Tire recycling in the United States is the disposal and reuse of waste tires.
Tire recycling in the United States is the disposal and reuse of waste tires.
Several forms of waste disposal and reclamation have been put into place, using waste tires as both commodities (new tires) and a form of energy (fuel alternative).
According to the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), as reported elsewhere,
Different agencies in the world are now recycling waste tires and other rubber goods into useful products instead of polluting the environment. [2]
Whole tires can be used for a number of applications, including artificial reefs, breakwaters, erosion control, playground equipment, and highway crash barriers. [3]
Waste tires are made of a material which can have another economic use. This means that tires which are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or damage, can be recycled to serve a new economic purpose (rubber asphalt and concrete, fuel alternatives, carbon sources, etc.). [4]
There are many different uses for waste tires that are beneficial in helping reduce the amount of waste tires in stockpiles. Recycled tires are used in creating synthetic turf in sports arenas. Synthetic turf is made up of Crumb rubber which is recycled rubber from automotive or truck scrap tires. Waste tires are also used to make rubber mulch which is used in gardens and playgrounds. Waste tires have also been known to be used in making track and field pavements, roads, and shooting targets. Recycled waste tires have several recreational uses. They are used for tire swings, flower pots, compost bins, retaining walls, and sandals in developing companies. They can also be used as fuel energy. Waste tires used as fuel are either shredded or whole, depending on the combustion device being used. Fuel produced from waste tires is known as Tire-derived fuel (TDF).
There is a potential for using waste tire rubber to make activated-carbon adsorbents for air-quality control applications. Such an approach provides a recycling path for waste tires and the production of new adsorbents from a low-cost waste material. [5] Also, recycled rubber from tires is used as a component of various products commonly known as "tire derived products". Such products include asphalt paving mixtures and as extenders in a variety of rubber products such as roofing materials, walk pads, carpet and flooring underlay and other products. More such products are being developed. [6]
To convert the waste tire into a valuable product, it must first be reduced in size and then recycled. The recycling process begins first by shredding tires into small manageable chips, which are then cooled to cryogenic temperatures, causing them to become brittle. They are then pulverized into a material that must be screened to remove large chunks of rubber or polymer. Finally, the remaining fibre and magnetic material are separated from the pulverized material using a magnetic separator and a vibrational separator. This form of recycling is environmentally friendly, and allows a valuable resource to be used again and again. [7]
In 2007, around 300 million tires were scrapped in the United States. [8] In 2008 around one billion tires were being scrapped each year with an estimated further four billion already in stockpiles and landfills. Global production in 2008 was about 1.5 billion new tires. The U.S. alone produced 291.8 million tyres in 2009 as estimated by the U.S. Rubber Manufacturers Association. [9] [10] In 2013, 3,824 thousand tonnes (3,764,000 long tons; 4,215,000 short tons) of tires were generated in the U.S. [11] Newer figures (2015) talk about 450 million scrap tires generated annually in the U.S. [1]
The United States disposes of 279 million waste tires each year, representing over 4 million tons of scrap waste. [12] The polymeric materials that tires they are made of do not decompose easily. Even after heavy use and wear, only a few grams are abraded from each tire before they are deemed not serviceable. This means that almost all the material is discarded, and a valuable resource is left to become an environmental pollutant, if dumped. [13]
Waste tires are generally discarded after only a small amount of rubber is worn away. Even so, these tires are unfit for further use in the vehicles they were made for. At the same time they are also unwelcome in landfills and have been proven to be an environmental threat.
Tires take a great deal of valuable space in landfills. In addition, they have been known to bubble to the surface of land fills as they tend to trap methane gas. This bubbling can contaminate local water systems, as it can damage the landfill liners that are meant to control contaminants. The different stabilizers and flame retardants added to tires have also been known to kill advantageous bacteria in the soil. Originally, dumping in landfill was the primary form of disposal for scrap rubber (70% in 1977), but due to the decreasing availability of space, this process is no longer considered feasible. [13]
Waste tires create health and environmental challenges. Accumulation of waste tires, which are non-biodegradable polymers due to the presence of fillers, steel cord, organic, and inorganic components, is a major environmental concern.
