WRUC

Last updated
WRUC
Broadcast area Schenectady, Capital District
Frequency 89.7 MHz
BrandingWRUC 89.7 FM
The First Station In The Nation
Programming
Format College Radio
Ownership
Owner Union College
History
First air date
1975
Call sign meaning
Wireless Radio of Union College
Technical information
Licensing authority
 FCC
Class A
ERP 100 watts
HAAT -27 meters
Links
Public license information
Website http://wruc.union.edu

WRUC (89.7 MHz) is an independent educational college radio station, owned and operated by Union College in Schenectady, New York. The station transmits with an effective radiated power of 100 watts, covering an approximate 12-mile radius, though reception in fringe areas depends on the terrain. [1] [2] WRUC also streams its programming on Internet radio. The station's offices and studios are located in the Reamer Campus Center on the Union College campus.

Contents

WRUC's slogan is "The First Station In The Nation". The station traces its history back to October 14, 1920, the date an amateur station located at Union College first began making regular broadcasts. However, WRUC's priority claim is not widely accepted. There are continuity issues, because, after the demise of Union's broadcasting station, WRL, in 1924, the college did not resume any broadcasting activities until 1941. In addition, there are several stations that claim even longer histories, including KCBS (1909), [3] KJR (1919), [4] and WWJ (August 1920) [5] .


Programming

WRUC is entirely run by the students of Union College, and only operates regularly when the college is in session. The station offers listeners an eclectic mix of alternative programming, Union sports and news. The current WRUC FM station was first licensed in 1975 as a 10 watt station on 90.9 FM, with the call letters, standing for "Radio Union College", the same as the identifier used for a long running campus-wide "carrier current" station. In 1983, the transmitting frequency was changed to 89.7 and the power increased to 100 watts.

Union College radio alumni

Earlier Union College radio activities

Announcement of weekly programs over amateur station 2ADD (1920) Radiophone concert announcement for 2ADD, Union College - 1920.jpg
Announcement of weekly programs over amateur station 2ADD (1920)

Although WRUC as an FM station only dates back to 1975, Union College has a long history of experimental radio work and pioneer broadcasting, much of which was conducted by students.

In the fall of 1915, a "Technical and Training School" station license was issued to "Walter L. Upson (Union College)", with the call sign "2YU", [11] which was operated in conjunction with a newly formed Radio Club. In the summer of 1916, Dr. E. J. Berg and Dr. Alex Stevenson installed a spark-gap transmitter at the College, which could only transmit the dots-and-dashes of Morse code. By late 1916 experiments were also being conducted using the newly developed vacuum-tube transmitters, which were capable of making audio transmissions. Included as part of this work was a series of test radio concerts. However, upon the entrance of the United States into World War One, effective April 7, 1917 the government ordered all civilian radio stations, including 2YU, shut down for the duration of the conflict. [12]

Amateur station 2ADD (1920)

After the war, in the fall of 1919 civilian radio licenses began to be issued again, including a standard amateur station authorization with the call sign 2ADD granted to Wendell King [13] at the Union College Electrical Laboratory. [14] The Radio Club was reformed and resumed activities, which included a more organized series of entertainment broadcasts intended to be heard by the local community. The first of these broadcasts was made on October 14, 1920, [15] and a letter dated October 22, 1920 that appeared in the December 1920 issue of the amateur radio magazine QST announced that the College would be broadcasting weekly radio concerts "every Thursday evening from 8:00 to 8:30 and from 9:00 to 9:30 Eastern Standard Time, on 350 meters [857 kHz], signing 2ADD". [10]

Experimental station 2XQ (1921)

An Experimental license, 2XQ, had been issued to Union College in late 1919, [16] and the broadcasts were soon switched to using this authorization. In the summer of 1921, an article featuring the station noted that not only were the Thursday night concerts continuing, but the station had added Sunday night sermons prepared by Union College President C. A. Richmond. The same article also reported that the station, "equipped with the most modern of apparatus", had been heard as far away as 1,200 miles (1,900 kilometers). [17] The Radio Club designed a portable radio for receiving 2XQ transmissions, and as a publicity stunt, mounted it on a baby carriage that was wheeled around town to show off its capabilities. The invention was promoted as "a great pacifier for a younger generation", and received extensive national publicity. [18]

