Tornadoes of 1970

Last updated

Tornadoes of 1970
1970 Tornadoes.png
Tracks of all US tornadoes in 1970.
TimespanJanuary - December 1970
Maximum rated tornado F5 tornado
Tornadoes in U.S.653 [1]
Damage (U.S.)Unknown
Fatalities (U.S.)73
Fatalities (worldwide)>79

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1970, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

Contents

Events

Fatal United States tornadoes in 1970
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Blue pog.svg
Approximate touchdown location of killer tornadoes in 1970
Summary of tornadoes [2]
  • March 19 – Alabama (2 deaths)
  • April 17 Texas (5 deaths)
  • April 17 Texas (1 death)
  • April 18 Texas (16 deaths)
  • April 19 Mississippi, Tennessee (4 deaths)
  • April 25 – Texas (1 death)
  • April 27 – Tennessee (3 deaths)
  • May 11 Texas (26 deaths)
  • June 11 Oklahoma (1 death)
  • June 11 Oklahoma (1 death)
  • June 11 Oklahoma, Arkansas (1 death)
  • June 18 – New York (1 death)
  • June 18 – Pennsylvania (1 death)
  • June 24 – Texas (1 death)
  • July 4 – Texas (1 death)
  • July 14 – South Dakota (1 death)
  • July 22 – Georgia (1 death)
  • October 3 – Massachusetts (1 death)
  • October 5 – Oklahoma (4 deaths)
  • October 11 – Louisiana (1 death)

Total fatalities: 73

United States yearly total

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FUF0F1F2F3F4F5Total
01642531913681653

January

9 tornadoes were reported in the United States in January. [3]

January 1 (Australia)

An intense tornado, which occurred near the town of Bulahdelah (100 kilometres (62.1 mi) north-northeast of Newcastle), New South Wales on 1 January 1970, is thought to be the most destructive tornado ever documented in Australia. [4] It is thought to have reached F4 or F5 intensity on the Fujita scale, however, no official rating has been made public. [5] [6] The tornado left a damage path 22 kilometres (14 mi) long and 11.6 km (0.61 mi) wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest. [4] It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees. [4] A caravan was destroyed and a 2-ton (2,000 kg) tractor was lifted into the air, landing upside down. The tornado was reported by witnesses as a swirling black cloud surrounded by flying debris, and producing a thunderous roaring sound. [7] The weather system that produced the tornado was a classic set-up for violent tornadoes, something somewhat rarely seen outside of the United States, Canada, Bangladesh, and adjacent areas of India.

February

16 tornadoes were reported in the United States in February. [8]

February 3

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0134000

A small, localized outbreak occurred in Florida, producing eight tornadoes. One tornado, an F2 tornado, caused at least $50,000 (1970 USD) in damages in Fellsmere. Another tornado, which was also rated an F2, touched down in the Gainesville neighborhood of Ironwood, causing at least $50,000 (1970 USD) in damages. Two tornadoes, an F1 and an F2, tracked through Arcadia, both causing $1,000,000 (1970 USD) combined in damages. Overall, there were no fatalities or injuries, and the total amount of damage was $1,615,000 (1970 USD). [9]

March

25 tornadoes were reported in the United States in March. [10]

March 2–3

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0134100

A small two-day outbreak struck in Early-March. The first tornado was a long–tracked F0 tornado that passed Lincoln, Kansas. The other tornado that day, an F2 tornado, carved a 25–mile–long path across Southern Kansas, causing at least $5,000,000 (1970 USD) in damages. Tornado activity continued into the next day when the system took a south-southeastern turn, causing at least seven tornadoes across Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama. The strongest tornado was an F3 tornado that caused $50,000 (1970 USD) in damages near Overton, Texas. [11] [12]

March 19

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0001100

Two tornadoes were confirmed in Alabama, of which one was an F3 tornado that killed two people near Lanett, Alabama. The other tornado, which was assigned an F2 rating, touched down in the Greensboro, Alabama area. [13]

April

117 tornadoes were reported in the United States in April. [14]

April 1–2

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0079200

A widespread outbreak of 18 tornadoes ranged from Georgia to Ohio, injuring 18 people. An F2 tornado injured four people southwest of Pinhook, Missouri. A suspected F1 tornado touched down in the outskirts of Louisville, Kentucky. Another F2 tornado injured four people near Itta Bena, Mississippi. The strongest tornadoes of the outbreak were two F3 tornadoes that touched down in Georgia on April 2. [15] [16]

April 17–19

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
041210250

A major tornado outbreak sequence caused 33 tornadoes. The outbreak killed at least 26 people.[ citation needed ]

April 21 (Uruguay)

