UEFA club competition records and statistics

Last updated

Clubs

UEFA club competition winners

Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (26), and have the most UEFA Super Cup wins (6) as well. [1] The Madrid club also have a record 15 titles achieved in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor. [2] Barcelona have a record four titles in the Cup Winners' Cup, while Sevilla have a record of seven UEFA Cup and Europa League titles. [3] Roma, West Ham United, and Olympiacos have each won one UEFA Conference League title. Finally, German clubs Hamburger SV, Schalke 04, and VfB Stuttgart, as well as Spanish club Villarreal, are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (two each).

Contents

Ranking main European club competitions' winning club sides by winning percentage

This is a ranking of all club sides which have won one of the three main European competitions, past or present. [4]

Bayern Munich are the only team to finish a continental competition with a 100% winning record, achieving that milestone in 2020 as part of a modified tournament structure with a final eight in a neutral venue held in a single elimination match due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.

Top 15 club sides

Qualifying and preliminary round matches are not included, neither are play-off matches; results of penalty shoot-outs are considered the score which preceded them (including extra time).

Table key
  Highest ranked European Cup / UEFA Champions League winner
  Highest ranked European / UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winner
  Highest ranked UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League winner
  Highest ranked UEFA Conference League winner
RankClubTournamentSeasonPldWGFGAGDWin %
1. Flag of Germany.svg Bayern Munich Champions League 2019–20 1111438+35100%
2. Flag of England.svg West Ham United Europa Conference League 2022–23 1312298+2192.31%
3. Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Dynamo Kyiv Cup Winners' Cup 1974–75 98175+1288.88%
4. Flag of France (lighter variant).svg Paris Saint-Germain Cup Winners' Cup 1995–96 98164+1288.88%
5. Flag of Spain.svg Atlético Madrid Europa League 2011–12 15133310+2386.67%
6. Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg Real Madrid European Cup 1959–60 763110+2185.71%
7. Flag of England.svg Tottenham Hotspur Cup Winners' Cup 1962–63 76249+1585.71%
8. Flag of the Netherlands.svg Ajax European Cup 1972–73 76154+1185.71%
9. Flag of Italy.svg Inter Milan European Cup 1963–64 76155+1085.71%
10. Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid Champions League 2013–14 13114110+3184.61%
11. Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona Champions League 2014–15 13113111+2084.61%
12. Flag of Italy.svg Juventus UEFA Cup 1992–93 1210316+2583.33%
13. Flag of Germany.svg Borussia Mönchengladbach UEFA Cup 1974–75 1210329+2383.33%
14. Flag of Germany.svg Bayern Munich UEFA Cup 1995–96 12103210+2283.33%
15. Flag of Italy.svg Fiorentina Cup Winners' Cup 1960–61 65175+1283.33%

List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions

HK CWB Tong Luo Wan Causeway Bay Shi Dai Guang Chang Times Square mall void exhibition Juventus Football Club September 2021 SS2 007.jpg
HK CWB Tong Luo Wan Causeway Bay Shi Dai Guang Chang Times Square mall void exhibition Juventus Football Club September 2021 SS2 004.jpg
HK CWB Tong Luo Wan Causeway Bay Shi Dai Guang Chang Times Square mall void exhibition Juventus Football Club September 2021 SS2 005.jpg
The Champions League (left), the Cup Winners' Cup (middle), and the Europa League (right) trophies, assembling the original European Treble in 2021 [5]
The Conference League trophy UEFA Europa Conference League Trophy.jpg
The Conference League trophy

To date, five clubs have won all three main pre-1999 UEFA club competitions, the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League. [5] [6] [7]

Although the Cup Winners' Cup no longer exists, 27 of its former winners could still add wins in the other two competitions to achieve this UEFA treble. Ten of those teams are just one trophy away from the feat, including Barcelona and Milan who have both won the Champions League and the Cup Winners' Cup titles and are one Europa League trophy away from achieving the UEFA treble. [8] [9] Other clubs needing the Europa League title to achieve the treble are Hamburg, Borussia Dortmund and Manchester City, having previously won the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup once each. The remaining five clubs need to win the Champions League; Atlético Madrid, Tottenham Hotspur, Anderlecht, Valencia and Parma.