Union College Experimental Station 2XQ, 1921
Union College radio station 2XQ - 1921.jpg
2XQ Transmission Room [17]
Union College baby carriage radio - 1921.jpg
Portable Receiver Installed in a Baby Carriage [18]

Broadcasting station WRL (1922–1924)

Initially there were no specific standards restricting which radio stations could conduct a broadcasting service, so it was permissible for stations holding an Amateur or Experimental license to make entertainment broadcasts. However, effective December 1, 1921, the U.S. Department of Commerce, which regulated radio at this time, formally established regulations defining a broadcasting station, setting aside two wavelengths — 360 meters (833 kHz) for entertainment, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for official weather and other government reports — and requiring that broadcasting stations had to hold a Limited Commercial license. [19]

After the government started actively enforcing this ban, the college temporarily suspended broadcasting. However, after receiving "a request to broadcast the daily reports of the bureau of farms and markets", the Union College Radio Club decided to apply for one of the new broadcasting station licenses. [20] On March 2, 1922 Union College was issued its first broadcasting license, with the randomly assigned call letters of WRL, authorizing use of the 360 meter entertainment wavelength. [21] An expanded series of broadcasts followed, including vesper services in April, and a series of special transmissions during the College's 126th Commencement exercises in June. [22]

However, the initial enthusiasm for broadcasting soon waned, and the Radio Club's focus returned to experimental work, including two-way shortwave communication across the Atlantic using its Experimental station 2XQ. On November 11, 1922, WRL was used to broadcast a play-by-play recounting of the Union-Hamilton football game. But a report at the time noted that "Union has not been active in popular broadcasting this season, the students devoting their efforts to transoceanic tests." [23] WRL's last license was allowed to expire on January 25, 1923, and the station was formally deleted from the government list of active stations on December 18, 1924. [12]

"Carrier current" station UBS / UCRS / WRUC (beginning 1941)

After the closing of WRL, Union College did not operate a broadcasting station for the next 17 years. The resumption of broadcast activities was the result of the development of a new form of transmission system. In 1936, students at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island developed the first campus-based carrier current radio station, initially called "The Brown Network". Carrier current stations employed very low powered AM transmitters, with their signals carried over wires, often running through steam tunnels, that linked together various buildings and dormitories. These transmission lines then fed the radio signals into a building's electrical wires, allowing radio receivers located close to the wires to pick up the transmissions. [24] Because they were such low power, with their signals most commonly limited to a college campus plus the immediately adjoining neighborhoods, carrier current stations did not require a license from the Federal Communications Commission or qualify for officially assigned call letters.

The "carrier current" innovation soon spread to other college campuses, especially in the northeastern United States. In the fall of 1941, the Union College Radio Club founded its own carrier current station, transmitting on the AM band at 640 kHz, [25] which went into operation on September 22, 1941 with College President Fox as the debut's featured speaker. The new station informally adopted the identifier "UBS" (for "Union Broadcasting System"), and initially provided service to just the North Campus and the Kappa Alpha fraternity, although this was later expanded to campus-wide. The Intercollegiate Broadcasting System (IBS) had been formed in February 1940, to coordinate activities between individual colleges and to solicit advertisers interested in sponsoring programs geared toward college students, and the Union College Radio Club became a member of IBS on December 28, 1941. [26]

In 1939, the Union College Radio Workshop was formed to provide students with "practical radio experience". Initially the group worked in conjunction with General Electric, gaining experience in radio programming production at that company's experimental FM station, W2XOY, and its shortwave stations, WGEO and WGEA. In mid-1942 the Radio Workshop group merged with the Radio Club, forming the Union College Radio Society. Reflecting this change, the carrier current station now became known as the "U.C.R.S. Network", boasting a staff of twenty-five students, with studios located in the college's Electrical Engineering building. [27]

In early 1947, as a result of a contest, the station's identification was changed to "WRUC", standing for "Radio Union College". In 1948, the normal operating schedule was daily from 7 a.m. to 9:15 a.m. and 7 p.m. to 1 a.m., and the station was described as an "educational experience in the operation of a model broadcast station" that also provided "for all students the programs they wish to hear". [28]

By 1963, WRUC had fallen silent, with its equipment in disrepair. Restoring operations was taken on as a project by Richard Ferguson and Jeffrey Hedquist, and after being revived it was again operated as a commercial station, eventually programming a high-energy Top 40 format similar to WABC in New York City. Operating hours were expanded to 18 hours a day. In the summer of 1966, a telephone line was used to transmit the programs to nearby Skidmore College, where for a time a second carrier current facility rebroadcast the programs for that campus. [29]

