West's Furniture Showroom

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West's Furniture Showroom
View from across Wickham Street (2015).jpg
View from across Wickham Street to the showroom, 2015
Location620 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Coordinates 27°27′04″S153°02′23″E / 27.4512°S 153.0398°E / -27.4512; 153.0398
Design period1940s–1960s Post-WWII
Built1952–1953
Architect Karl Langer
Architectural style(s) Modernism
Official nameWest's Furniture Showroom (former)
Typestate heritage
Designated4 December 2015
Reference no.650008
TypeRetail, wholesale, services: Showroom
ThemeDeveloping secondary and tertiary industries: Marketing, retailing and service industries
Australia Queensland location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of West's Furniture Showroom in Queensland

West's Furniture Showroom is a heritage-listed former shop at 620 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Karl Langer and built from 1952 to 1953. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 December 2015. [1]

Contents

History

The former West's Furniture Showroom, completed in early 1953, was commissioned by Laurence (Laurie) West (1918–2013) as a modernist purpose-designed furniture showroom. Located at the northeast end of Fortitude Valley, one of Brisbane's busiest shopping centres at the time, it was designed by architect Dr Karl Langer (1903–1969) to attract attention and provide a setting for West's modern furniture. As the only Australian business licensed to make and sell Knoll furniture between 1956 and 1962, West's Furniture Showroom supplied architects with modern furniture for their buildings, and promoted Modern design both within the design community and to the general public. Sold by the West family in 1964, the building had several owners until its purchase by architect Robert Riddel, who in 2008 instigated and managed restoration and reconstruction works. [1]

Fortitude Valley, located on the north side of the Brisbane central business district (CBD), developed over several stages to become one of Brisbane's most successful shopping centres, concentrated in Ann, Brunswick and Wickham Streets. A major building boom took place there in the 1880s, reflecting the widespread economic and population growth typical of the decade. Old timber buildings were replaced with larger, more impressive buildings, marking the growing sophistication, confidence and population of the suburb. Access was improved by the introduction of public transport in the form of horse-drawn trams (replaced by Brisbane's electric trams in the 1890s). By the close of the 1880s the Valley (as Fortitude Valley is often called by Brisbane residents) had become intensively settled and was beginning to grow rapidly as a secondary retail centre to the city centre. In 1891 the train line from the city was extended to Fortitude Valley, fuelling the growth of industry in the area, with large factories and warehouses established beyond the retail centre, close to workers' dwellings. [2] [3] [1]

It was during the 1880s and 1890s that three major retailers were established in the Valley – Overell's drapery (est. 1883), TC Beirne's drapery (est. 1891), and McWhirters (est. 1898) – whose ongoing expansion reflected the wealth and optimism of Valley retailers, and attracted further activity and capital to the area. [1] [4]

Another building boom took place throughout Brisbane in the 1920s; and the Valley in particular, with its success as a commercial and industrial hub, expanded even further. Connection to the city was improved, and electric trams, which passed the busy corner of Brunswick and Wickham Streets, brought thousands of shoppers to the Valley. In 1949, the year that Fortitude Valley celebrated its centenary of European settlement, the turnover of Valley retailers alone was estimated at £15 million each year, of which the three biggest firms, McWhirters, T C Beirne and Overells, accounted for more than a third. [1] [5] [6]

In the early 1950s the Valley underwent a facelift, with investment of more than £1 million in expanding and modernising buildings in order to compete with "uptown" Queen Street, bringing a "modern slickness" to the area. Old shopfronts were replaced with stainless steel and plate glass, dozens of shops were renovated inside and out, and larger stores were constructed, with new features such as escalators proving very popular with customers. Unlike Queen Street, the Valley had ample room for expansion and plenty of parking space, making it a desirable location for a "shopping centre of the future". [1] [7] [8]

In addition to the major stores, the Valley was home to hundreds of medium and small-scale businesses, including numerous furniture manufacturers and retailers. In the post-World War II (WWII) period, a growing percentage of goods sold in the Valley were coming from factories close to the main shopping centre, including printing, textiles, timber, domestic machinery, motor car assembly, hardware and furniture factories. Fortitude Valley was one of the main hubs for furniture retailers in Brisbane, along with Woolloongabba, South Brisbane and the CBD. The 1951–52 Brisbane Metropolitan Trade and Business Directory lists 18 "furnishers and furniture dealers" in the Valley, most concentrated at the southwest end of Wickham Street. The types of retailers ranged from the large department stores, to shops selling mass-produced furniture at affordable prices, to more specialist retailers who designed and/or made furniture to order. [1] [6] [9]

The most important feature of furniture shops were their showrooms: large, flexible spaces where the furniture was displayed, often in room-like configurations so that customers could visualise the furniture in their own homes. Most furniture showrooms at that time were housed within a variety of commercial or warehouse-type buildings; many in older buildings adapted for display purposes. Showrooms also ranged in size, from single-storey shops to multi-storey complexes of adjoining buildings. [1] [10] [11] [12] [13]

One of the Fortitude Valley furniture businesses was West's Furniture Emporium (West's) at 132–134 Wickham Street, established in 1937 by Frank Presnell West (father of Laurence West). Frank West had purchased the property in 1922 and in 1927–28 a 4-storey building was constructed on the site for Crafti & Co. Ltd, well known furniture retailers. After Crafti & Co. experienced financial difficulties in the mid-1930s and moved out, the building was occupied by West's. Advertisements from the 1930s and 40s show that West's sold a wide variety of furniture, in both "period" and "modern" styles, and their motto was "West's for the Best". Promoting themselves as a small family concern, their furniture was made in a chain of small factories, each specialising in varied classes of furniture. [1] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

