The empire on which the sun never sets

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The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (Spanish : el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol) has been used to describe certain global empires that were so territorially extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least one part of their territory.

Contents

The concept of an empire ruling all lands where the sun shines dates back to the Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, the Persians, and the Romans. In its modern form, it was first used for the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, who, as Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to build a universal monarchy. The term was then used for the Spanish Empire under Philip II and his successors, when it reached a global territorial size, particularly in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. [1] [2] [3] It was also used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which it reached a global territorial size. In the late 20th century, the phrase was sometimes adapted to refer to the global reach of American power.

History

Ancient precursors

Mesopotamian texts contemporary to Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334 – 2279 BC) proclaim that this king ruled "all the lands from sunrise to sunset", [4] and the Story of Sinuhe (19th century BC) announces that the Egyptian king rules "all what the sun encircles". [5] Georg Büchmann traces the idea to a speech in Herodotus' Histories , attributed by Xerxes I before invading Greece. [6]

γῆν τὴν Περσίδα ἀποδέξομεν τῷ Διὸς αἰθέρι ὁμουρέουσαν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ χώρην γε οὐδεμίαν κατόψεται ἥλιος ὅμουρον ἐοῦσαν τῇ ἡμετέρῃ
"We shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's heaven reaches. The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders." [7]

The Roman Empire was also described in classical Latin literature as extending "from the rising to the setting sun". [8] [9]

Habsburg Empire of Charles V

The dominions of Charles V in Europe and the Americas Habsburg Empire of Charles V.png
The dominions of Charles V in Europe and the Americas

Charles V of the House of Habsburg controlled in personal union a composite monarchy inclusive of the Holy Roman Empire stretching from Germany to Northern Italy with direct rule over the Low Countries and Austria, and of Spain, which also included the southern Italian kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia and Naples and the long-lasting Spanish colonies in the Americas. He also reigned over the short-lived German colonies in the Americas. Sources variously attribute the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" to describe this empire to Charles V himself, the poet Ludovico Ariosto, or others. [10]

Spanish Empire

The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Monarchy or Empire Spanish Empire Anachronous en.svg
The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Monarchy or Empire

Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, made Spain (his homeland) the metropole of the territories that he inherited. In particular, he placed the Council of Castille, the Council of Aragon, the Council of Italy, the Council of Flanders and the Council of the Indies in Madrid. [11] He added the Philippines (named after him) to his colonial territories. When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. The Portuguese Empire, now ruled by Philip, itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Sub-Saharan Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

In 1585, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote Il pastor fido to mark the marriage of Catherine Michelle, daughter of Philip II, to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Guarini's dedication read, "Altera figlia / Di qel Monarca, a cui / Nö anco, quando annotta, il Sol tramonta." [6] ("The proud daughter / of that monarch to whom / when it grows dark [elsewhere] the sun never sets."). [12]

In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith [13] and to Francis Bacon, who writes: "both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them: which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]". [14] Thomas Urquhart wrote of "that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets." [15]

In the German dramatist Friedrich Schiller's 1787 play Don Carlos , Don Carlos's father, Philip II, says, "Ich heiße / der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; / Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter." ("I am called / The richest monarch in the Christian world; / The sun in my dominion never sets."). [16]

Joseph Fouché recalled Napoleon saying before the Peninsular War, "Reflect that the sun never sets in the immense inheritance of Charles V, and that I shall have the empire of both worlds." [17] This was cited in Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon. [12] [18]

It has been claimed that Louis XIV of France's emblem of the "Sun King" and associated motto, " Nec pluribus impar ", were based on the solar emblem and motto of Philip II, who was his maternal great-grandfather. [19]

British Empire

The British Empire in 1919, at its greatest extent with presence on all continents BritishEmpire1919.png
The British Empire in 1919, at its greatest extent with presence on all continents

In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as "Christopher North" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage. [20] [21] [22] [23] However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, of "this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained." [24]

In a speech on 31 July 1827, Rev. R. P. Buddicom said, "It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time." [25] In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, "On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges." [26]

Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: "A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." [12] [27] In 1839, Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, "Look at the British Colonial empire—the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves." [28] By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire". [29]

A rejoinder, sometimes attributed to John Duncan Spaeth, runs in one variant, "The sun never set on the British Empire, because even God couldn't trust the English in the dark". [30] [31]

United States

The United States has military bases in all the shaded countries in this map. American bases worldwide.svg
The United States has military bases in all the shaded countries in this map.