Priority status

WRUC refers to itself as "The First Station In The Nation", and this slogan has been consistently adopted by Union College's various broadcasting endeavors. [30]

Union College's claim of priority was made as early as 1922, initially for its broadcasting station, WRL. At this time KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which began broadcasting under the Special Amateur call sign of 8ZZ on November 2, 1920, was widely said to be "the first broadcasting station". WRL supporters countered that WRL's predecessor station, 2ADD, was "the first one to regularly broadcast musical programs", [31] and because 2ADD's October 14, 1920 start was three weeks prior to KDKA's, therefore WRL should be considered the true pioneer broadcaster.

WRL ceased operations in 1924, so WRUC's current primacy claim requires stringing together a series of subsequent Union College broadcasting operations, starting on the AM and ending on the FM band, that begins with a standard amateur station (2ADD, 1920), followed by an Experimental station (2XQ, 1921), an AM broadcasting station (WRL, 1922-1924), then — after a 17-year gap when there was no organized broadcasting conducted at the College — an unlicensed commercial AM carrier current facility (UBS / UCRS / WRUC (beginning 1941)), and finally, beginning in 1975, a licensed non-commercial FM station, now with WRUC call letters officially assigned by the FCC.

The existence of the 1924-1941 gap, plus the need to combine several different broadcasting operations, makes the assertion that WRUC (FM) is a direct continuation of 2ADD problematical. In a review titled "Broadcasting's Oldest Stations", which appeared in the Winter 1977 issue of the Journal of Broadcasting, authors Joseph E. Baudino and John M. Kittross listed WRUC as one of the stations that they had quickly eliminated from consideration, including it in a group that didn't meet "enough of the requirements to be serious claimants within the bounds of this discussion". [32]

Moreover, even in 1922 there were a number of stations in the United States with traditions that their broadcasting histories predated both WRL and KDKA.

Charles "Doc" Herrold, in San Jose, California, began test transmissions in 1909, which were followed by weekly concerts beginning in 1912. [33] Herrold's broadcasts were suspended due to the World War I prohibition of civilian radio stations, and he did not return to the airwaves until May 1921. [34] His experimental station was relicensed in December 1921 as KQW, which later moved to San Francisco and changed its call letters to KCBS in 1949. Program schedules for KQW appearing in 1925 included the slogan "Pioneer Broadcasting Station of the World", [35] and in 2009 KCBS celebrated its 100th birthday with a yearlong series of events throughout the Bay Area, including the public dedication of a plaque commemorating the "Centennial Celebration of the World's First Broadcasting Station". [36]

Around April 1920 the "California Theater Station" in San Francisco, originally under an Experimental license as 6XC, inaugurated a wide-ranging selection of daily broadcasts. The next year inventor Lee de Forest wrote that this was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public. [37] The station was relicensed as KZY late in 1921, then deleted in early 1923.

Beginning in August 1920, the Detroit News began daily broadcasts under an Amateur license as 8MK, highlighted by election returns broadcast on August 31, 1920. [38] In 1921 the newspaper received a broadcasting license, as WBL, which a few months later changed to its current call letters, WWJ.

Among educational institutions, Grove City College in Grove City, Pennsylvania began regular radio concerts in March 1920. [39] In 1922 the College received a broadcasting license, WSAJ, which celebrated its 50th anniversary in April 1970, six months before WRUC. [40] The AM broadcasting station was deleted in 2006, however, the College continues to operate WSAJ-FM. In addition, the Radio Club at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania broadcast a series of dance music broadcasts in May 1920. [41] Carnegie established its own carrier current station, "WRCT", in 1949, and added an FM station with the same call letters in 1974.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AM broadcasting</span> Radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation

AM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave transmissions, but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WHA (AM)</span> Public radio station in Madison, Wisconsin

WHA is a non-commercial radio station, licensed since 1922 to the University of Wisconsin and located in Madison, Wisconsin. It serves as the flagship for the Wisconsin Public Radio "WPR News Network". WHA's programming is also broadcast by FM station WERN in Madison. The station airs a schedule of news and talk programs from Wisconsin Public Radio, NPR, American Public Media, Public Radio International, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the BBC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KUOM</span> College radio station of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities

KUOM – branded Radio K - Real College Radio – is a daytime-only, non-commercial, college radio station licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Owned by the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, the station is operated by students and faculty. It mainly airs alternative rock with other genres of music. The studios are in Rarig Center on the University of Minnesota campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WGY (AM)</span> Radio station in New York, United States

WGY is a commercial radio station licensed to Schenectady, New York, carrying a news/talk format which is simulcast full-time over WGY-FM. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station serves Albany, Troy and the Capital District of New York, and is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range. WGY is one of the first stations in the United States and the oldest to operate continuously in New York State, having launched on February 20, 1922.

