used substance by adolescences. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological changes, usually a time in a person life in which they go through puberty. Combining these transitional stages and the intake of alcohol can leave a number of consequences for an adolescent.
TV Time is a tracking platform and social television network for TV and movies, available in app and desktop forms. Using TheTVDB as a data source, it allows users to store information about their media consumption and leave reviews.
nearly 90% of television viewers always skip through the adverts on their digital video recorder but TV remains the most memorable form of advertising
"Every 15 or 20 minutes, right when there's a commercial break on TV, you just see this massive peak in [mobile] activity," ... That means that even if Nielsen ratings—the industry standard for selling advertisements against a program—say that a million people watch a show, a lot of them are essentially shutting their eyes to the ad breaks.
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