From the mid-nineteenth century, the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to Anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: "To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts...". [32]

By the end of the century, the phrase was also being applied to the United States alone. An 1897 magazine article titled "The Greatest Nation on Earth" boasted, "[T]he sun never sets on Uncle Sam". [33] In 1906, William Jennings Bryan wrote, "If we can not boast that the sun never sets on American territory, we can find satisfaction in the fact that the sun never sets on American philanthropy"; [34] after which, The New York Times received letters attempting to disprove his presupposition. [35] In the course of the 20th century, the metaphor of the sun never setting was used systematically, together with empire allusions such as Pax Americana , in the rhetoric of US foreign policy. [36] A 1991 history book discussion of U.S. expansion states, "Today ... the sun never sets on American territory, properties owned by the U.S. government and its citizens, American armed forces abroad, or countries that conduct their affairs within limits largely defined by American power." [37]

Although most of these sentiments have a patriotic ring, the phrase is sometimes used critically with the implication of American imperialism, as in the title of Joseph Gerson's book, The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Empire</span> Territory ruled by the United Kingdom

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height in the 19th and early 20th century, it was the largest empire in history and, for a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 percent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Spanish Succession</span> Succession crisis and subsequent wars for 18th century Spain

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714. The immediate cause was the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, which led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire. His nominated heir was Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV of France, whose main backers were France and most of Spain. His rival, Archduke Charles of Austria, was supported by the Grand Alliance, whose primary members included the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, and Great Britain. Significant related conflicts include the 1700 to 1721 Great Northern War, and Queen Anne's War in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British colonization of the Americas</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip II of Spain</span> King of Spain and Portugal

Philip II, also known as Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</span> Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556

Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising House of Habsburg. His dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and Burgundian Low Countries, and Spain with its possessions of the southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of Spanish colonization and a short-lived German colonization. The personal union of the European and American territories he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace of Utrecht</span> 1713–1715 peace treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715. The war involved three contenders for the vacant throne of Spain, and involved much of Europe for over a decade. The main action saw France as the defender of Spain against a multinational coalition. The war was very expensive and bloody, and finally stalemated. Essentially, the treaties allowed Philip V to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge, thus preserving the balance of power in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Empire</span> Colonial empire between 1492 and 1976

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it was the first empire to usher the European Age of Discovery and achieve a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa, various islands in Asia and Oceania, as well as territory in other parts of Europe. It was one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period, becoming known as "the empire on which the sun never sets". At its greatest extent in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Spanish Empire covered over 13 million square kilometres, making it one of the largest empires in history.

The precise style of the British sovereign has varied over the years. It is chosen and officially proclaimed by the sovereign. In 2022, King Charles III was proclaimed by the Privy Council to have acceded to the throne with the style:

Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Habsburg Spain</span> Reigning dynasty in Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries

Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Spanish Empire, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg. It had territories around the world, including modern-day Spain, a piece of south-eastern France, eventually Portugal and many other lands outside the Iberian Peninsula, like in the Americas. Habsburg Spain was a composite monarchy and a personal union. The Habsburg Spanish monarchs of this period are chiefly Charles I, Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II. In this period the Spanish empire was at the zenith of its influence and power. Spain, or "the Spains", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the crowns of Castile, Aragon and from 1580 Portugal. It then expanded to include territories over the five continents, consisting of much of Latin America and the West Indies in the Americas, the Low Countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italian territories and France in Europe, Portuguese possessions such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa, and the Philippines and other possessions in Southeast Asia. The period of Spanish history has also been referred to as the "Age of Expansion".

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The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was also an early colonial power, with colonies in Asia and Africa, and the largest being New France in North America.

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The Pacte de Famille is one of three separate, but similar alliances between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain. As part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession that brought the House of Bourbon of France to the throne of Spain, Spain and France made a series of agreements that did not unite the two thrones, but did lead to cooperation on a defined basis.