Radio broadcasting has been used in the United States since the early 1920s to distribute news and entertainment to a national audience. In 1923, 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver, while a majority did by 1931 and 75 percent did by 1937. It was the first electronic "mass medium" technology, and its introduction, along with the subsequent development of sound films, ended the print monopoly of mass media. During the Golden Age of Radio it had a major cultural and financial impact on the country. However, the rise of television broadcasting in the 1950s relegated radio to a secondary status, as much of its programming and audience shifted to the new "sight joined with sound" service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WWJ (AM)</span> Radio station in Detroit, Michigan

WWJ is a commercial AM radio station licensed to serve Detroit, Michigan, featuring an all-news radio format known as WWJ Newsradio 950. Owned by Audacy, Inc., the station services Metro Detroit, is the market affiliate for CBS News Radio, and the flagship station for the Michigan Sports Network. Operating on a regional broadcast frequency, its studios are in the Panasonic Building in Southfield.

WRPI is a non-commercial free-format college radio station run entirely by students attending Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and staffed by community members and students. WRPI broadcasts every day with an effective radiated power of 10,000 watts, serving listeners in Albany, eastern New York, western Massachusetts, Vermont, and online via live streaming. The studios are located in the basement of the Darrin Communications Center and the FM signal is broadcast from North Greenbush. Programming includes a wide range of music, cultural and public affairs programs, live bands, special events, and sports simulcasts, particularly of RPI hockey, football, and baseball. WRPI has a large record library dating to the origins of the station, estimated at 43,800 albums, and a large CD library, dating to the start of the medium.

WOC is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Davenport, Iowa, and serving the Quad Cities of Iowa and Illinois. WOC is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., and broadcasts a news/talk format. Its studios are located at 3535 East Kimberly Road in Davenport. Its transmitter is located at an antenna farm in Bettendorf, Iowa, near the campus of Scott Community College. WOC broadcasts with 5,000 watts with a directional signal to avoid interfering with other stations on 1420 kHz.

WEW (770 AM) is a commercial radio station in St. Louis, Missouri. Owned by Birach Broadcasting Corporation, its studios are on Hampton Avenue in St. Louis. First licensed in March 1922, WEW is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CINW</span> Radio station in Montreal (1919–2010)

CINW was the final call sign used by an English language AM radio station in Montreal, Canada, which, along with French-language sister station CINF, ceased operations at 7:00 p.m. ET on January 29, 2010. Owned and operated by Corus Quebec, it broadcast on 940 kHz with a full-time power of 50,000 watts as a clear channel, Class A station, using a slightly directional antenna designed to improve reception in downtown Montreal.

KZQZ was a commercial radio station that was licensed to serve St. Louis, Missouri at 1430 AM, and broadcast from 1922 to 2020. As WEB it was one of the first radio stations to have been established and licensed in the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area, and was known for most of its life as WIL. The Federal Communications Commission revoked the license for the station and its three co-owned stations in March 2020 after discovering that a convicted felon had effective control of the stations in their last years; despite the revocation, KZQZ and KQQZ continued to broadcast without a valid license into April 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDKA (AM)</span> Radio station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

KDKA is a Class A, clear channel, AM radio station, owned and operated by Audacy, Inc. and licensed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Its radio studios are located at the combined Audacy Pittsburgh facility in the Foster Plaza on Holiday Drive in Green Tree, and its transmitter site is at Allison Park. The station's programming is also carried over 93.7 KDKA-FM's HD2 digital subchannel, and is simulcast on FM translator W261AX at 100.1 MHz.