A powerful F4 tornado destroyed the small town of Fray Marcos, killing 11 and injuring 100. It is the worst tornado recorded in the history of Uruguay.[ citation needed ]

April 22

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0034000

Seven tornadoes touched down during the nighttime hours; five were in Wisconsin while the other two were in Minnesota. The most significant tornado was an F2 tornado that tracked through Ashwaubenon, a suburb of Green Bay, Wisconsin, injuring two people. [17] The storm also destroyed buildings in Door County and injured a man in the town of Ahnapee in Kewuanee County. [18]

April 23–27

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
061011610

An intense outbreak of tornadoes occurred across much of the Southern United States. Three F3 tornadoes touched down in the Memphis area, injuring 26 people. The Memphis tornadoes, in all, caused $16,655,000 (1970 USD) in damages. [19] [20] Tornadoes ranged from Texas to Alabama, killing one person and causing at least $5,820,100 (1970 USD) in damages between April 25–26. [21] [22] On April 27, an F4 tornado tracked across Springfield, Tennessee, killing three people. An additional F0 tornado occurred in California. [23]

May

88 tornadoes were reported in the United States in May. [24]

May 11

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0230001

A violent F5 tornado touched down in the Lubbock, Texas area, causing $200 million (1970 USD) in damages. A total of 26 people were killed in the tornado. In the days following the tornado, paramedics and aids from many different towns came to help. Blankets and other useful things arrived at relief shelters in Lubbock. Bottled water was on very high demand in the aftermath of the tornado too. Though, Pearl Brewery (at the time was located in San Antonio) sent hundreds of bottled waters for the workers, agents, and the survivors. The town recovered from the storm in less than five years. [25] [26] Five additional, weak tornadoes occurred in Texas, Kansas, and Oregon. [27]

May 12–14

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
04129000

A moderate tornado outbreak produced 25 tornadoes across Texas and the Midwestern States. One tornado, an F1, caused $30,000 (1970 USD) in damages in Downtown Indianapolis. In the Indianapolis tornado, a shopping center sustained damages up to $20,000 and scattered debris across the city. One woman was also injured after being struck by lightning. Another tornado, rated F2, destroyed buildings, trees, and trailers near Broken Bow, Nebraska, injuring one. Five people were injured near Cardington, Ohio after a brief tornado damaged trees, utility lines, and a mobile home. [28] [29] [30] [31]

June

134 tornadoes were reported in the United States in June. [32]

June 10–16

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0282818710

A very large, devastating tornado outbreak sequence was observed between June 10 and June 16, 1970. At least 82 tornadoes touched down in the Great Plains region, killing three people and injuring 73 people. [33] The first tornado touched down about one mile south-southeast of Douglas, North Dakota, [34] ripping the roof off of a barn and caused slight damage to a farmhouse. [35] The following day, an F1 tornado struck Duncan, Oklahoma, injuring two people after downing antennas and tree limbs in the area. [35] Another tornado, which was rated F2, struck Hennessey, Oklahoma, destroying two mobile homes, damaging three other buildings, and uprooted trees, injuring two people. [35] An F3 tornado tracked through suburbs of Oklahoma City, destroying a farmstead, damaging a nursing home, a retirement home, two more farmsteads, and ripping the shingles off of a home. One person was injured in the Oklahoma City tornado. [35] Another tornado killed one person near Vinita, Oklahoma, which was rated F2. [36] Another tornado that was rated F2 killed one person near Longtown, Oklahoma. A very long–tracked tornado touched down near Bunch, Oklahoma, tracking 51.8 miles through Springdale, Arkansas, killing one and injuring 45. [37] The strongest tornado of the outbreak sequence was an F4 tornado, which passed near Bynumville, Missouri, leveling farms and causing extensive damage to many more. [35] The last tornado was an F1 tornado that touched down in Marshall, Illinois, causing minor damage to buildings and uprooting trees. Overall, three fatalities and 73 injuries occurred. [35]

July

81 tornadoes were reported in the United States in July. [38]

August

55 tornadoes were reported in the United States in August. [39]

August 20 (Canada)

An F3 tornado struck Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The storm killed six people.[ citation needed ]

September

54 tornadoes were reported in the United States in September. [40]

October

50 tornadoes were reported in the United States in October. [41]

October 5

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0001010

Two tornadoes touched down in Shawnee, Oklahoma, killing four people and injuring 85. The total amount of damages amounted to $50,050,000 (1970 USD). [42]

November

10 tornadoes were reported in the United States in November. [43]