By the early 1950s, Frank West's son Laurence (Laurie) West had joined the family furniture business. Born in 1918, Laurie became well known in musical circles as a fine baritone singer, and performed in many concerts and singing competitions as a young man in the 1930s and 40s. During WWII he served in the Australian army, attaining the rank of sergeant. After his discharge in April 1946, he and his wife Mary (née Quine, married in 1943) moved into their new, architect-designed residence at Fairfield. While still active in performing and musical circles, Laurie spent a short time studying architecture at the Brisbane Central Technical College. During his studies, Laurie was struck by the lack of local consideration given to the "world scene," especially in terms of interior design. Extending his own knowledge of this field through "extensive reading in libraries and [of] purchased books" – including subscriptions to journals from America, Sweden and Europe – and contact with like-minded individuals, including the architect Karl Langer in Brisbane and Harry Seidler in Sydney, Laurie developed a desire to supply Brisbane (and Australia) with modern furniture. This desire grew in ambition and scale, and in the early 1950s he began planning a new purpose-designed showroom for displaying and selling modern furniture. [1] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]

The site chosen for the new showroom was at the northeast edge of Fortitude Valley, in a predominantly residential and industrial area. Frank West sold his property at 132–134 Wickham St in 1951 and in the same year purchased 618 Wickham Street (now known as 620 Wickham Street). At the time, the property consisted of an old timber residence with a shop at the front, and had rear access from Knapp Street. In 1951, Laurie West himself drew up some concept plans for a modern showroom on the site, which included a fish pond inside the front display window, a side arcade and entrance, an open-plan showroom with regularly-spaced posts painted bright primary colours, and a flat roof with rooftop garden. [1] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

The architect engaged to design West's new furniture showroom was Dr Karl Langer, who had designed Laurie and Mary West's house at Fairfield. [39] [40] [41] Born and educated in Vienna, Langer immigrated to Australia with his wife, artist and art critic Dr Gertrude Langer, in 1939; bringing direct experience of the European Modern Movement to Queensland. In addition to working as an architect, Langer lectured part-time in architecture and architectural design at the University of Queensland from 1940, publishing his influential booklet "Sub-Tropical Housing" in 1944. [42] From 1945 Langer was employed as an assistant town planner by Brisbane City Council and was also commissioned to work on a range of town planning projects around Australia. Concurrently, he completed a wide variety of architectural projects ranging from small, economical domestic work to large commercial and institutional work. [43] [1]

Langer had a pronounced impact upon the built environment of Australia and set new standards for design in Queensland until his death in 1969. His body of work is a clearly-distinguishable exploration of a sub-tropical Modernism and is important in the evolution of Queensland architecture. [44] [45] Langer's designs were typified by modern, highly-functional spaces lit by high levels of natural daylight, naturally ventilated, and incorporated gardens and water features for the occupation and enjoyment of users. They were fit for purpose, while having a degree of flexibility of use. [46] Other important examples of Langer's architectural work include: Langer's residence at St Lucia (1950); the Sugar Research Institute at Mackay (1953); St John's Lutheran Church at Bundaberg (1960); St Peter's Lutheran College Chapel at Indooroopilly (1968); and the former Department of Main Roads Building at Spring Hill (1967). [1] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]

Langer's design for the new West's showroom comprised a modern display area at the front of the site, with a workshop at the rear housed in the existing residence. This followed the pattern of a new type of small, combined showroom/industrial building which emerged in Queensland in the 1950s. Located in inner city areas on small sites, and built up to the street alignment to match adjacent buildings, these showrooms were usually a single structure of two to three storeys, with large expanses of glazing to the front elevation acting as showcases. They had a clear division between public and private space, with the ground floor area fronting the street housing display and administration areas, while production and storage areas were located to the rear or on upper levels. Detailed attention was given to the design of entry ways, as access to the building was directly off the footpath; and features such as controlled illumination levels, climatic control features and sheltered street frontages reflected a sense of responsibility to the public to provide a comfortable environment. [1] [52]

Completed in early 1953, West's Furniture Showroom was "designed with the utmost economy in the contemporary manner". [53] The showroom comprised a rectangular 64-by-34-foot (20 by 10 m) space with a cantilevered, upswept awning that extended over the Wickham Street footpath. The building was predominantly of masonry construction, with a glass shopfront, a concrete floor, and a shallow-pitched, asbestos- and bitumen-lined roof constructed from timber trusses. The roof-top was used as garden area for displaying outdoor furniture and some furniture assembly operations. [54] [55] [56] [57] The existing timber residence was relocated to the rear of the site and converted for use as a workshop for the assemblage and storage of furniture. The workshop enabled access to the roof-top display area, and was level with Knapp Street for the loading of goods to transport vehicles. Its ground floor consisted of a woodwork shop, and the upper floor was designated for polishing and inventory storage. [58] [59] [60] [61] Public access to the showroom was through a single timber door at the northeast end of the Wickham Street shopfront, adjacent to a random rubble stone wall. Projecting from the angled shopfront, the door frame was supported by glass, so that it appeared to float. [1] [62]

Fish pond at the base of the windows, 2015 Shopfront interior, looking SW (2015).jpg
Fish pond at the base of the windows, 2015

As the furniture showroom was located on the edge of the Fortitude Valley shopping area, the shopfront was designed to be dramatic and striking, to catch the attention of potential customers. Supported by timber beams, three floor-to-ceiling windows, measuring 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m) high by 8 feet (2.4 m) wide, angled in toward the interior at 60 degrees. They were designed to eliminate the reflections of traffic, adjacent buildings and the sky onto footpath pedestrians; while simultaneously attracting the eye of passing traffic by catching reflections of the sky. Along the southwest side of the building, vertical plate glass walls returned into the site and created a pedestrian arcade. This arcade, combined with the absence of a building at the front of the adjacent property, meant that West's furniture collection was noticeably visible when approached from the city and the potential customer had a clear view of the showroom. A concrete-edged, serpentine fish pond meandered around the base of the angled windows and glass return. Supported below the water-line by concrete pads with rubber cushions, the glass appeared to float atop the pond. The pond was decorated with water-plants and fish; and, through its half-interior, half-exterior location, it conveyed the notion of easy access to the furniture inside. [1] [63] [64] [65]

