When I'm Gone (Eminem song)

Last updated
"When I'm Gone"
Whenimgone.jpg
Single by Eminem
from the album Curtain Call: The Hits
ReleasedDecember 6, 2005
RecordedMarch 2004
Genre Conscious hip hop
Length4:41(album version)
4:14(radio edit)
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Eminem singles chronology
"Welcome 2 Detroit"
(2005)		"When I'm Gone"
(2005)		"Shake That"
(2006)
Music video
"When I'm Gone" on YouTube

"When I'm Gone" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.

Contents

"When I'm Gone" received mixed to negative reviews from music critics. The song charted at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, [1] number 22 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, [1] number four on the UK Singles Chart [2] and one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the latter being the only country where it peaked at number one. [3]

Background

“When I’m Gone” was written in 2003 and released in 2005 by Shady Records, on the album Curtain Call: The Hits. It was thought at the time that this album would mark the beginning of an extended musical hiatus for Eminem, who had said "I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going...This is the reason that we called it Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing. We don't know." [4]

The song's lyrics pertain to Eminem's life as a celebrity musician interfering with his family. Eminem uses imagery to evoke a feeling of sadness about his family falling apart.

The music video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler. Tarick Salmaci, from the TV show The Contender , makes an appearance in the video with his wife.

Critical reception

AllMusic wrote a mixed to positive overview: "There's the closing "When I'm Gone," a sentimental chapter in the Eminem domestic psychodrama that bears the unmistakable suggestion that Em is going away for a while. While it's not up to the standard of "Mockingbird," it is more fully realized than the two other new cuts here..." [5] Pitchfork considered: "When I'm Gone" is an all desolate placeholder—lesser version of Eminem songs that already piss me off. "Gone" is the worst offender, yet another love letter from Em to daughter Hailie, it, like Encore's "Mockingbird", is heavy-handed and saccharine." [6]

IGN also panned the single: "The latter, however, is another prime example of the beat dragging Eminem down. The sluggish, lumbering bump causes his lyrics to stumble and sound forced in their delivery. The heartfelt storyline would have been better served drenched in some warm, fuzzy, but ultimately mournful soul instead." [7] NME called this song disappointing. [8] Rolling Stone was similarly critical, describing the song as "recycled". [9]

Music video

The music video starts with Eminem rapping on a podium about his life at a small gathering. He's at an open house where he completely ignores his daughter's creations but before he can see the error of his actions, it is too late. As he watches her walk away, he raps "Then turn right around in that song and tell her you love her/And put hands on her mother, who's a spitting image of her", feeling remorse for writing songs about being violent towards Kim, who is Hailie's mother, and wonders how he could be a good parent.

Then, he is confronted by his daughter piling boxes in front of the door to prevent him from leaving. He convinces his daughter to let him go but she insists to give him a necklace with her picture. He then finds himself in a hotel room and then on a stage where he raps. At the end of his performance on the stage, he finds his daughter has followed him and tells him of the divorce.

Afterwards, Eminem goes backstage as the "bad" Slim Shady and looks in a mirror. He then punches it as a way of "killing" Slim Shady; this is a reference to the cover of his 1997 extended play Slim Shady EP . He then finds himself back at home playing with his daughters on the swing. The video ends with him being applauded at the podium.

The video features actresses playing his daughter Hailie Jade and his ex-wife Kim, from whom Eminem was divorced when the song was released. Hailie's half sibling Stevie Laine Scott, Kim's child to another man, also appears in the video played by an actress near the end of the video. [10] Eminem adopted Stevie and thinks of them as his own child. They’re the younger kid on the swing, at the moment in the lyrics when he says, "Hailie just smiles and winks at her little sister". [11] [12] The scene where he performs onstage is the cover art for the single and Curtain Call album.

