Tulasnellaceae

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Tulasnellaceae
Tulasnella.violea.-.lindsey.jpg
Tulasnella violea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Division:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Tulasnellaceae

Type genus
Tulasnella
Genera

Stilbotulasnella
Tulasnella

The Tulasnellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family comprises mainly effused (patch-forming) fungi formerly referred to the "jelly fungi" or heterobasidiomycetes. Species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs, but many are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids and some have also been thought to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants.

Contents

Taxonomy

History

The family was described in 1897 by the Swedish botanist and mycologist Hans Oscar Juel to accommodate species of fungi producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having distinctive basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata. He included two genera: Tulasnella itself and the poroid genus Muciporus (the latter subsequently found to be no more than Tulasnella species growing over the surface of old polypores). [1] In 1900, the French mycologist Narcisse Patouillard included the Tulasnellaceae within the heterobasidiomycetes or "jelly fungi" [2] and in 1922 British mycologist Carleton Rea placed the family in its own order, the Tulasnellales, within the heterobasidiomycetes. [3]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed the Tulasnellaceae as distinct, but has placed the family within the Cantharellales, close to the Ceratobasidiaceae. [4] A standard 2008 reference work estimated that the family contains three genera and over 50 species. [5]

Description

All but one of the species within the family form smooth, effused, corticioid basidiocarps that are distinguished microscopically by their distinctive "tulasnelloid" basidia. The monotypic genus Stilbotulasnella forms basidiocarps with similar basidia, but with an erect, "stilboid" anamorph. The latter genus has not been sequenced, but was originally described as belonging within the Tulasnellaceae. [6]

Habitat and distribution

Basidiocarps of the Tulasnellaceae are typically found in woodland, on the underside of fallen wood or in leaf litter. They are believed to be soil fungi and many species have also been isolated from the roots of terrestrial [7] and epiphytic orchids. [8] They may also form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants. [9] Their distribution is cosmopolitan.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basidium</span> Fungal structure

A basidium (pl. basidia) is a microscopic sporangium found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-coiled secondary mycelium – a dikaryon. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the Basidiomycota. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores; occasionally the number may be two or even eight. In a typical basidium, each basidiospore is borne at the tip of a narrow prong or horn called a sterigma (pl. sterigmata), and is forcibly discharged upon maturity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellales</span> Order of fungi

The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi, and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia).

Heterobasidiomycetes, including jelly fungi, smuts and rusts, are basidiomycetes with septate basidia. This contrasts them to homobasidiomycetes, including most mushrooms and other Agaricomycetes, which have aseptate basidia. The division of all basidiomycetes between these two groups has been influential in fungal taxonomy, and is still used informally, but it is no longer the basis of formal classification. In modern taxonomy homobasidiomycetes roughly correspond to the monophyletic class Agaricomycetes, whereas heterobasidiomycetes are paraphyletic and as such correspond to various taxa from different taxonomic ranks, including the Basidiomycota other than Agaricomycetes and a few basal groups within Agaricomycetes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clavulinaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid fungi as well as some corticioid fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps having a hymenium consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus Hydnum and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name pied de mouton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Botryobasidiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a group of corticioid fungi that form thin, web-like basidiocarps. Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores. All are believed to be wood-rotting or litter-rotting saprotrophs. None is known to be of any economic importance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariales</span> Order of fungi

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Auriculariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellales</span> Order of fungi

The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyaloriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hyaloriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia and, as such, were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi". All appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Less than 30 species are currently included within the Hyaloriaceae, but the family has not been extensively researched.