The interior of the showroom comprised a large open space, with a steep set of concrete stairs in the centre of the rear wall through which furniture was transported from the workshop. Hardwood timber columns supported the ceiling – five of which stood in a row, exposed within the showroom and just outside the shopfront. The columns were supported on metal pin-joints, and their timber was crafted to hide cables that led to power outlets at their base. A 1953 article in the publication Architecture Building Engineering explains that there were no fixed partitions or obstructions within the showroom to allow complete flexibility in arranging the displays. Aquariums were planned to flank the rear staircase, set within the rear wall, although it is unclear whether these were ever constructed (new windows line the rear wall in 2015, of similar proportions to those shown in a 1952 plan). Despite the length of the showroom, it was designed to be lit by natural light during the day by three large, rectangular light-wells (featuring a curved southwest edge, and running the length of the showroom), as well as three oval-shaped ventilator-skylights (arranged parallel to the shopfront windows). Both the light-wells and the skylights were covered by corrugated, transparent plastic roofing. [56] [63] [65] [66] The deep roof trusses were designed to ventilate the ceiling space, and Laurence West recalls that the showroom was kept cool by air movement in the large space above the curved plaster ceiling (within the rectangular light-wells). [1] [61]

Construction work for West's Furniture Showroom was carried out by Ajax Builders (concrete and brick works), H Packman (timber), and G McKinnon (skylights and fibrous plaster, ceiling work). West's completed the timber joinery themselves. [67] Installation of the glass within the sloping display windows proved to be a technical challenge. Ten men were required to ease each of the three panes out of their frames and into position, and two panes were broken in the process. [1] [68]

Both the design and function of the showroom demonstrated the shifting tastes and values of post-war Queensland and the strong desire within the design community and beyond to move the state towards new and modern ways of living. [69] Modernist architecture, which developed in pre-World War I Europe and gained popularity in Australia after WWII, was notable for rationalised planning and simplicity of form and detailing. [70] Distinguished by their extensive use of steel, reinforced concrete and glass, Australian buildings in the Modern or "International" style were heavily influenced by American and European examples. Characteristics included sleek, glossy, prismatic forms, cubiform shapes clad with curtain walls and selective expression of structural systems. [1] [71] [72] [73]

Sharing the ideals of the Modernist movement, both international and Australian furniture designers of the mid-20th century sought to revolutionise the contemporary interior. [74] [75] Mid-century modern furniture turned away from traditional, ornate and "over-stuffed" designs that had previously been fashionable, and instead opted for pieces that were lightweight, practical, comfortable, easily rearranged, and scaled to fit within post-war houses. [76] [77] [78] [79] A 1954 article in Home Beautiful advocated that Modern furniture met the needs of the day and rejected the use of ornamentation. [80] Modern furniture was designed to be pared-back and sculptural, and was ideally suited to Modernist architecture. [81] [1]

Influenced by international furniture trends, Australian contemporary furniture designers of the post-war period also promoted a philosophy of innovative "good design" that was both functional and beautiful. [82] [83] An influx of European immigrants introduced specialised skills and knowledge in fine furniture making to Australia; and production techniques developed in war-time manufacturing industries encouraged experimentation in furniture design. Post-war furniture designers, both in Australia and internationally, became innovative in their use of materials, due to an increased availability of some materials and a shortage of others. [76] [84] This experimentation led to the use of unconventional materials in furniture design, such as: curved plastics, fibreglass and aluminium; bent and laminated plywood; spot welding that joined timber to metal, rubber and plastics; sleek and narrow steel rods; cast aluminium; polyester resins; acrylics; and foam rubber. [85] [86] [87] These materials were durable, lightweight and maintenance-free, reducing the burden on everyday living.< [85] They were manipulated to create minimalist, clean lines and, following the Bauhaus principle of "form follows function", framing elements were often showcased. [1] [88] [89]

When the new West's Furniture Showroom began operating in 1953 it stocked a wide variety of high-quality, designer Modern furniture, including those from prominent Australian designers: Douglas Snelling (architect, designer of the "Snelling Line", which utilised parachute webbing), [90] Clement Meadmore (industrial designer and sculptor, known for his simple and economical designs that used readily-available materials) [91] and Grant Featherston (designer of the "Contour" line that used bent plywood, which was moulded to the human form). [92] The work of these designers was heavily featured in home-decorating magazines throughout the 1950s. [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [1] [98] [99]

As well as stocking Australian designers, West's was the first known retailer in Australia to obtain the licence to manufacture and sell the furniture of Knoll Associates (1938–present). Established by Hans Knoll (1914–1955) in New York as the Hans G Knoll Furniture Company, the first Knoll furniture manufacturing plant was opened in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1941. Florence Schust (1917– ), a space planner and designer who had befriended and studied under prominent Modernist architects Eliel Saarinen, Charles Eames, Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer, was employed by Knoll in 1943. In 1946 Hans and Florence married, and the company changed its name to Knoll Associates. A wide range of prominent architects, designers and artists were engaged to design furniture for their company, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Jens Risom and Marcel Breuer. Influenced by Bauhaus ideals, [100] their furniture was technologically innovative, exceptionally designed, made of high-quality materials and easily mass-produced. [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [1]

In 1946, Florence established the Knoll Planning Unit – a department which designed interior spaces for corporate clients – and later designed Knoll showrooms to allow the customer to experience their furniture and test potential purchases. The showrooms were distinctively modern, open-planned and generally featured bright interiors of primary colours. The first Knoll showroom opened in New York in 1951 with a coloured ceiling grid, artificial pond, and open layout that allowed for a changing layout of products. As Knoll Associates continued to expand, showrooms were opened in eight other locations throughout America. A subsidiary of the company, Knoll International, was established in 1951 and set about opening Modernist showrooms around the globe in places such as Paris, Stuttgart, Stockholm, Madrid, and Milan. [107] A c. 1956 index released by Knoll Associates lists West's as the only retailer with a licence to sell genuine Knoll furniture in Australia, and as one of only 13 stores selling Knoll furniture outside of America. West's remained the only known licensed manufacturer and retailer of Knoll products in Australia until William Latchford and Sons, a Melbourne firm, obtained a licence in 1962. [1] [108] [109]