The music video was uploaded to YouTube in June 2009 and surpassed 1 billion views on the platform in June 2024, becoming Eminem's seventh music video to reach this feat on YouTube. [13]

Track listing

Digital download [14]

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."When I'm Gone" (explicit version)
4:41
2."Business" (explicit version)
 Dr. Dre 4:11
3."When I'm Gone" (instrumental)
  • Mathers
  • Resto
  • Eminem
  • Resto [a]
4:42
Total length:13:34

UK CD single [15]

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."When I'm Gone" (explicit version)
4:41
2."Business" (explicit version)
 Dr. Dre 4:11
3."When I'm Gone" (instrumental)
  • Mathers
  • Resto
  • Eminem
  • Resto [a]
4:41
4."When I'm Gone" (video)  4:41
Total length:17:24

German CD single [16]

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."When I'm Gone" (explicit version)
4:41
2."Business" (explicit version)
 Dr. Dre 4:11
Total length:8:52
Notes

Charts

Certifications

Certifications for When I'm Gone
RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA) [52] 6× Platinum420,000‡
Austria (IFPI Austria) [53] Gold15,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) [54] Platinum60,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark) [55] Platinum90,000‡
Germany (BVMI) [56] Gold150,000‡
Italy (FIMI) [57] Gold25,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ) [58] Gold5,000*
United Kingdom (BPI) [59] Platinum600,000‡
United States (RIAA) [60] 5× Platinum5,000,000‡
United States (RIAA) [60]
Mastertone 		Gold500,000*

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Related Research Articles

<i>The Eminem Show</i> 2002 studio album by Eminem

The Eminem Show is the fourth studio album by American rapper Eminem, released on May 26, 2002, through Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, and Interscope Records. The album saw Eminem take a predominant production role, including the album's three hit singles: "Without Me", "Cleanin' Out My Closet", and "Sing for the Moment". Guest appearances include Obie Trice, D12, Dr. Dre, Nate Dogg, Dina Rae, and Eminem's daughter, Hailie Jade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Real Slim Shady</span> 2000 single by Eminem

"The Real Slim Shady" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000). It was released as the lead single a month before the album's release.

<i>The Slim Shady LP</i> 1999 studio album by Eminem

The Slim Shady LP is the second studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released through Aftermath Entertainment, WEB Entertainment, and Interscope Records on February 23, 1999. Recorded in Ferndale, Michigan following Eminem's recruitment by Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine, the album features production from Eminem himself, alongside Dr. Dre and the Bass Brothers. Featuring West Coast hip hop, G-funk, and horrorcore musical styles, the majority of The Slim Shady LP's lyrical content was written from the perspective of Eminem's alter ego, named Slim Shady. The alter ego was introduced on his 1997 extended play Slim Shady EP, and concluded on his 2024 studio album The Death of Slim Shady . The album contains cartoonish depictions of violence and heavy use of profanity, which Eminem described as horror film-esque, in that it is solely for entertainment value. Although many of the lyrics on the album are considered to be satirical, Eminem also discusses his frustrations of living in poverty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stan (song)</span> 2000 single by Eminem

"Stan" is a song by American rapper Eminem, with vocals sampled from the opening lines of British singer Dido's song "Thank You". It was released in 2000, as the third single from Eminem's third album, The Marshall Mathers LP (2000). "Stan" peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Stan" topped the charts in twelve countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mockingbird (Eminem song)</span> 2005 single by Eminem

"Mockingbird" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fifth studio album Encore (2004). It was released as the fifth single from the album on April 25, 2005, through Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, and Interscope Records. The song was later included on Eminem's greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was written and produced by Eminem himself and Luis Resto. The song is dedicated to Eminem’s two daughters, Hailie Jade and Alaina Marie, who were 9 and 11 years old at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Like Toy Soldiers</span> 2005 single by Eminem

"Like Toy Soldiers" is a song by American rapper Eminem, from his fifth album Encore (2004). The song received positive reviews from music critics, and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Like Toy Soldiers" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in 12 countries, including Australia, Denmark, Germany, and New Zealand. The song samples the 1989 song "Toy Soldiers" by Martika. It is the fourth single from the album. The song also appears on the Curtain Call: The Hits compilation released in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghetto Gospel</span> 2005 single by 2Pac

"Ghetto Gospel" is a song by American rapper Tupac Shakur, which was released as the lead single from his 2004 posthumous album Loyal to the Game. The song was produced by American rapper Eminem and features a sample from Elton John's 1971 song "Indian Sunset".