The dumping of tires in landfills has negative effects on the environment. Not only do they take up a great deal of space, but their process of decomposing has created a wide variety of issues that have made their dumping landfills unfeasible. In many regions, dumping is banned.
The process of bubbling of trapped methane gas has been linked to increased mosquito and other insect breeding (increase risk of disease spreading), contamination of both underground and above ground water systems, as well as chemically destroying many beneficial bacteria that grow in the soil within and surrounding a landfill. [13]
Tires have been stockpiled for years both legally (landfills) and illegally. In the United States alone there are about two billion around the country, with an estimated 279 million to be added to this number in the next few years. The legal stockpiling of tires increases the risk of fires which can burn for months on end, creating further pollution in the air and ground, while the illegal dumping of tires in forests, water ways and empty lots have caused pollution which cannot be regulated. [14]
The most obvious hazard associated with the uncontrolled dumping and accumulation of large amounts of tires outdoors is the potential for large fires which are extremely detrimental to the environment. Once a large pile catches fire, it is very hard, if not impossible, to extinguish. [15]
In 1978, a toxic fire at Wade Dump, a rubber recycling facility in Chester, Pennsylvania, burned out of control for several days and resulted in 43 injured firefighters and criminal charges for the owner of the site. First responders to the fire suffered long term health consequences and higher than normal cancer rates. [16]
In 2010 the Newfoundland and Labrador government proposed that all waste tires in the province be shipped to Corner Brook to be burned and used as fuel. This was quickly delayed and further denied. A stockpile of 1.9 million waste tires in 2010 was a major environmental headache for the government. Environment Minister Ross Wiseman said the Multi-Materials Stewardship Board (MMSB), a provincial agency that promotes recycling, reached agreements with Holcim (Canada) Inc. and Lafarge Canada Inc. They agreed to ship tires to Quebec where they will be burned for energy. [17]
In most of the United States, a fee is included in every new tire that is sold. Fees can be collected by states, importers, and sellers, the latter being the most common case. These fees are collected to help support tire-recycling programs throughout the states. State tire-recycling programs are created to reduce the amount of scrap tires in stockpiles. The table below shows the tire fees in each state:
| State | Tire fee | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $1 per tire | [18] |
| Alaska | $2.50 per tire | [19] |
| Arizona | 2% of retail sales price, up to $2 per tire | [20] |
| Arkansas | $2 per auto + truck tire, $5 per truck w/rim size greater than 19' | [21] |
| California | $1.75 per tire | [22] |
| Colorado | $1.50 per tire | [23] |
| Connecticut | none (repealed on July 1, 1997) | [24] |
| Delaware | $2 per tire | [25] |
| Florida | $1 per tire | [26] |
| Georgia | $1 per tire | [27] |
| Hawaii | $1 per tire | [28] |
| Idaho | none | — |
| Illinois | $2.50 per tire | [29] |
| Indiana | $0.25 per tire, trailer tires exempt | [30] |
| Iowa | $1 per tire | [28] |
| Kansas | $0.25 per tire | [31] |
| Kentucky | $1 per tire | [32] |
| Louisiana | $2 per tire (auto/light truck), $5 per tire (medium truck), $10 per tire (off-road) | [33] |
| Maine | $1 per tire | [34] |
| Maryland | $0.80 per tire | [35] |
| Massachusetts | none | — |
| Michigan | $1.50 per tire | [36] |
| Minnesota | none | — |
| Mississippi | $1 per tire (rim size less than 24'), $2 per tire (rim size greater than 24') | [37] |
| Missouri | $0.50 per tire | [38] |
| Montana | none | — |
| Nebraska | $1 per tire | [39] |
| Nevada | $1 per tire | [40] |
| New Hampshire | none | — |
| New Jersey | $1.50 per tire | [41] |
| New Mexico | $1.50 per tire | [28] |
| New York | $2.50 per tire | [42] |
| North Carolina | 2% of cost of tire (rim size = 19.5' or less), 1% of cost of tire (rim size more than 19.5') | [43] |