Following its opening, West's was featured in various periodicals, including a 1953 Cross Section article, a 1954 issue of Architecture (the Royal Australian Institute of Architect's journal), and on the front cover of Queensland publication Architecture Building Engineering. The showroom was radically different to any other retail building in Brisbane at the time. It was described as having a striking street presence and its planning embraced unique solutions to display problems. [65] [110] [111] Accounts from the West family recall the building being so eye-catching that tourist buses would regularly stop outside, and that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh briefly stopped the Royal Cavalcade to view the building during the Queen's visit in 1954. [112] [113] [114] [61] A few years later, the Queensland Art Gallery showcased furniture from the showroom in their contemporary living room display in the 1958 exhibition, Interiors Past and Present. [1] [112] [115]

West's was "...instrumental in introducing mass-market designer furniture into Brisbane", [116] and sold high-quality furniture not available elsewhere in Australia to a range of prominent architects and well-known personalities. Notable clients included: architects Harry Seidler, Robin Gibson, James Birrell (for the Chermside and Annerley Libraries), Karl Langer (Broadbeach Hotel) and David Bell (Chevron Hotel); interior designer Langdon Badger; federal politician Harold Holt; and institutions including the Queensland Government, the Canadian Embassy, and the University of Queensland (Student Union Building). [117] [118] [119] [120] At the time, licensing restricted imports to a few sample pieces of furniture, so West's organised a large group of skilled sub-contractors to make parts, which were assembled at the showroom workshop. High quality Australian wools and yarns were used to upholster the furniture made, including those from Ipswich manufacturer, Morrisons. [1] [112] [121]

West's operated from the building until the business closed in November 1963. [122] This was due to a variety of factors, including the loss of its exclusive licence with Knoll in 1962. [108] [120] In 1964 the property was sold to Arthur Walter Barrs, who owned the adjacent building (then 620 Wickham Street, now 622 Wickham Street) from which he ran a car radio business. The former West's showroom remained in the ownership of the Barrs family until the late 1970s, and was at one point leased to Philips Industries Holdings, an electrical products company. Between c. 1988 and 2008, Queensland Used Appliances, now Queensland Appliances, occupied the building (listing their address as 616 Wickham Street). [34] [123] [124] [1]

Over time, the Wickham Street facade of the showroom was converted into a more conventional shopfront – the sloping, front display windows were removed, and new vertical windows that spanned the full width of the site were installed. The pond was concreted in, the glass walls removed, a section of the front awning's ceiling painted over and the light-wells roofed over (although their locations were still visible). The workshop at the rear was demolished between 1974 and 1986, and a skillion-roofed shed was constructed in its place. [1] [125] [126] [127] [128]

Angled front windows, 2015 Shopfront exterior (2015).jpg
Angled front windows, 2015

In 2008, architect Robert Riddel purchased the building and carried out extensive renovations and conservation work. [114] This was completed with the guidance of Laurence West himself, contemporary documentation, and the evidence provided by original fabric remaining within the building. Marks in the front stone wall and the ceiling lining enabled Riddel to reconstruct the front window at the original angle. A new front door was also installed, replicating the original design. The side pedestrian arcade was re-established with new glass walls, and a new wide glass door and metal ramp were added to the end of the arcade to provide a secondary entrance and equal access. Concrete that had filled the serpentine pond was removed, revealing some early edging and concrete pads. The pond was waterproofed, with the edging reconstructed, and it was once again filled with water. Light-wells were uncovered and re-glazed, with the original arched framing re-sheeted. Paint was removed from the hardwood timber posts and front awning's soffit cladding, and the showroom ceiling was sheeted with new plasterboard. [126] [129] [130] The shed at the rear of the site was gutted, re-lined and its roof was raised; and a new carport was added facing Knapp Street. [1] [131]

Construction was carried out by John Speare Builders and was completed in 2009. [132] [133] In early 2010, the building was converted for use as an office through the addition of lightweight partitions, and was occupied by Riddel Architecture until 2012. [1] [133]

Riddel's restoration and reconstruction of West's Furniture Showroom received both national and international praise and recognition. In 2009 it was awarded a Gold Medal award at the National Trust Heritage Awards, and in 2010 it received the Australian Institute of Architects State and National awards for Heritage. [134] [135] [136] The Jury Citation for the National Award for Heritage praises the Showroom as "...a rare example of the restoration of a mid-century modernist commercial building", and that the reinterpretation and rebuilding process was: [1] [135]

...painstaking but practical and economical. The architects have helped to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of preservation over new build. This is not a museum frozen in time. The spirit is faithfully captured; details restored with rigour, energy, affection and wit; and the building revitalized as viable commercial premises.

The project also appeared in publications including IndesignLive (12 August 2009), Brisbane Modern (Issue 3, 2009), Architecture Australia (vol. 99, January–February 2010), Feminity (6 August 2010), and Architecture and Urban Design in Brisbane (vol. 1, 2012). [137] [96] [138] [139] [140] Brisbane Open House, an event launched in 2010 to promote the 'hidden wealth of architecture, engineering and history in buildings and places around Brisbane city', [141] featured West's Furniture Showroom in 2011, 2012 and 2013. [142] The building was also included in the 2014 exhibition Hot Modernism: Building Modern Queensland, 1945–75 at the State Library of Queensland, along with furniture pieces from the Wests' collection. [143] [1]

After a short period of vacancy, in September 2015 the former West's Furniture Showroom was renovated for use as a retail tenancy, with the rear additions converted into living quarters. [1] In June 2023, the Australian Institute of Architects announced it would be purchasing the building for its Queensland headquarters. [144]

Description

Site map 2015 West's Furniture Showroom (former) - Boundary Map 2 (2015).jpg
Site map 2015

The former West's Furniture Showroom occupies part of a 344-square-metre (3,700 sq ft) urban block on the northeast edge of Fortitude Valley, Brisbane. Addressing the major thoroughfare of Wickham Street to the southeast, the building is bounded to the northwest by Knapp Street, and to the northeast and southwest by commercial properties of a similar scale. The terraced block is divided into three distinct sections, with the showroom occupying the southeast end. Buildings to the rear of the showroom are outside of the heritage boundary and are not of cultural heritage significance. A cantilevered awning projects from the showroom, over the Wickham Street footpath. [1]