KLZ is a commercial radio station licensed to Denver, Colorado. It airs a conservative talk radio format and is owned by Crawford Broadcasting, with studios on South Parker Road in Aurora. It is the oldest radio station in the state of Colorado, and one of the oldest in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WSAJ-FM</span> Radio station in Grove City, Pennsylvania

WSAJ-FM is a non-commercial college radio station located in Grove City, Pennsylvania. The station is owned and operated by Grove City College and carries syndicated classical and jazz music, as well as student programming and local sports coverage. The station is managed by an employee of the college, and its day-to-day operations are overseen by a staff of student volunteers when school is in session.

WKAR is a non-commercial public AM radio station, licensed to the trustees of Michigan State University (MSU) at East Lansing, Michigan. It is part of MSU's Broadcasting Services Division, along with WKAR-FM and WKAR-TV. The station's studios and offices are in the Communication Arts and Sciences Building, at the southeast corner of Wilson and Red Cedar Roads on the MSU campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WPNR-FM</span> Radio station in New York, United States

WPNR-FM is the student-run radio station at Utica University in Utica, New York, United States. Programming is produced by Utica University students under the guidance of a faculty advisor and includes music and university athletic events. The studios and transmitter are at the Strebel Student Center on the campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WGI (radio station)</span> Radio station in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts (1919–1927)

WGI was an early radio broadcasting station, licensed to the American Radio and Research Corporation (AMRAD) of Medford Hillside, Massachusetts. WGI received its initial broadcasting license on February 7, 1922. However, the station had previously made regular broadcasts under an experimental license as 1XE, which were the first organized broadcasts in the Boston area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KZNE</span> Radio station in College Station, Texas

KZNE, branded as "The Zone 1150 AM – 93.7 FM", is a commercial sports radio station licensed to serve College Station, Texas. Owned by the Bryan Broadcasting Company, KZNE covers College Station, Bryan and much of the Brazos Valley. Studios are located in College Station, with a transmitter site in Bryan.

WSAJ was one of the earliest AM educational radio stations, licensed November 29, 1922 – January 30, 2006 to Grove City College in Grove City, Pennsylvania. The station traced its founding to broadcasts made over "Technical and Training School" station 8YV, which began in March 1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklin M. Doolittle</span> American radio pioneer

Franklin Malcolm Doolittle was a radio industry pioneer, who founded WDRC, the oldest AM station in Connecticut, in addition to that state's first FM station, WHCN, which was also one of the first FM broadcasters in the United States. In 1924–1925, he conducted the first tests made of stereo radio broadcasts.

