Trans-Tasman

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Trans-Tasman
Tasman Sea.jpg
Trans-Tasman region including South East Australia to the West and New Zealand to the East
LocationWestern Pacific Ocean
Coordinates 40°S160°E / 40°S 160°E / -40; 160
Basin  countriesAustralia, New Zealand
Islands Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand
Benches Lord Howe Rise
Settlements Newcastle, Sydney, Wollongong, Auckland, Wellington, Hobart, New Plymouth, Whanganui

Trans-Tasman is an adjective used primarily to signify the relationship between Australia and New Zealand. The term refers to the Tasman Sea, which lies between the two countries. For example, trans-Tasman commerce refers to commerce between these two countries.

Contents

Australia and New Zealand highlighted in green, in the southern hemisphere of the Earth Australia and New Zealand (orthographic projection).png
Australia and New Zealand highlighted in green, in the southern hemisphere of the Earth

Trans-Tasman events

Trans-Tasman relations

Trans-Tasman relations refers to the historical, cultural, political, economic, and social relations between countries within the Trans-Tasman region, namely Australia and New Zealand. The two nations share joint histories and similar cultures, such that there are significant numbers of both populations who embody a transnational identity. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Union community

There is a shift in the largest union communities Australian Council of Trade Unions and New Zealand Federation of Labour towards a global solidarity. This shift can be seen through the cultural recognition of a Trans-Tasman world of work. [14]

Arts and culture

Cultural relations in the Trans-Tasman support a cooperative relationship with the sharing of art between Australian and New Zealand galleries. However, the two become competitors when seeking to secure international blockbuster exhibitions and audiences. [12]

Food standards

The harmonization of trans-Tasman food standards led to lower compliance costs for industry, fewer regulatory barriers, and more consumer choice.

Economic relations

The New Zealand and Australian economies are deeply enmeshed as both nation's economic traffic receive flow from a single economic market. [15] Prime Minister Fraser from Australia and Prime Minister Muldoon from New Zealand committed[ when? ] themselves to a liberalisation of the economy for goods from both countries and proposed tax reductions. Since then, future prime ministers have reflected this trade liberalisation. [16] The Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement signed in 1983 has been used to guide trade between Australia and New Zealand. [17]

The two nations have an economic power imbalance however, as Australia plays a more important role in the New Zealand economy than New Zealand does for Australia. Australia in comparison will conduct more trade with North and East Asia. As such their bilateral relationship can be uneven and relies on the consulting and weighing of concerns. [18]

Memorandum of Understanding 1992

In 1996, Australia and New Zealand agreed to create a single market for air transport that was distinct from the previous agreements which were more restrictive. Some notable changes that affect Trans-Tasman travel include allowing Australia and New Zealand to operate in each other's domestic markets. [19]

This was followed by an endorsement of the open skies agreement under the International Civil Aviation Organization in 2007 which further allowed Australia and New Zealand's international flights to operate in each other's domains beyond to third countries without restriction. [19]

Defence and security

The two countries defence forces are complementary, and co-operate closely on the international scale, and in maintaining Trans-Tasman security. The equipment is often shared to defend the borders of the nations in the south pacific given the common security purpose of the nations. [15]

Trans-Tasman crossing

The modes of transport for crossing the Trans-Tasman Sea include by sea and by flight.

By sea

The Trans-Tasman crossing can be undertaken by sailing ships, passenger liners and smaller vessels. [20] There are a range of cruise ships including those from companies Princess Cruises, Royal Caribbean Group, Holland America, Silversea and Oceania Cruises. Private vessels are also allowed to cross this Sea. [21]

By flight

Flights across the Tasman have been made by a range of aircraft including winged aircraft, airships, and balloons. [10] Flight are available with airlines Qantas, Air New Zealand, Jetstar and Virgin Australia. [19]

Air New Zealand Trans-Tasman Flight Routes AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png
Air New Zealand Trans-Tasman Flight Routes

The aviation market in the Trans-Tasman region has experienced growth since the introduction of low-cost carriers, specifically Jetstar. Low fares are an important factor for the patronage of flights, alongside check in procedures and airport features. Air transport can significantly affect the economy of the Trans-Tasman through its impact on the tourism, logistics and high value-added manufacturing sectors. [22] [19]

Trans-Tasman migration

There has been significant migration between New Zealand and Australia since the 20th century. [12] Economic and social history between the two countries during early colonial time was influenced by the sealing and whaling industry which saw Trans-Tasman migration. [20] In the 21st century the movement is enabled by the Trans-Tasman travel arrangement which governs the regulatory frameworks and supports high international mobility across the Tasman. [23] There has been a cyclical movement between the two countries, but a strong net movement towards Australia since the late 1960s. Many migrants between the countries have reported a sense of transnationalism where they are able to feel at home in both Australia and New Zealand. [24]