Upon the commencement of the UEFA Conference League in the 2021–22 season, there is a chance for the 32 former winners of the Cup Winners' Cup to win that competition. Any other existing clubs can also win a modern UEFA treble (counting only the Champions, Europa and Conference League titles) in the future.

ClubFirst titleSecond titleTreble title
Flag of Italy.svg Juventus 1976–77 UEFA Cup 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup 1984–85 European Cup
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Ajax 1970–71 European Cup 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup 1991–92 UEFA Cup
Flag of Germany.svg Bayern Munich 1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup 1973–74 European Cup 1995–96 UEFA Cup
Flag of England.svg Chelsea 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup 2011–12 UEFA Champions League 2012–13 UEFA Europa League
Flag of England.svg Manchester United 1967–68 European Cup 1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup 2016–17 UEFA Europa League

Only the first win is shown for any club with multiple wins of the same competition.

Juventus received The UEFA Plaque from the confederation in 1988, in recognition of being the first side in European football history to win all three major UEFA club competitions, [10] [11] and the only one to reach it with in a single coach spell (i.e. Giovanni Trapattoni). They completed the European treble in the shortest amount of time (8 years), while Manchester United reached it in the longest (49 years). [12]

Chelsea is the first and only club to win all three pre-1999 main UEFA club competitions more than once each, having won the 1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, and 2020–21 UEFA Champions League. They won the 2012–13 Europa League, the club's first title in the tournament, after being transferred as a third-placed team in the season's Champions League group stage, the first Champions League holders to be eliminated that early. [13] [14]

Hamburg, Fiorentina, Ajax, Arsenal, and Liverpool are the only clubs to have been runners-up in all three of these competitions. [15] After the inception of the UEFA Conference League from the 2021–22 season, Fiorentina became the first club in European football to finish as runners-up in all four seasonal competitions, achieved after losing the 2023 Europa Conference League final.

List of teams to have won all UEFA club competitions

Until the first Conference League final in 2022, Juventus was the only club in association football history to have won every men's official confederation tournaments. [16]

ClubFirst titleSecond titleThird titleFourth titleFifth titleSixth title
Flag of Italy.svg Juventus 1976–77 UEFA Cup 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup 1984 European Super Cup 1984–85 European Cup 1985 Intercontinental Cup 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup

Shows first win only in the case of club's multiple wins of same competition.

German side Hamburg was the only club to have been runners-up in all six UEFA club competitions played until 2021. [15] The club lost in the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1968, the European Super Cup in 1977 and 1983, the final of the European Cup in 1980, the final of the UEFA Cup in 1982, the Intercontinental Cup in 1983, and the finals of the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1999.

All finalists from one country

The 2018–19 season was the first time that all European finals featured representatives from only one country (England). In the Champions League final, Liverpool defeated Tottenham Hotspur, while Chelsea defeated Arsenal in the Europa League final. [17] [18] [19] [20]

SeasonCompetitionWinnersRunners-up
2018–19 UEFA Champions League Flag of England.svg Liverpool Flag of England.svg Tottenham Hotspur
UEFA Europa League Flag of England.svg Chelsea Flag of England.svg Arsenal

All winners from one country

Before the abolition of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1999 and after the commencement of the Conference League in 2021, only once have three clubs from the same country – Italy in 1989–90 – won all three main UEFA club competitions in the same season: [21] In between, clubs from the same country have won both remaining main UEFA club competitions (Champions League and Europa League) in the same season six times: two Spanish teams in 2005–06, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2017–18, and two English teams in 2018–19.