References

  1. ↑ "Coverage Area: WRUC-FM". radio-locator.com. Radio-Locator. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions about Radio-Locator Coverage Maps". radio-locator.com. Radio-Locator. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
  3. ↑ "World's First Broadcasting Station" marker, The Historical Marker Database (hmdb.org)
  4. ↑ "Seattle Radio History: KJR and KOMO" by John Schneider (theradiohistorian.org)
  5. ↑ "WWJ 950 AM" Encyclopedia of Detroit, Detroit Historical Society (detroithistorical.org)
  6. ↑ "Ferguson to Receive NAB National Radio Award". NewBay Media LLC. 2002-05-09. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  7. ↑ "Richard Ferguson". National Association of Broadcasters . Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  8. ↑ "Richard Roth". CBS News. 2002-10-09. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  9. ↑ Wykoff, Scott (2010-09-10). "Where It All Began". Scott Wykoff's Blog. WBAL (AM) . Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  10. 1 2 " Radiophone Concerts" (letter from Jetson O. Bently, Radio Club at Union College secretary), QST magazine, December 1920, page 64.
  11. ↑ "New Stations: Special Land Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, November 1915, page 2. The leading "2" in 2YU's call sign indicated that the station was located in the second Radio Inspection District, while the "Y" designated the station as having a "Technical and Training School" license.
  12. 1 2 "Union College", Education's Own Stations by S. E. Frost, Jr., Ph.D., 1937, pages 437-441.
  13. ↑ "Wendell Wilford King (1897–1965)" (lansingburghhistoricalsociety.org)
  14. ↑ Second District: Alphabetically by Owners of Stations, Amateur Radio Stations of the United States: June 30, 1920 edition, page 35. The fact that the first letter in 2ADD's call sign fell in the range from A to W indicated the station had a standard Amateur license, which was normally limited to operating on a wavelength of 200 meters (1500 kHz).
  15. ↑ "Union Again Pioneer of American College World; Music by Wireless Telephone Latest Radio Feat", The Concordiensis, October 16, 1920, pages 1, 4.
  16. ↑ " New Stations: Special Land Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 2, 1920, page 4. The "X" in 2XQ's call sign indicated that the station held an Experimental license.
  17. 1 2 "Eight-Hour Radiophone Transmission by Union College", Wireless Age, July 1921, page 31.
  18. 1 2 A Wireless Baby Carriage, Wireless Age, July 1921, page 33.
  19. ↑ "Miscellaneous: Amendments to Regulations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 10.
  20. ↑ "Radio Club Will Conduct Classes", Schenectady Gazette, February 15, 1922, page 20.
  21. ↑ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1922, page 4. Limited Commercial license, serial #313, with the call letters WRL, issued March 2, 1922 to Union College in Schenectady, New York for a three month period.
  22. ↑ "Commencement Week Exercises Sent Out", The (Canton, Ohio) Sunday Repository, June 11, 1922, page 31.
  23. ↑ "Union College Radios Football Game", Denver Rocky Mountain News, November 15, 1922, page 13.
  24. ↑ The Gas Pipe Networks: A History of College Radio 1936-1946 by Louis M. Bloch, Jr., 1980, pages 11-13.
  25. ↑ This frequency was chosen because it was free from interference from standard broadcasting stations. During the daytime the closest broadcasting station was a small one located in Columbus, Ohio, while at night the nearest was in Los Angeles, California.
  26. ↑ Bloch, pages 102-103.
  27. ↑ "Union College Workshop Merges with Radio Club", Radio-Craft, June 1942, page 584.
  28. ↑ "Union College Radio Station Offers Students Training in Various Phases of Broadcasting", Schenectady Gazette, May 20, 1948, page 22.
  29. ↑ "Big Booming Sound: WRUC in the Sixties" (union.edu)
  30. ↑ In October 1950, carrier current station WRUC marked "its 30th anniversary of regular broadcasting" ("Union Radio Station Will Mark 30th Year", Schenectady Gazette, October 7, 1950, page 6), and, in October 1980, WRUC (FM) "celebrated its 60th birthday". ("College Had First Radio?" (UPI), Reading Eagle, October 15, 1980, page 39).
  31. ↑ "Union College Claims First Broadcasting", Radio World, June 10, 1922, page 28. The original article, "Union College Radio Set Increased in Range" by Lewis B. Sebring, Jr., Union College '23, appeared on page 6 of Part 2 of the May 14, 1922 issue of the New York Tribune.
  32. ↑ "Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants" (PDF). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Joseph E. Baudino and John M. Kittross, Journal of Broadcasting, Winter 1977, page 62. Although a specific reason for eliminating WRUC was not stated, one of their criteria was "a continuous patterned program service", which Union College did not meet because of the 17 year period, from the shutdown of broadcasting station WRL in 1924 until the establishment of carrier current station "UBS" in 1941, when no organized broadcasting was being conducted.
  33. ↑ "Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27.
  34. ↑ "Radio School Sends Jazz Music via Air", San Jose Mercury Herald, May 3, 1921, page 4.
  35. ↑ KQW schedule San Jose Evening News, December 12, 1925, page 2.
  36. ↑ "Flickriver: Photoset 'KCBS Centennial Celebration - 11 June 2009' by randomcuriosity". www.flickriver.com.
  37. ↑ "'Broadcasting' News by Radiotelephone" (letter from Lee de Forest), Electrical World, April 23, 1921, page 936.
  38. ↑ "The News Radiophone to Give Vote Results", Detroit News, August 31, 1920, pages 1-2.
  39. ↑ "Grove City", The (Greenville, Pennsylvania) Evening Record, March 25, 1920, page 1: "Concerts by a phonograph are being recorded nightly at the wireless telephone station of the college operated by Dr. Herbert Harmon, head of the department of physics of the school."
  40. ↑ "Rotarians relive 50 years of broadcasting: Grove City College claims to be first on the air", New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, April 28, 1970, page 2.
  41. ↑ "Music For Dancing Conveyed by Radio", (Portland) Oregonian, May 4, 1920, page 1.
External audio
"32 Years In Radio"
Nuvola apps arts.svg Recording of a WRUC program on the evening of October 14, 1952, from archive.org

42°49′05″N73°55′44″W / 42.818°N 73.929°W / 42.818; -73.929

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.