<i>Nec pluribus impar</i> Latin phrase

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References

  1. ↑ Holslag, Jonathan (25 October 2018). A Political History of the World: Three Thousand Years of War and Peace. Penguin UK. ISBN   9780241352052 – via Google Books. Spanning both hemispheres and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, the Habsburg Empire was – as its propagandists proudly boasted – the first 'upon which the sun never set'.[ page needed ]
  2. ↑ Lothar Höbelt (2003). Defiant Populist: Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria. Purdue University Press. p. 1. ISBN   978-1-55753-230-5.
  3. ↑ Cropsey, Seth (2017). Seablindness: How Political Neglect Is Choking American Seapower and What to Do About It. Encounter Books. p. 13. ISBN   978-1-59403-916-4.
  4. ↑ Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, Winona Lake: Eisenbraums, (1998), p 88.
  5. ↑ Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, ed. Miriam Lichtheim, Berkeley & Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, (1975), vol I, p 230.
  6. 1 2 Büchmann, Georg; Walter Robert-turnow (1895). Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes (in German) (18th ed.). Berlin: Haude und Spener (F. Weidling). p. 157. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Herodotus (1910). "Book 7 (Polyhmnia)". Histories. translated by George Rawlinson. ¶8. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Horace (1902). "Horace: The Odes and Epodes".
  9. ↑ Knox, Peter E.; McKeown, J. C. (November 2013). The Oxford Anthology of Roman Literature. ISBN   9780195395167.
  10. ↑ Historian Anthony Pagden cites Ariosto as the source for the use of the phrase "empire on which the sun never sets" to refer to Charles V's empire. Pagden, Anthony (18 December 2007). Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN   9780307431592.
  11. ↑ Hamish M. Scott (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Cultures and Power. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN   978-0-19-959726-0.
  12. 1 2 3 Bartlett, John (2000) [1919]. Familiar quotations. Bartleby.com. revised and enlarged by Nathan Haskell Dole (10th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 495. ISBN   1-58734-107-7 . Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  13. ↑ Bartlett, John (1865). Familiar quotations (4th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p.  388 . Retrieved 23 February 2016. advertisements for the unexperienced never sets.
  14. ↑ Bacon, Francis (1841). "An Advertisement Touching a Holy War". In Basil Montagu (ed.). The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England. Vol. 2. address to Lancelot Andrewes. Carey. p. 438.
  15. ↑ Duncan, William James; Andrew Macgeorge (1834). Miscellaneous papers, principally illustrative of events in the reigns of Queen Mary and King James VI. E. Khull, printer. p.  173 . Retrieved 23 February 2016. sun never sets spain england.
  16. ↑ Don Carlos , Act I, Scene 6.
  17. ↑ Fouché, Joseph (1825). The memoirs of Joseph Fouché. Vol. 1. Compiled and translated by Alphonse de Beauchamp and Pierre Louis P. de Jullian. p. 313.
  18. ↑ Scott, Walter (1835). "Chap. XLI". Life of Napoleon Buonaparte: With a Preliminary View of the French Revolution. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: Cadell. p. 23.
  19. ↑ Tiedeman, H. (29 February 1868). "The French King's Device: "Nec Pluribus Impar" (3rd Ser. xii. 502)". Notes and Queries : 203–4. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  20. ↑ Wilson, John (April 1829). "Noctes Ambrosianae No. 42". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. XXV (cli): 527. Not a more abstemious man than old Kit North in his Majesty's dominions, on which the sun never sets.
  21. ↑ Vance, Norman (2000). "Imperial Rome and Britain's Language of Empire 1600–1837". History of European Ideas. 26 (3–4): 213, fn.3. doi:10.1016/S0191-6599(01)00020-1. ISSN   0191-6599. S2CID   170805219. It seems this proverbial phrase was first used by 'Christopher North' (John Wilson) in Blackwood's Magazine (April 1829).
  22. ↑ Morris, Jan (1978). Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat. as Christopher North the poet, had long before declared it, an Empire on which the sun never set.
  23. ↑ Miller, Karl (9 August 2003). "Star of the Borders". The Guardian . Retrieved 15 June 2009. the British empire, on which, as Wilson may have been the first to say, the sun never set.
  24. ↑ Macartney, George (1773). An Account of Ireland in 1773 by a Late Chief Secretary of that Kingdom. p. 55.; cited in Kenny, Kevin (2006). Ireland and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 72, fn.22. ISBN   0-19-925184-3.
  25. ↑ Scott, William; Francis Garden; James Bowling Mozley (1827). "Monthly Register: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Liverpool District Committee". The Christian remembrancer, or the Churchman's Biblical, Ecclesiastical & Literary Miscellany. Vol. IX. F.C. & J. Rivington. p. 589. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  26. ↑ "The British Empire". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15619. 15 October 1821. p. 4.
  27. ↑ Lodge, Henry Cabot (1907–1921). "XVI. Webster". In W. P. Trent; J. Erskine; S. P. Sherman; C. Van Doren (eds.). [American] Early National Literature, Part II; Later National Literature, Part I. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. Vol. XVI. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. § 6. Rhetoric and Literature. ISBN   1-58734-073-9.
  28. ↑ "Waste Lands of the Colonies". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Commons. 25 June 1839. col. 847.
  29. ↑ Roberts, Andrew (October 1999). "Salisbury: The Empire Builder Who Never Was". History Today. 49.
  30. ↑ "Anonymous Quote". libquotes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  31. ↑ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (29 August 2020). "Wasn't it John Duncan Spaeth who said it?". farbound.net. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  32. ↑ Speeches of Alexander Campbell Archived 10 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Jordon, William (July 1897). "The Greatest Nation on Earth". Ladies' Home Journal : 7–8.; cited by Kaiser, Kaitlyn (2005). "Americanizing the American Woman: Symbols of Nationalism in the Ladies Home Journal, 1890–1900". Salve Regina University (thesis): 17, fn.57,58.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ Bryan, William Jennings (1908). "American Philanthropy". In Richard Lee Metcalfe (ed.). The real Bryan; being extracts from the speeches and writings of "a well-rounded man". Vol. 2. Des Moines: Personal Help Publishing Company. pp. 44–45.
  35. ↑ "That never-setting sun". The New York Times. 5 August 1906. p. 8. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  36. ↑ Hausteiner, Eva Marlene; Huhnholz, Sebastian; Walter, Marco (2010). "Imperial Interpretations: The Imperium Romanum as a Category of Political Reflection". Mediterraneo Antico. 13: 11–16.
  37. ↑ Williams, William Appleman (1991). "Expansion, Continental and Overseas". In Eric Foner; John Arthur Garraty (eds.). The Reader's companion to American history . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.  365. ISBN   0-395-51372-3 . Retrieved 23 February 2016. the sun never sets on American territory.
  38. ↑ Gerson, Joseph; Bruce Birchard, eds. (1991). The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases . Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. ISBN   0-89608-399-3.
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