This migration is attributable to economic development driven by globalisation, technological change, business cycles, demographic dynamics, and perceptions. Migration specifically from New Zealand to Australia can be attributable to dissatisfaction and desire for change or a sense of newness. However, 15% of people have stated their migration to Australia was because of temporary travel, and then a decision to stay. [24]

However, there are differences in culture, strategic outlook and governance between the nations that contribute to the distinct differences of the two nations and play a role in migration. Evident differences include topography and geography, both of which influence culture, seasonality, and trade. Australia's population size and proximity to Asia contribute to its greater presence in international trade whilst New Zealand's landscape and natural surroundings have contributed to the nation's political and governance decisions. [15]

Trans-Tasman travel bubble

Map of Australia, New Zealand, Cook & Pacific islands Map of Australia, New Zealand, Cook & Friendly Islands (1900) (18288648358).jpg
Map of Australia, New Zealand, Cook & Pacific islands

Trans-Tasman bubble refers to the proposed quarantine free travel bubble for the Trans-Tasman region during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also known as the COVID-safe travel zone. [11] The travel bubble allows entry across the other country's borders. During 2020, there were also plans to extend Australia and NZ's planned COVID-safe travel zone to Pacific island countries to mediate the effects of the pandemic on the economy of the Pacific island countries. [11]

In June 2021, the Marine Industry has also raised the potential for a sea bubble for superyachts and cruises to travel across the Tasman. [25]

There has been historically a legal connection between the case law of the two countries. [12] As such the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act 2010 was created to streamline the process of managing both civil and criminal proceedings with elements spanning across Australia and New Zealand. [13] This act has provisions regarding service of Australian documents in New Zealand, the granting of interim relief for civil proceedings commencing in the other country, the service of subpoenas, remote appearances, and enforcement of judgments in the other country. This Act concerns largely administrative law and governs the procedural practice across these two countries. [26] Problem solving courts within this region are evolving to better capture Trans-Tasman relations. [27]

Trans-Tasman sports

Sports is popular across both Australia and New Zealand, and both countries participate together in a range of sporting competitions. The nations share an interest in sports law and the governing rules of leagues for sports they compete together on, and those which they compete in separately. Legislators across the nations have taken to addressing legal concerns cooperatively and independently. [15] An instance of influence across the Trans-Tasman for sports law is New Zealand's adoption of anti-doping regulations similar to Australia. [15]

History

Sporting contacts between Australia and New Zealand began shortly before the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. These contacts embodied a shared sporting culture influenced by Trans-Tasman migration, the induction of Trans-Tasman governing bodies and the sharing of sportsmen for competing in international competitions. [16]

The role of sport has influenced the relationship between the two nations, and history has seen poor sportsmanship have a dampening effect in the Trans-Tasman space. An instance is the 1981 cricket series between Australia and New Zealand where the under-arm bowling incident struck controversy between the nations. [16]

Sport holds a particular importance for New Zealand, and is described by academics as one of their greatest soft powers in the context of politics and diplomatic relations. [28] It has a considerable influence across the Trans-Tasman for its function at the intersection of culture, tourism, economics and health. [28]

Sporting competitions

Australia-New Zealand Sports rivalries exist across a range of sports, most prominently cricket, rugby league, netball and rugby union. The Bledisloe Cup is a Rugby Union competition which has particular notoriety for sparking Trans-Tasman rivalry. Other major sporting trophies between the countries include the Trans-Tasman Trophy in test cricket, the Chappell-Hadlee Trophy in One Day International cricket, the ANZAC Test in rugby league and the Constellation Cup in netball. The two nationals also share a strong soccer rivalry and formerly played for the Trans-Tasman Cup.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tasman Sea</span> Marginal sea of the South Pacific between Australia and New Zealand

The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across and about 2,800 km (1,700 mi) from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who in 1642 was the first known person to cross it. British explorer Lieutenant James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s during his three voyages of exploration.

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The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (TTTA) is an arrangement between Australia and New Zealand which allows for the free movement of citizens of one of these countries to the other. The arrangement came into effect in 1973, and allows citizens of each country to reside and work in the other country, with some restrictions. Other details of the arrangement have varied over time. From 1 July 1981, all people entering Australia have been required to carry a passport. Since 1 September 1994, Australia has had a universal visa requirement, and to specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia the Special Category Visa was introduced for New Zealanders.