| North Dakota | $2 per tire | [28] |
| Ohio | $1 per tire | [44] |
| Oklahoma | $1 per tire (rim size 17.5' or less), $2.50 per tire (rim size is greater than 17.5' & less than or equal to 19.5'), $3.50 per tire (rim size greater than 19.5') | [45] |
| Oregon | none | — |
| Pennsylvania | $1 per tire | [46] |
| Rhode Island | $0.50 per tire | [47] |
| South Carolina | $2 per tire | [48] |
| South Dakota | $2 per tire | [28] |
| Tennessee | $1 per tire | [49] |
| Texas | none | [50] |
| Utah | $1 per tire (rim size 14' or less), $1.50 per tire ( single-bead: rim size is between 14'-19.5'), $2 per tire ( dual-bead: rim size of 19.5'), $2 per tire (single/dual-bead: rim size is between 20'-26') | [51] |
| Vermont | none, infeasible | [52] |
| Virginia | $0.50 per tire | [53] |
| Washington | $1 per tire | [54] |
| West Virginia | none | — |
| Wisconsin | $2 per tire | [55] |
| Wyoming | none | — |
 |
The region around the Mexico–United States border has failed to manage the stockpiles of waste tires. Some neglectful regions between the U.S. and Mexico border have given up on managing the stockpiles. The lack of waste tire management on the border creates health, fire, and environmental hazards in the area. In 2003, a program was set up and signed and included objectives to help reduce the stockpiles of waste tires in the region between the U.S. and Mexico border. [56] The program was the US-Mexico Border 2012 Program. This program had a goal to clean the three biggest waste tire stockpiles that were located in the region. In 2004, the US-Mexico Bi-national Commission expressed its strategies for dealing with the waste tire problem in the region, signing a letter in November 2004. The Bi-national program's target objective was "to develop and cooperate on an environmentally sustainable, comprehensive scrap tire management strategy." The US-Mexico Border 2012 Program is the third initiated bi-national agreement that aimed to protect the public health and environment that was in the shared region between the U.S. and Mexico border. [57] This program was initiated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Mexico's Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. The updated US-Mexico Border 2020 Program accepts that one of the challenges it faces is the waste-tire management problem that has occurred over the past. [58]
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. This concept often includes the recovery of energy from waste materials. The recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its original state. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. It can also prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reducing energy use, air pollution and water pollution.
Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, and economic mechanisms.
A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits; in archeology this is known as a midden.
Litter consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location. The word litter can also be used as a verb: to litter means to drop and leave objects, often man-made, such as aluminum cans, paper cups, food wrappers, cardboard boxes or plastic bottles on the ground, and leave them there indefinitely or for other people to dispose of as opposed to disposing of them correctly.
Illegal dumping, also called fly dumping or fly tipping (UK), is the dumping of waste illegally instead of using an authorized method such as curbside collection or using an authorized rubbish dump. It is the illegal deposit of any waste onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no license to accept waste. The United States Environmental Protection Agency developed a “profile” of the typical illegal dumper. Characteristics of offenders include local residents, construction and landscaping contractors, waste removers, scrap yard operators, and automobile and tire repair shops.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.'
Pay as you throw (PAYT) is a usage-pricing model for disposing of municipal solid waste. Users are charged a rate based on how much waste they present for collection to the municipality or local authority.
The Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio (SWACO) was established by the Ohio General Assembly in 1989 as part of Ohio House Bill 592, which created Ohio’s current solid waste management planning and regulatory programs. SWACO is a government-run entity responsible for the safe and sanitary management of all solid waste within its district. In this role, it operates the Franklin County Sanitary Landfill,, as well as two transfer facilities, all for the benefit of Franklin County, Ohio, and parts of surrounding counties in central Ohio.
A landfill tax or levy is a form of tax that is applied in some countries to increase the cost of landfill. The tax is typically levied in units of currency per unit of weight or volume. The tax is in addition to the overall cost of landfill and forms a proportion of the gate fee.
Waste diversion or landfill diversion is the process of diverting waste from landfills. The success of landfill diversion can be measured by comparison of the size of the landfill from one year to the next. If the landfill grows minimally or remains the same, then policies covering landfill diversion are successful. For example, currently in the United States there are 3000 landfills. A measure of the success of landfill diversion would be if that number remains the same or is reduced. In 2015 it was recorded that the national average of landfill diversion in the United States was 33.8%, while San Francisco had implemented the most effective policies and had recorded a landfill diversion rate of 77%.
Landfill mining and reclamation (LFMR) is a process which excavates and processes solid wastes which have previously been landfilled. The process aims to reduce the amount of landfill mass encapsulated within the closed landfill and/or temporarily remove hazardous material to allow protective measures to be taken before the landfill mass is replaced. In the process, mining recovers valuable recyclable materials, a combustible fraction, soil, and landfill space. The aeration of the landfill soil is a secondary benefit with regard to the landfill's future use. The combustible fraction is useful for power generation. The overall appearance of the landfill mining procedure is a sequence of processing machines laid out in a functional conveyor system. The operating principle is to excavate, sieve and sort the landfill material.
Construction waste or debris is any kind of debris from the construction process. Different government agencies have clear definitions. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA defines construction and demolition materials as “debris generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.” Additionally, the EPA has categorized Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste into three categories: non-dangerous, hazardous, and semi-hazardous.
There is no national law in the United States that mandates recycling. State and local governments often introduce their own recycling requirements. In 2014, the recycling/composting rate for municipal solid waste in the U.S. was 34.6%. A number of U.S. states, including California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Vermont have passed laws that establish deposits or refund values on beverage containers while other jurisdictions rely on recycling goals or landfill bans of recyclable materials.
Tire recycling, or rubber recycling, is the process of recycling waste tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or irreparable damage. These tires are a challenging source of waste, due to the large volume produced, the durability of the tires, and the components in the tire that are ecologically problematic.
Tire-derived fuel (TDF) is composed of shredded scrap tires. Tires may be mixed with coal or other fuels, such as wood or chemical wastes, to be burned in concrete kilns, power plants, or paper mills. An EPA test program concluded that, with the exception of zinc emissions, potential emissions from TDF are not expected to be very much different from other conventional fossil fuels, as long as combustion occurs in a well-designed, well-operated and well-maintained combustion device.
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.
Waste management laws govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all manner of waste, including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and nuclear waste, among many other types. Waste laws are generally designed to minimize or eliminate the uncontrolled dispersal of waste materials into the environment in a manner that may cause ecological or biological harm, and include laws designed to reduce the generation of waste and promote or mandate waste recycling. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, and disposal practices.
Source-separated organics (SSO) is the system by which waste generators segregate compostable materials from other waste streams at the source for separate collection.
Products made from a variety of materials can be recycled using a number of processes.
Solid waste policy in the United States is aimed at developing and implementing proper mechanisms to effectively manage solid waste. For solid waste policy to be effective, inputs should come from stakeholders, including citizens, businesses, community-based organizations, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, universities, and other research organizations. These inputs form the basis of policy frameworks that influence solid waste management decisions. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates household, industrial, manufacturing, and commercial solid and hazardous wastes under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Effective solid waste management is a cooperative effort involving federal, state, regional, and local entities. Thus, the RCRA's Solid Waste program section D encourages the environmental departments of each state to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial and municipal solid waste.
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