The showroom is a long, lowset, masonry and timber structure with a narrow street frontage. Primary access to the building is via a door at the northeast end of the main shopfront. A pedestrian arcade, running part way along the southwest side, allows access to the rear of the showroom via a secondary entrance. The shallow-pitched roof, constructed of deep timber trusses, is clad in metal sheeting. [1]

The Wickham Street shopfront is largely transparent and sheltered by a large, cantilevered awning that has a tongue-and-groove, v-jointed timber board-lined soffit with a stained finish. The timber entrance door is painted yellow and set within a timber and glass frame, adjacent to a masonry wall clad in random rubble stone. The shopfront comprises reconstructed floor-to-ceiling, steel-framed angled windows, standing on concrete and rubber pads and supported by timber mullions. Angled at 60 degrees, these windows reduce the reflection of light from the glass to pedestrians on the exterior footpath, and reflect the sky from a distance. An irregular-shaped shallow pond with a raised concrete kerb forms the base of the shopfront, with the bottom edge of the glass panels set just below the water's surface. The pond continues around at a right angle to follow the base of a reconstructed glass wall that defines the side pedestrian arcade. The pedestrian arcade has an exposed concrete floor and rectangular ceiling voids which allow light to enter the space. It is partly enclosed by the adjacent property's masonry wall, which is painted in a contrasting colour to distinguish it from original walls. [1]

Shopfront features added as part of the 2008 reconstruction works that differ from the original design include: a metal entrance gate to the pedestrian arcade; a wide glass door at the end of the arcade; metal grates set below the surface of the pond; and a signage display outlining the building's reconstruction. These features are not of cultural heritage significance. [1]

View through the angled shopfront windows, 2015 View through shopfront (2015).jpg
View through the angled shopfront windows, 2015

The showroom comprises a large, open space with plasterboard-lined walls and ceilings, and a polished concrete floor. A single row of hardwood timber columns, stained dark brown and standing on metal pin-joints, runs from the front to the rear of the space. These align with plaster-lined pilasters along the northeast wall. The space is naturally spot-lit by skylights: a row of three small, oval-shaped skylights are located just inside the shopfront windows; and three large, rectangular skylights with a curved southwest edge run the length of the showroom along its central axis. The lower portion of the rear wall of the showroom acts as a retaining wall, with banks of aluminium-framed awning windows above. In the centre of this wall is a steep concrete stair with tubular steel handrail, which leads to the rear building. Separating the showroom and the rear building is a wide, earth-floored void and a second retaining wall. This void is protected by a roof overhang, and access is gained from the stair, through openings in the walls. The showroom roof overhang is set at a steep angle to allow natural light to enter the space, and louvres within its soffit are part of the original ventilation system for cooling the roof space. [1]

Showroom features that are not of cultural heritage significance include: partition walls at the rear of the showroom; a curved partition at the front of the space that defines an entry foyer; recent fit-outs and joinery; and air-conditioning units and vents. [1]

Heritage listing

West's Furniture Showroom was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 December 2015 having satisfied the following criteria. [1]

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The former West's Furniture Showroom (opened in 1953) is important in demonstrating the evolution of architecture and design in the 1950s in Queensland. Purpose-designed as a showroom for Modern furniture, it was influential in the promotion of contemporary design both within the design community and to the general public. It is a distinctive example of a 1950s showroom in Queensland, reflecting modern design principles and aspirations. [1]

The former West's Furniture Showroom is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a 1950s showroom, with its carefully detailed shopfront and entrance; large display windows; well-lit, open-plan interior; and clear division between public and private space, with functional and storage spaces located at the rear of the building. It is a fine example of a purpose-designed furniture showroom designed in a bold, modernist style that complemented the furniture it sold. [1]

The place is a good example of the work of architect Dr Karl Langer, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of his work. Most notably, it features an open, functional plan; the expressive use of simplified, angular forms to create a dramatic main shopfront; the manipulation of the effects of natural light, both within the showroom and from the perspective of the viewer outside; a restrained use of high-quality materials, including stone, concrete, glass and timber; and the integration of the interior with the exterior by utilising the effects of glass, water and reflections. [1]

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The West's Furniture Showroom has aesthetic significance as a distinctive building of exceptional architectural quality. In its extensive use of concrete and glass complemented by simple primary colours, stained timber and stone, the showroom illustrates the honest use of materials and minimal aesthetic that characterises the mid-20th century modern movement. This is further complemented by the transparent shopfront with subtle framing, open plan interior supported by a single row of columns, and the emphasis on natural lighting. [1]

The main shopfront, with its bold composition of slanted display windows, curvilinear concrete pond and large angled awning, makes an important contribution to the streetscape, standing out dramatically from the adjacent commercial buildings. [1]

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Holy Trinity Parish Hall is a heritage-listed Anglican church hall at 141 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hingeston Buckeridge and built from 1891 to 1892 by John Quinn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conrad Gargett</span>

Conrad Gargett is an Australian architecture and design practice. It was founded in Brisbane in 1890 and is one of Queensland's oldest architectural firms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wickham Hotel</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Wickham Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 308 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Originally trading as the Oriental, it was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1885 by Cussack & O'Keefe. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Consort Hotel</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Prince Consort Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 230 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1887 to 1888 with later extensions. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. In 2014, it is trading as the Elephant Hotel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Trinity Church, Fortitude Valley</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Holy Trinity Church is a heritage-listed Anglican church at 141 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is the second church on that site. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley built from 1876 to 1877 by James Robinson. It was modified in 1920-1921, 1925 and 1929. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Trinity Rectory, Fortitude Valley</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Holy Trinity Rectory is a heritage-listed Anglican clergy house at 141 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1889 by James Robinson. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corbett and Son Store</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Corbett and Son Store is a heritage-listed store at 446–452 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built in 1908. It was also known as Diamonds Dry Cleaners, Peerless Dry Cleaners and Isis Restaurant. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 May 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Langer House</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Langer House is a heritage-listed detached house at 396 Swann Road, St Lucia, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Karl Langer as his own home and built in 1950. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Langer (architect)</span>