SeasonCompetitionWinners
1989–90 European Cup Flag of Italy.svg Milan
European Cup Winners' Cup Flag of Italy.svg Sampdoria
UEFA Cup Flag of Italy.svg Juventus
2005–06 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona
UEFA Cup Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla
2013–14 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla
2014–15 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla
2015–16 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla
2017–18 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Atlético Madrid
2018–19 UEFA Champions League Flag of England.svg Liverpool
UEFA Europa League Flag of England.svg Chelsea

All runners-up from one country

In 2022–23 season, for the first time in European football history, three different member teams from the same association (Italian FIGC) lost in all three UEFA competitions: Inter Milan lost the Champions League final, Roma lost the Europa League final and Fiorentina lost the Europa Conference League final, respectively. [22] [23]

SeasonCompetitionWinnersRunners-up
2001–02 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid Flag of Germany.svg Bayer Leverkusen
UEFA Cup Flag of the Netherlands.svg Feyenoord Flag of Germany.svg Borussia Dortmund
2003–04 UEFA Champions League Flag of Portugal.svg Porto Flag of France (lighter variant).svg Monaco
UEFA Cup Flag of Spain.svg Valencia Flag of France (lighter variant).svg Marseille
2005–06 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona Flag of England.svg Arsenal
UEFA Cup Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla Flag of England.svg Middlesbrough
2018–19 UEFA Champions League Flag of England.svg Liverpool Flag of England.svg Tottenham Hotspur
UEFA Europa League Flag of England.svg Chelsea Flag of England.svg Arsenal
2020–21 UEFA Champions League Flag of England.svg Chelsea Flag of England.svg Manchester City
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Villarreal Flag of England.svg Manchester United
2022–23 UEFA Champions League Flag of England.svg Manchester City Flag of Italy.svg Inter Milan
UEFA Europa League Flag of Spain.svg Sevilla Flag of Italy.svg Roma
UEFA Europa Conference League Flag of England.svg West Ham United Flag of Italy.svg Fiorentina

Finalists from the same city

Clubs from the same city played with each other on four occasions. Only Madrid and London clubs have achieved this rare feat.

EditionCompetitionWinnersRunners-up
2013–14 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid Flag of Spain.svg Atlético Madrid
2015–16 UEFA Champions League Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid Flag of Spain.svg Atlético Madrid
2018 UEFA Super Cup Flag of Spain.svg Atlético Madrid Flag of Spain.svg Real Madrid
2018–19 UEFA Europa League Flag of England.svg Chelsea Flag of England.svg Arsenal

Other records

Players

List of players to have won the three main European club competitions

The table below show the ten players who have won all three major former and current UEFA club competitions (chronological order). [25] [26]

FootballerFirst titleSecond titleTreble title
Flag of Italy.svg Antonio Cabrini 1976–77 UEFA Cup (Juventus) 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus)
Flag of Italy.svg Gaetano Scirea 1976–77 UEFA Cup (Juventus) 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus)
Flag of Italy.svg Marco Tardelli 1976–77 UEFA Cup (Juventus) 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Arnold Mühren 1972–73 European Cup (Ajax) 1980–81 UEFA Cup (Ipswich Town) 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup (Ajax)
Flag of Italy.svg Sergio Brio 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus) 1989–90 UEFA Cup (Juventus)
Flag of Italy.svg Stefano Tacconi 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus) 1989–90 UEFA Cup (Juventus)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Danny Blind 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup (Ajax) 1991–92 UEFA Cup (Ajax) 1994–95 UEFA Champions League (Ajax)
Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Vialli 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup (Sampdoria) 1992–93 UEFA Cup (Juventus) 1995–96 UEFA Champions League (Juventus)
Flag of Portugal.svg Vítor Baía 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (Barcelona) 2002–03 UEFA Cup (Porto) 2003–04 UEFA Champions League (Porto)
Flag of Italy.svg Emerson Palmieri 2018–19 UEFA Europa League (Chelsea) 2020–21 UEFA Champions League (Chelsea) 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League (West Ham United)

Shows first win only for any player with multiple wins of same competition.

List of players to have won all international club competitions

Although no footballer has ever won all six competitions, the table below show the only seven players who have won five different international competitions organised by UEFA, [26] including the three seasonal tournaments, until the introduction of the Conference League in 2021–22 season (chronological order).