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References

  1. ↑ "Completion of the cable". Nelson Evening Mail. 19 February 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  2. ↑ "Australasian telecommunications: beginnings". Caslon Analytics. 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  3. ↑ Rudge, C.J., 2001, 'Missing! Aircraft missing in New Zealand 1928 – 2000', Adventure Air, Lyttelton, New Zealand, ISBN   0-473-08119-9
  4. ↑ Bowling, Kerri (16 August 2003). "Aviator's family plot restored". Wairarapa Times-Age. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ↑ Quincey, C. (1977). Tasman Trespasser, page 202. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton.
  6. ↑ Quincey, C. (1977). Tasman Trespasser, page 190. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton.
  7. ↑ Potts, A. (2016). Remember When Dick Smith landed his balloon on a Gold Coast beach after crossing the Tasman. https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/lifestyle/gold-coast-130/remember-when-dick-smith-landed-his-balloon-on-a-gold-coast-beach-after-crossing-the-tasman/news-story/57bb3d5ca56ba6f993c465099290a6e5.
  8. ↑ "Australian rowers cross Tasman Sea". Radio New Zealand. 30 December 2007.
  9. ↑ "Paddling into history: Kiwi Scott Donaldson becomes first solo kayaker to cross Tasman Sea". NZ Herald. 2 July 2018. ISSN   1170-0777 . Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  10. 1 2 Findlay, Christopher (1996). "The Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 30 (3): 329–334. JSTOR   20053710.
  11. 1 2 3 Köllner, Patrick (2020). Australia and New Zealand Face Up to China in the South Pacific (Report). JSTOR   resrep27057.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Lynch, Brian (2009). "THE TRANS-TASMAN WORLD: towards a closer understanding". New Zealand International Review. 34 (2): 25–27. JSTOR   45235895.
  13. 1 2 Markey, Ray; Taylor, Kerry (2008). "Trans-Tasman Labour History: Introduction". Labour History (95): 1–2. doi:10.2307/27516306. JSTOR   27516306.
  14. ↑ Harford, Shelley (2008). "A Trans-Tasman Union Community: Growing Global Solidarity". Labour History (95): 133–149. doi:10.2307/27516313. JSTOR   27516313.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 James, Colin (2009). "The Trans-Tasman Tie". New Zealand International Review. 34 (2): 8–10. JSTOR   45235889.
  16. 1 2 3 Thakur, Ramesh; Gold, Hyam (1982). "Tightening The Tasman Knot". New Zealand International Review. 7 (2): 25–27. JSTOR   45233223.
  17. ↑ "Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement".
  18. ↑ Woodfield, Ted (1994). "A trans-Tasman community?". New Zealand International Review. 19 (4): 18–21. JSTOR   45234348.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Wang, Kun; Tsui, Wai Hong Kan; Li, Lan-Bing; Lei, Zheng; Fu, Xiaowen (July 2020). "Entry pattern of low-cost carriers in New Zealand - The impact of domestic and trans-Tasman market factors". Transport Policy. 93: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.020. hdl: 10397/88953 . S2CID   218954585.
  20. 1 2 Prickett, Nigel (2008). "Trans-Tasman stories: Australian Aborigines in New Zealand sealing and shore whaling". In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Inquiry. Vol. 29. ANU Press. pp. 351–366. ISBN   978-1-921313-89-9. JSTOR   j.ctt24h8gp.24 .
  21. ↑ Heard, M. (2007, September 7) Trans-Tasman Flurry. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/world/trans-tasman-flurry-20070907-gdr1eh.html
  22. ↑ Ryan, Chris; Birks, Sarah (10 January 2005). "Passengers and Low Cost Flights". Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 19 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1300/J073v19n01_02. S2CID   153336693.
  23. ↑ Miller, Paul W. (1999). "Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality: The Australian Points System". The American Economic Review. 89 (2): 192–197. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.192. JSTOR   117105.
  24. 1 2 Green, Alison E.; Power, Mary R.; Jang, Deannah M. (April 2008). "Trans-Tasman migration: New Zealanders' explanations for their move". New Zealand Geographer. 64 (1): 34–45. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00125.x. hdl: 10072/26381 .
  25. ↑ Williams, A. (2021, June 11) Marine industry wants trans-Tasman sea bubble for superyachts before more businesses fail. Newshub. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2021/06/marine-industry-wants-trans-tasman-sea-bubble-for-superyachts-before-more-businesses-fail.html
  26. ↑ Judicial Commission of New South Wales, issuing body. (2007). Civil trials bench book Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-484039089
  27. ↑ Richardson, Elizabeth; Thom, Katey; McKenna, Brian (2013). "The Evolution of Problem-Solving Courts in Australia and New Zealand: A Trans-Tasman Comparative Perspective". Problem Solving Courts. pp. 185–210. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7403-6_11. ISBN   978-1-4614-7402-9.
  28. 1 2 Jackson, Steve; Gilbert, Mark; McLay, Jim (2016). "Sports diplomacy: New Zealand's hardest soft power?". New Zealand International Review. 41 (2): 2–5. JSTOR   48551885.

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