Karl Langer (1903–1969) was an Austrian-born architect in Queensland, Australia. A number of his works are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Main Roads Building</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

The Main Roads Building is a heritage-listed office building at 477 Boundary Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Karl Langer and built in 1967 by Cyril Porter Hornick. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 June 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Peters Lutheran College Chapel</span> Heritage-listed chapel in Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Australia

St Peters Lutheran College Chapel is a heritage-listed chapel on the campus of St Peters Lutheran College in Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Australia. It was designed by Karl Langer and built in 1968 by W. W. Groom. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortitude Valley Police Station</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Fortitude Valley Police Station is a heritage-listed police station at 119 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond Clare Nowland and built from 1935 to 1936. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Patrick's Church, Fortitude Valley</span> Church in Australia

St Patrick's Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at 58 Morgan Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Andrea Giovanni Stombuco and built from 1880 to 1882 by John Arthur Manis O'Keefe. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Empire Hotel, Fortitude Valley</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

Empire Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 339 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1888 by Smith and Ball. It was renovated in 1925 to a design by Richard Gailey, Junior. It was further renovated in 1937 to incorporate apartments designed by Hall and Phillips. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortitude Valley Methodist Church</span> Church in Australia

Fortitude Valley Methodist Church and Hall are a heritage-listed former church and its hall at 116-120 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church</span> Church in Australia

The Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church is a heritage-listed former church and now an art gallery at 483 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1876 to 1900 by John Smith & Sons on behalf of the Primitive Methodist Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Scala, Fortitude Valley</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

La Scala is a heritage-listed detached house at 517 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Ramsay Hall and built c. 1915. It was originally known as Craig Athol. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St John's Lutheran Church, Bundaberg</span> Historic site in Queensland, Australia