Footballer European Cup/
Champions League
UEFA Cup/
Europa League
[26]
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Super Cup Intercontinental Cup
Flag of Italy.svg Gaetano Scirea 1985Juventus 1977Juventus 1984Juventus 1984Juventus 1985Juventus
Flag of Italy.svg Antonio Cabrini
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Arnold Mühren 1973Ajax 1981Ipswich Town 1987Ajax 1973Ajax 1972Ajax
Flag of Italy.svg Stefano Tacconi 1985Juventus 1990Juventus 1984Juventus 1984Juventus 1985Juventus
Flag of Italy.svg Sergio Brio
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Danny Blind 1995Ajax 1992Ajax 1987Ajax 1995Ajax 1995Ajax

Most appearances in UEFA club competitions

As of 20 February 2025 [27]
RankPlayerAppsDebut
in Europe
RetirementClub(s)
1 Flag of Portugal.svg Cristiano Ronaldo 1972002 Sporting CP
Manchester United
Real Madrid
Juventus
2 Flag of Spain.svg Pepe Reina 1922000 Barcelona
Villarreal
Liverpool
Napoli
Milan
Lazio
3 Flag of Spain.svg Iker Casillas 18819992019 Real Madrid
Porto
4 Flag of Italy.svg Paolo Maldini 17419852009 Milan
5 Flag of Spain.svg Xavi 17319992015 Barcelona
6 Flag of Croatia.svg Luka Modrić 1692006 Dinamo Zagreb
Tottenham Hotspur
Real Madrid
7 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluigi Buffon 16719952023 Parma
Juventus
Paris Saint-Germain
Flag of Argentina.svg Lionel Messi 1672004 Barcelona
Paris Saint-Germain
9 Flag of Germany.svg Toni Kroos 16420072024 Bayern Munich
Real Madrid
Flag of Germany.svg Thomas Müller 1642009 Bayern Munich

Bold = Still active

Top scorers in UEFA club competitions

As of 20 February 2025 [28]

Includes all rounds of UEFA Champions League (UCL), UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (UCWC), UEFA Europa League (UEL), UEFA Conference League (UECL), UEFA Intertoto Cup (UIC), UEFA Super Cup (USC), Intercontinental Cup (IC)

RankPlayerGoalsAppsGoal ratioDebut
in Europe
RetirementClub(s)
1 Flag of Portugal.svg Cristiano Ronaldo 1451970.742002 Sporting CP
Manchester United
Real Madrid
Juventus
2 Flag of Argentina.svg Lionel Messi 1321670.792004 Barcelona
Paris Saint-Germain
3 Flag of Poland.svg Robert Lewandowski 1111550.722008 Lech Poznań
Borussia Dortmund
Bayern Munich
Barcelona
4 Flag of France.svg Karim Benzema 921570.592005 Lyon
Real Madrid
5 Flag of Spain.svg Raúl 771610.4819952012 Real Madrid
Schalke 04
6 Flag of Italy.svg Filippo Inzaghi 701140.61 Parma
Juventus
Milan
7 Flag of Ukraine.svg Andriy Shevchenko 671430.471994 Dynamo Kyiv
Milan
Chelsea
8 Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Edin Džeko 651510.432008 Wolfsburg
Manchester City
Roma
Inter Milan
Fenerbahçe
9 Flag of Argentina.svg Sergio Agüero 631090.5820072021 Atlético Madrid
Manchester City
Barcelona
10 Flag of Germany.svg Gerd Müller 62710.8719671981 Bayern Munich
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Ruud van Nistelrooy 62920.6719982012 PSV Eindhoven
Manchester United
Real Madrid
Hamburger SV

Bold = Still active

Other records

Managers

List of managers to have won the three main European club competitions

The table below show the only three managers who have won all three major former and current UEFA club competitions. [26]

ManagerFirst titleSecond titleTreble title
Flag of Germany.svg Udo Lattek 1973–74 European Cup (Bayern Munich) 1978–79 UEFA Cup (Borussia Mönchengladbach) 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup (Barcelona)
Flag of Italy.svg Giovanni Trapattoni 1976–77 UEFA Cup (Juventus) 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup (Juventus) 1984–85 European Cup (Juventus)
Flag of Portugal.svg José Mourinho 2002–03 UEFA Cup (Porto) 2003–04 UEFA Champions League (Porto) 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League (Roma)

Shows first win only for any manager with multiple wins of same competition.