<i>Clavulina</i> Genus of fungi

Clavulina is a genus of fungus in the family Clavulinaceae, in the Cantharelloid clade. Species are characterized by having extensively branched fruit bodies, white spore prints, and bisterigmate basidia. Branches are cylindrical or flattened, blunt, and pointed or crested at the apex, hyphae with or without clamps, basidia cylindrical to narrowly clavate, mostly with two sterigmata which are large and strongly incurved and spores subspherical or broadly ellipsoid, smooth, and thin-walled, each with one large oil drop or guttule. The genus contains approximately forty-five species with a worldwide distribution, primarily in tropical regions. Species of Clavulina are mostly ectomycorrhizal. A recent study has identified Clavulina to the genera level as present on Nothofagus menziesii adventitious roots

<i>Sebacina</i> Genus of fungi

Sebacina is a genus of fungi in the family Sebacinaceae. Its species are mycorrhizal, forming a range of associations with trees and other plants. Basidiocarps are produced on soil and litter, sometimes partly encrusting stems of living plants. The fruit bodies are cartilaginous to rubbery-gelatinous and variously effused (corticioid) to coral-shaped (clavarioid). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corticioid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Corticium and subsequently to the family Corticiaceae, but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers and other texts.

<i>Ceratobasidium</i> Genus of fungi

Ceratobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the corticioid fungi, though species also retain features of the heterobasidiomycetes. Rhizoctonia-like anamorphs of Ceratobasidium species are placed in the genus Ceratorhiza. Species are saprotrophic, but several are also facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids.

<i>Rhizoctonia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhizoctonia is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Species form thin, effused, corticioid basidiocarps, but are most frequently found in their sterile, anamorphic state. Rhizoctonia species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens, causing commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids. The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceratobasidiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Ceratobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. All species within the family have basidiocarps that are thin and effused. They have sometimes been included within the corticioid fungi or alternatively within the "heterobasidiomycetes". Species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens or are associated with orchid mycorrhiza. Genera of economic importance include Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus, both of which contain plant pathogenic species causing diseases of commercial crops and turf grass.

<i>Tulasnella</i> Genus of fungi

Tulasnella is a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps, when visible, are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy) to subgelatinous, frequently lilaceous to violet-grey, and formed on the underside of fallen branches and logs. They are microscopically distinct in having basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata on which basidiospores are formed. One atypical species, Tulasnella aurantiaca, produces orange to red, gelatinous, pustular anamorphs on wood. Some species form facultative mycorrhizas with orchids and liverworts. Around 80 species of Tulasnella are known worldwide.

<i>Tulasnella aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus

Tulasnella aurantiaca is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. It produces orange-red, pustular, gelatinous anamorphic states on dead, deciduous wood. Originally described from Europe, it also occurs in North America where the species appears to be more common.

<i>Tulasnella violea</i> Species of fungus

Tulasnella violea is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy), violet-pink or lilaceous to grey, and occur on the underside of fallen branches and logs. It is one of the more conspicuous Tulasnella species and appears to be distributed worldwide. Though normally saprotrophic, Tulasnella violea can form a mycorrhizal association with orchids.

References

  1. Juel HO. (1897). "Muciporus und die Familie der Tulasnellaceen". Bihefte till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger. 23 (3, part 12): 1–27.
  2. Patouillard N. (1900). Essai taxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes. Lons-le-Saunier: L. Declume.
  3. Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae. A handbook of the larger British fungi. Cambridge University Press.
  4. Moncalvo J-M; et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID   17486970. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-12-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA, eds. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
  6. Bandoni RJ, Oberwinkler F (1982). "Stilbotulasnella: a new genus in the Tulasnellaceae". Canadian Journal of Botany. 60 (10): 1875–1879. doi:10.1139/b82-234.
  7. Rasmussen HN. (2002). "Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza". Plant and Soil. 244: 149–163. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1284-2_15. ISBN   978-90-481-5933-8.
  8. Suárez JP, et al. (2006). "Diverse tulasnelloid fungi form mycorrhizas with epiphytic orchids in an Andean cloud forest". Mycological Research. 110 (11): 1257–1270. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.004. PMID   17081740.
  9. Bidartondo MI, et al. (2003). "Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort". Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 270 (1517): 835–842. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2299. PMC   1691308 . PMID   12737662.