St John's Lutheran Church is a heritage-listed church at 30 George Street, Bundaberg South, Bundaberg, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Karl Langer and built in 1960 by J Hutchinson and Sons. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 "West's Furniture Showroom (former) (entry 650008)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Heritage Unit, Brisbane City Council (BCC), "Fortitude Valley Conservation Study", 1991, pp. 6–8
  3. ↑ Queensland Places, "Fortitude Valley", 2015, <queenslandplaces.com.au/fortitude-valley> (accessed 16 September 2015).
  4. ↑ BCC, "Fortitude Valley Conservation Study", p. 8;
  5. ↑ BCC, "Fortitude Valley Conservation Study", pp. 10–11
  6. 1 2 'Fortitude Valley Centenary Supplement', The Courier Mail, 24 March 1949.
  7. ↑ '£1m "Facelift" for The Valley', Sunday Mail, 21 September 1952, p. 3
  8. ↑ 'Valley Progressing', Townsville Daily Bulletin, 24 November 1953, p. 5.
  9. ↑ Brisbane Metropolitan Trade and Business Directory (Brisbane: Universal Business Directories Aust. Pty. Ltd., 1952), pp. 172–181
  10. ↑ For example, after their previous store burnt down in 1946, Olsen & Goodchap at Wooloongabba moved into a brick building that once contained a shooting gallery. By 1954, John Hicks & Co. Ltd. (known as Hixco) had occupied the same site on the corner of George and Ann streets for 88 years, but had installed modern showrooms in the original section of the building. In 1954, Queensland Home Furnishers expanded their Petrie Bight showroom into the adjoining building to create a floor area of 10,000 square feet. "Crafti and Co., Ltd.", The Telegraph, 1 May 1928, p. 8
  11. ↑ 'Shooting gallery to big furniture store', The Courier Mail, 28 July 1952, p. 7
  12. ↑ 'They've lost count since "66", Sunday Mail, 10 January 1954, p. 21
  13. ↑ 'Queensland Home Furnishing Supplement', Truth, 8 August 1954, pp. 29–30.
  14. ↑ Certificate of Title, no.11536196
  15. ↑ Brisbane City Council Heritage Register, 'Baden Powell House'
  16. ↑ 'Crafti and Co., Ltd.', The Telegraph, 1 May 1928, p. 8
  17. ↑ 'The Home Beautiful: Crafti's New Showroom', The Brisbane Courier, 3 May 1928, p. 3
  18. ↑ 'New Warehouse', The Telegraph, 3 May 1928, p. 8
  19. ↑ '"You Can Put Me in Gaol": Outburst by Bankrupt', The Telegraph, 27 February 1940, p. 13
  20. ↑ 'West's for Furniture: Great Opening in the Valley', The Telegraph, 29 June 1937, p.1 7
  21. ↑ Advertisement, "Announcement Extraordinary", The Telegraph, 26 March 1941, p. 15
  22. ↑ Advertisement, Sunday Mail, 20 April 1941, p. 24
  23. ↑ Advertisement, "Everything in Furniture", The Courier Mail, 24 March 1949, p. 7S.
  24. ↑ World War Two Nominal Roll, "West, Lawrence Presnell", accessed via "DVA's Nominal Rolls". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  25. ↑ 'True Bass Voice Revealed', The Courier Mail, 1 December 1936, p.10
  26. ↑ 'Miss Mary Quine', Sunday Mail, 30 November 1941, p.10
  27. ↑ 'Today's Weddings', The Courier Mail, 6 February 1943, p. 4
  28. ↑ 'Women's Interests: Social Round', The Courier Mail, 1 April 1946, p. 5
  29. ↑ '"Finest Baritone": Maryborough Contests', The Daily Mercury, 22 April 1946, p. 2
  30. ↑ 'Fashions in Furs at Opera Opening', The Courier Mail, 23 May 1953, p. 7
  31. ↑ 'Full Results of 1951 Technical College Examination', The Courier Mail, 10 January 1952, p. 10
  32. ↑ Applicant, 'West's Furniture Showroom (former) 1952', 2015, pp. 7–8
  33. ↑ 'West's Furniture' drawn by Laurence West, R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, John Oxley Library (JOL), State Library of Queensland (SLQ),1951.
  34. 1 2 Certificate of Title, no.12497180
  35. ↑ Brisbane City Council, Sewerage Detail Plan no.210
  36. ↑ 'Rates Up £290 in 60 Years', The Courier Mail, 8 July 1953, p. 9
  37. ↑ Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) aerial, BCC5-39335, 1951
  38. ↑ R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, John Oxley Library (JOL), State Library of Queensland (SLQ),1951.
  39. ↑ The design of the Wests' house, at 88 Brisbane Corso, Fairfield, was based on one of the plans included in Karl Langer's 1944 booklet "Sub-Tropical Housing". Real estate advertisement for 88 Brisbane Corso, Fairfield,<http://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-qld-fairfield-117103835> (accessed 6 October 2015)
  40. ↑ Laurence West, "Some of the achievements of Doctors Karl and Gertrude Langer", presentation to the St Lucia History Group, August 2004, p. 7
  41. ↑ Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15895 O/S, R40/3, JOL, SLQ, 1952.
  42. ↑ Andrew Wilson, (ed.), Hayes & Scott post-war houses. St Lucia, Qld: UQP, 2005. p. 5.
  43. ↑ Ian Sinnamon, "Langer, Karl (1903–1969)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, 2000, <adb.anu.edu.au/biography/langer-karl-10783/text19123> (accessed 1 October 2015).
  44. ↑ Riddel, "Significant Queensland 20th century architecture: A report", 2005, p. 14
  45. ↑ Ian Sinnamon, "Karl Langer in Queensland", paper presented to the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand Conference on Modernism, Perth, 1993.
  46. ↑ Riddel, "Significant Queensland 20th century architecture: A report", 2005, p. 14.
  47. ↑ 'Langer House' QHR600317
  48. ↑ 'Sugar Research Institute and Residence' QHR602642
  49. ↑ 'St John's Lutheran Church, Bundaberg' QHR602815
  50. ↑ 'Chapel of St Peter's Lutheran College, Indooroopilly' QHR602816
  51. ↑ 'Department of Main Roads Building (former)' QHR602830.
  52. ↑ Alice L T Hampson, "The Fifties in Queensland: Why Not? Why?", Bachelor of Architecture thesis, University of Queensland, 1987, pp. 120–125.
  53. ↑ Architecture, "Furniture Shop: Brisbane, Queensland", January–March 1954, p. 17.
  54. ↑ Architecture Building Engineering, 'Built to Display Modern Furniture: West's New Emporium, Newstead', Vol 31, No 5, May 1953, pp. 20–22
  55. ↑ 'Proposed Furniture Showroom, Wickham Street the Valley for L West ESQ', R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, JOL, SLQ, 1952
  56. 1 2 'Plan', R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, JOL, SLQ, unknown date
  57. ↑ Laurence West, "Some of the achievements of Doctors Karl and Gertrude Langer", presentation to the St Lucia History Group, August 2004, p. 12.
  58. ↑ 'West's Furniture' drawn by Laurence West, R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, JOL, SLQ,1951
  59. ↑ Robert Riddel, personal communication, 8 September 2015
  60. ↑ Deborah van der Plaat, "620 Wickham Street", Architecture Australia, Vol 99, No 1, January 2010, p. 76, <architectureau.com/articles/620-wickham-street/> (accessed 18 September 2015)
  61. 1 2 3 West, presentation to the St Lucia History Group, 2004, p.12.
  62. ↑ 'Proposed Furniture Showroom', R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, JOL, SLQ, unknown date.
  63. 1 2 Architecture Building Engineering, May 1953, pp. 20–22
  64. ↑ Riddel, Robert (2009). "West's Showroom: Karl Langer architect". Brisbane Modern: Mid 20th Century Design Magazine (3): 10–11.
  65. 1 2 3 Architecture, January-March 1954, p. 17.
  66. ↑ 'Proposed Furniture Showroom', R 83 Karl Langer Architectural Plans, Box 15739 O/S, Roll 21/1, JOL, SLQ, 1952
  67. ↑ Architecture Building Engineering, May 1953, p.22.
  68. ↑ Architecture Building Engineering, May 1953, pp. 21–22.
  69. ↑ Applicant, 'West's Furniture Showroom (former) 1952', 2015, p. 4.