November 19

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
0014200

At least seven tornadoes touched down across the Mississippi and Ohio Valley. The two strongest tornadoes were F3 tornadoes that touched down in Arkansas and Indiana. The most notable was a tornado that touched down near Moro, Arkansas, injuring 27 people and caused more than $500,000 (1970 USD) in damages. The other F3 tornado touched down in Tell City, Indiana, injuring two people and causing $50,000 (1970 USD) in damages. [44]

December

14 tornadoes were reported in the United States in December. [45]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2005</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2005. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, Argentina, Brazil and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1999</span> Tornadoes in the United States on April 2–3, 1999

The Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1999 was a series of tornado touchdowns that occurred on April 2–3, 1999 from Kansas to Louisiana. The most powerful tornado occurred in Caddo Parish and Bossier Parish in northwestern Louisiana, where an F4 tornado killed 7 people and injured 107 others. Damages from the outbreak were estimated to be near $13.7 million. A total of 17 tornadoes were confirmed across the southern Great Plains during the two-day event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1996</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1996, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes, however by the 1990s tornado statistics were coming closer to the numbers we see today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1998</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1998, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes, however by the 1990s tornado statistics were coming closer to the numbers we see today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1984</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1984, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1983</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1983, in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1979</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1979, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1978</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1978, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1973</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 1973, but mostly features events in the United States. According to tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis, documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information. Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life. Consequently, available documentation in 1973 mainly covered the United States. On average, most recorded tornadoes, including the vast majority of significant—F2 or stronger—tornadoes, form in the U.S., although as many as 500 may take place internationally. Some locations, like Bangladesh, are as prone to violent tornadoes as the U.S., meaning F4 or greater events on the Fujita scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1972</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1972, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1971</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1971, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1966</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1966, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1967</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1967, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1963</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1963, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1961</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1961, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1962</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1962, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although tornadoes events can take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1960</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1960, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1959</span> Tornadoes that appeared primarily in the United States in 1959

Tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1959 were tornadoes that appeared primarily in the United States in that year. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1956</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1956, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak sequence of December 1–6, 1953</span> Weather event affecting Southeastern United States

The first six days of December 1953 produced a destructive and deadly tornado outbreak sequence across the Southern United States. There were 19 confirmed tornadoes, including a violent F4 tornado that hit the northwest side of Alexandria, Louisiana and even more violent F5 tornado that hit Vicksburg, Mississippi. In all, the tornadoes killed 49 people, injured 404 others, and caused $45,709 million in damage. This was the last in a series of deadly and catastrophic outbreaks to strike the US in 1953.

References

  1. "Tornado History Project: 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  2. "Severe Weather Database Files (1950-2021)". Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 11, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  3. "Tornado History Project: January, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  4. 1 2 3 "Thunderstorms in NSW & the ACT". Bureau of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  5. "Tornadoes of Australia and New Zealand". The Weather Doctor. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  6. "23 September 2003: Australian thunderstorm climatology". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  7. Shanahan, B (April 1985). "Bulahdelah Tornado Report" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  8. "Tornado History Project: February, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  9. "Tornado History Project: February 3, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  10. "Tornado History Project: March, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  11. "Tornado History Project: March 2, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  12. "Tornado History Project: March 3, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  13. "Tornado History Project: March 19, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  14. "Tornado History Project: April, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  15. "Tornado History Project: April 1, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  16. "Tornado History Project: April 2, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  17. "Tornado History Project: April 22, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  18. Morning Storm Hits Jacksonport Area, Door County Advocate, Volume 112, Number 34, July 12, 1973, page 1
  19. "Tornado History Project: April 23, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  20. "Tornado History Project: April 24, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  21. "Tornado History Project: April 25, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  22. "Tornado History Project: April 26, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  23. "Tornado History Project: April 27, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  24. "Tornado History Project: May, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  25. "Tornado History Project: 19700511.48.34". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  26. "Lubbock - Tornado". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  27. "Tornado History Project: May 11, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  28. "Tornado History Project: May 12, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  29. "Tornado History Project: May 13, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  30. "Tornado History Project: May 14, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  31. http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-70719520-AD7E-43E4-A47F-A9721AB955DD.pdf [ dead link ]
  32. "Tornado History Project: June, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  33. "Tornado History Project: Maps and Statistics". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  34. "Tornado History Project: 19700610.38.3". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-7D422D12-3E19-4E2E-95BE-38618D3EC446.pdf [ dead link ]
  36. "1970 Oklahoma Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  37. "Tornado History Project: 19700611.40.26". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  38. "Tornado History Project: July, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  39. "Tornado History Project: August, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  40. "Tornado History Project: September, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  41. "Tornado History Project: October, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  42. "Tornado History Project: October 5, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  43. "Tornado History Project: November, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  44. "Tornado History Project: November 19, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  45. "Tornado History Project: December, 1970". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-30.