French manager Arsène Wenger is the only manager who has been runner-up in three major UEFA club competitions. [26] He finished runner-up in the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup with Monaco and in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup and 2005–06 UEFA Champions League with Arsenal.

List of managers to have won all international club competitions

Although no manager has ever won all seven competitions, the table below shows the only one to have won five different international tournaments organised by UEFA, [26] including the three seasonal tournaments, until the introduction of the Conference League in the 2021–22 season.

Manager European Cup/
Champions League
UEFA Cup/
Europa League
[26]
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Super Cup Intercontinental Cup
Flag of Italy.svg Giovanni Trapattoni 1985Juventus 1977Juventus 1984Juventus 1984Juventus 1985Juventus

Shows first win only in the case of manager's multiple wins of same competition.

Attendance

Highest attendance for a UEFA club competition

RankMatchDateCompetitionStadium and CityAttendanceRef.
1 Flag of Scotland.svg Celtic 2–1 Flag of England.svg Leeds United 15 April 1970 European Cup Hampden Park, Glasgow, Scotland136,505 (official attendance) [31]

See also

References

  1. "Competition format". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  2. "Final facts and figures". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  3. "Competition format". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  4. Champions League (named European Cup before 1992), Cup Winners' Cup (1960–1999), and Europa League (named UEFA Cup before 2009); since 2021 also includes Conference League.
  5. 1 2 "Stats: Mourinho takes place among coaching greats". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  6. "Chelsea join illustrious trio". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  7. "Tottenham eye rare European clean sweep". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  8. "Un dilema histórico". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 September 2003.
  9. "El Barça, gran atracción del sorteo". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 16 July 1992.
  10. "Giovanni Trapattoni". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  11. Giorgio Viglino (13 July 1988). "Boniperti e Futre, è la volta buona". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 22. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  12. "Tottenham eye rare European clean sweep". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 2019. [...] 49 years separated United's first European title and the UEFA Europa League trophy that completed the set.
  13. Westhenry, Rowanne. "Chelsea Eliminated from Champions League: Why the Future Is Bright". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  14. "Chelsea wins Europa League with last-gasp goal". Arab News. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  15. 1 2 Roberto Di Maggio (18 February 2021). "International Finalists". Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation.
  16. In addition, Juventus were the first club in association football history to have won all possible continental competitions (e.g., the international tournaments organised by UEFA and held exclusively in Eurasia) and the world title and remain the only at international level to achieve this, cf. "Legend: UEFA club competitions". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 August 2006. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
    "1985: Juventus end European drought". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 1985. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  17. "Has one country ever had all European finalists before?". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  18. "Champions League & Europa League: English clubs make history by taking four final places". BBC Sport . 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  19. Meaney, Jonathan (9 May 2019). "England makes history with four clubs in both European finals". Diario AS. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  20. "Four English clubs are through to the Champions League quarter-finals". OneFootball. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  21. "1989/90: Rijkaard seals Milan triumph". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 1990. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  22. Prisco, Antonio (11 June 2023). "Zero vittorie su tre finali europee: il flop "record" delle italiane in coppa". Il Giornale (in Italian).
  23. Arellano, Bryan (12 June 2023). "Italy lose four finals | Champions League, Europa League, Conference League and U-20 World Cup". Diario AS. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Which teams have played the most UEFA games?". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2020.
  25. "Treble chance for Vítor Baía". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (1958–1971) is not included in this list because is not recognised as official European competition by UEFA. The Intertoto Cup, competition per clubs recognised by the main football organisation in Europe since 1995, is not included in this list. See "Legend: UEFA club competitions" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations: 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  27. "Who has made the most UEFA club competition appearances?". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  28. "UEFA club competition all-time top scorers: Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi clear". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  29. "Tottenham 5–1 NS Mura: Harry Kane comes off bench to score hat-trick". BBC Sport. 30 September 2021.
  30. "Orban scores fastest ever UEFA club competition hat-trick". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  31. "Celtic's Battles of Britain". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2013.