  70. ↑ Richard Apperley, Robert Irving and Peter Reynolds, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, p.281.
  71. ↑ Judith O'Callaghan, "The Australian Interior: The Importance of Being Contemporary in The Australian Dream: Design of the Fifties", p. 172
  72. ↑ Apperley et al, "A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture", pp. 214–217
  73. ↑ John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, "Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture", fifth edition, 1999, pp. 384–385.
  74. ↑ National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), "Mid-century modern, Australian furniture design – Exhibition wall texts", Melbourne, 2014, p. 1 <www.ngv.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/NGVA_MCF_Label-Book.pdf> (accessed 21 September 2015)
  75. ↑ Atkins, Peter (2014). "Mid Century Modern" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  76. 1 2 NGV, 2014, p. 1
  77. ↑ Deborah Dietsch, "Classic modern: midcentury modern at home", 2000, p. 33
  78. ↑ Sunday Herald, 'Furniture Designed with "Simplicity"'10 May 1953, p. 21
  79. ↑ Alice Hampson, "The fifties in Queensland, Why not! Why?", University of Queensland, 1987, p094.
  80. ↑ Home Beautiful, September 1954, p. 32.
  81. ↑ HabitusLiving, "Mid-century modern: Australian furniture design", 2014, <www.habitusliving.com/community/mid-century-modern-australian-furniture-design> (accessed 14 September 2015).
  82. ↑ Atkins 2014 , p. 24
  83. ↑ The Farmer and Settler, "Beauty in modern furniture", 25 February 1955, p.23.
  84. ↑ HabitusLiving, 2014.
  85. 1 2 Cara Greenberg, "Mid-century modern: furniture of the 1950s", 1985, p. 25
  86. ↑ Home Beautiful, September 1954, p. 32
  87. ↑ Hampson, 1987, p. 96.
  88. ↑ Dietsch, 2000, p. 33
  89. ↑ Cara Greenberg, "Mid-century modern: furniture of the 1950s", 1995, p. 16.
  90. ↑ Snelling (1916–1985) was heavily influenced by his work in America during the war and began designing his own line due to his dissatisfaction with the combination of furniture and modern interiors. His collection was the earliest to be mass-produced in Australia and was lightweight and scaled to the human body.
  91. ↑ Meadmore's (1929–2005) first attempts to design furniture were in 1951 and in 1952 he established his own company, Meadmore Originals, which produced both furniture and lighting. Meadmore's work was recognised for use of common materials such as canvas, plywood, sash cord, leather and steel rods.
  92. ↑ Featherston (1922–1995), influenced by his early employment at glass and lighting manufacturing companies, launched his first furniture line in 1947 with the assistance of his wife, Claire Featherston (nee Skinner) and architect, Robin Boyd. Featherston Contract Furniture opened in 1956 (Featherston Contract Interiors from 1958) with their furniture advertised as beautiful, functional and technologically advanced.
  93. ↑ Grant, Kirsty (2014). Mid-century Modern: Australian Furniture Design. National Gallery of Victoria. pp. 2–6, 21, 44–52. ISBN   9780724103874.
  94. ↑ Australian Government, "Australian Design", 2009, <www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-design> (accessed 21 September 2015)
  95. ↑ NGV, 2014, pp. 3, 23 &39
  96. 1 2 Riddel 2009 , pp. 10–11
  97. ↑ Powerhouse Museum (Sydney), Parachute webbing dining chairs by Douglas Snelling, 1942–1952', 2015, <www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=53469&search=douglas+snelling&images=&c=1&s=> (accessed 21 September 2015)
  98. ↑ Powerhouse Museum, "Cord chair by Clement Meadmore, 1953", 2015
  99. ↑ Grant 2014, pp. 2, 80–89, 174.
  100. ↑ The Bauhaus (1919–1933) was a German school of art formed by architect Walter Gropius (1883–1969) where artists, craftsmen and architects worked together towards the goal of "the building of the future". It was the only art school at that time in which designs for industrial products, including furniture, were developed. John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (fifth ed.), England, Penguin Books, 1999, pp. 44–45.
  101. ↑ Bauhaus furniture, "The history of Knoll", 2012, <bauhausinteriors.com/blog/the-history-of-knoll/> (accessed 21 September 2015)
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  106. ↑ Jan Logemann, 'Hans Knoll (1914–1955), Immigrant Entrepreneurship, 2011, < "Hans Knoll". Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.> (accessed 21 September 2015).
  107. ↑ Knoll, "Knoll timeline", 2015.
  108. 1 2 Grant 2014 , p. 14
  109. ↑ Knoll Associates, "Knoll index of contemporary design", 1954, p. 1.
  110. ↑ Architecture Building Engineering, May 1953, p. 20
  111. ↑ Cross Section, Issue 12, October 1953, p. 2
  112. 1 2 3 Margaret West submission, 2015
  113. ↑ Robert Riddel, notes from interview with Laurence West, 14 August 2008
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  117. ↑ Hampson, 1987, pp. 96–99
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  119. ↑ Riddel, notes from interview with Laurence West, 2008
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  121. ↑ West, presentation to the St Lucia History Group, 2004, p. 14.
  122. ↑ Riddel, notes from interview with Laurence West, 2008.
  123. ↑ 'Car Radio Specialist', Truth, 28 September 1952, p. 35
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  125. ↑ Riddel, personal communication, 2015
  126. 1 2 Photographs supplied by Robert Riddel, c. 2008-9
  127. ↑ Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM), "Queensland Aerials Project (QAP) 2757-9967", 1974
  128. ↑ DNRM, QAP 4535-149, 1986.
  129. ↑ Riddel 2009 , p. 10
  130. ↑ Robert Riddel, on-site signage, Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP) site visit on 18 September 2015, c. 2010.
  131. ↑ Riddel, personal communication, 2015.
  132. ↑ John Speare Builders, 'West's Furniture Showroom', 2008, <www.speare.com.au/case-study1.html> (accessed 21 September 2015)
  133. 1 2 Riddel, on-site signage, EHP site visit 2015, c. 2010.
  134. ↑ "Old Government House scoops Heritage Award gold but small regional projects not lost". qldheritage.org.au (press release). 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  135. 1 2 "Heritage architecture awards 2010". architectureau.com. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  136. ↑ Brisbane Open House, "Guidebook", 2011, pp. 58–59.
  137. ↑ IndesignLive, 'Riddel Architecture's 620 Wickham St.', 12 August 2009, <www.indesignlive.com/articles/projects/riddel-architectures-620-wickham-st> (accessed 21 August 2015)
  138. ↑ Van der Plaat, Architecture Australia, Jan 2010, pp. 72–76
  139. ↑ Zuzana Ondrusova, "620 Wickham Street: Reconstruction, pre-colour effects" [translation], Feminity, 6 August 2010, <feminity.zoznam.sk/c/741743/620-wickham-street-rekonstrukcia-pre-farebny-efekt> (accessed 21 August 2015)
  140. ↑ Graham De Grunchy, "Architecture and Urban Design in Brisbane", Vol 1, 2012, p. 122.
  141. ↑ Brisbane Open House, "About Us", 2015, < "About". Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.> (accessed 2 September 2015).
  142. ↑ Brisbane Open House, 2011, p. 58.
  143. ↑ State Library of Queensland, "Hot Modernism: Building Modern Queensland" 1945–75", 2014, <www.slq.qld.gov.au/hot-modernism/home> (accessed 25 August 2015).
  144. ↑ ArchitectureAU Editorial. "New digs for Institute's Queensland headquarters". ArchitectureAU. Archmedia. Retrieved 28 August 2023.

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