<i>Curtain Call: The Hits</i> 2005 greatest hits album by Eminem

Curtain Call: The Hits is the first greatest hits album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on December 6, 2005, under Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, and Interscope Records. The album collects Eminem's most popular singles, as well as three new songs: "Fack", "When I'm Gone", and "Shake That" featuring Nate Dogg. A live version of "Stan" performed with English singer-songwriter Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards is also included as a bonus track.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sing for the Moment</span> 2003 single by Eminem

"Sing for the Moment" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth album The Eminem Show (2002). It was released on February 25, 2003, as the fourth single from The Eminem Show and the final single in the United States. The song samples "Dream On" by American rock band Aerosmith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">My Name Is</span> 1999 single by Eminem

"My Name Is" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his second album The Slim Shady LP (1999). It is also the opening song and lead single of the album. The song contains an interpolation from British singer Labi Siffre's 1975 track "I Got The..." featuring the bass and guitar riff as originally played by British pop rock duo Chas & Dave. The song was ranked at #26 on "VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s". "My Name Is" was also ranked #6 on Q Magazine's "1001 Best Songs Ever". "My Name Is" peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Eminem's first top 40 hit on the chart. Outside of the United States, "My Name Is" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eminem albums discography</span>

American rapper Eminem has released 12 studio albums, two compilation albums, and one extended play. His music has been released on record labels Interscope Records and Aftermath Entertainment, along with subsidiaries Web Entertainment and his own Shady Records. Eminem is the best-selling rapper of all time and the best-selling artist of the 2000s with US album sales at over 32.25 million during the decade. With sales of over 220 million records worldwide, he is among of the best-selling music artists of all time. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Eminem has sold 228.5 million certified albums and singles in the United States. In his home country, he has earned 50 platinum albums and 11 number one albums.[A]

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Not Afraid</span> 2010 single by Eminem

"Not Afraid" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his seventh studio album Recovery (2010). It was released as the album's lead single on April 27, 2010, by Interscope Records. "Not Afraid" was first revealed as a single by Eminem via Twitter, after which the song debuted on radio. To promote the single's release, a freestyle rap, "Despicable", was released on the Internet and received attention for its tone and lyrical content. "Not Afraid" was written and produced by Eminem, Boi-1da, Jordan Evans and Matthew Burnett; keyboardist Luis Resto was also attributed with songwriting credit. According to Eminem's manager Paul Rosenberg and music critics, "Not Afraid" carries a positive message and depicts Eminem's change in direction from drugs and violence. The hip hop song features a choir that assists Eminem in a heavily layered chorus and vocals are sung over a guitar, synthesizer and piano; no Auto-Tune was used on the sung vocals, but many reverberation tools were.

<i>Hell: The Sequel</i> 2011 EP by Bad Meets Evil

Hell: The Sequel is the debut extended play by Bad Meets Evil. It was released on June 13, 2011, in some countries, by Shady Records and Interscope Records and it was released on June 14, 2011, in the United States. The EP incorporates various styles such as hardcore hip hop and horrorcore. In May 2011, the album's title and artwork was revealed. The EP features the executive producers Eminem and Mr. Porter, with production handled by Bangladesh, Sid Roams, Havoc, DJ Khalil, The Smeezingtons and Supa Dups, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Monster (song)</span> 2013 single by Eminem featuring Rihanna

"The Monster" is a song from American rapper Eminem's album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013) featuring a guest appearance from Rihanna. The song was written by Bebe Rexha, Eminem, Rihanna, Aalias, Jon Bellion, Maki Athanasiou, and Frequency, with the latter also handling production. Released on October 29, 2013, as the fourth single from the album, "The Monster" marks the fourth collaboration between Eminem and Rihanna, following "Love the Way You Lie" (2010), its sequel "Love the Way You Lie " (2010), and "Numb" (2012), and is a hip-hop and pop song, with lyrics that describe Eminem pondering the negative effects of his fame while Rihanna comes to grips with her inner demons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guilty Conscience (song)</span> 1999 single by Eminem

"Guilty Conscience" is a song written, produced, and performed by American rapper Eminem featuring fellow American rapper Dr. Dre. It was released as the third and final single from the former's The Slim Shady LP (1999). It was also released on his 2005 greatest hits album Curtain Call: The Hits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Without Me (Eminem song)</span> 2002 single by Eminem

"Without Me" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album The Eminem Show (2002). "Without Me" was released on May 13, 2002, as the lead single from the album, and re-released on his greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). "Without Me" is one of Eminem's most successful singles, reaching number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and number one in fifteen countries.

<i>Revival</i> (Eminem album) 2017 studio album by Eminem

Revival is the ninth studio album by American rapper Eminem, released on December 15, 2017, through Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records and Interscope Records. Like his previous album, The Marshall Mathers LP 2, it is executive produced by Dr. Dre and Rick Rubin, and features many pop artists, such as Beyoncé, Ed Sheeran, Alicia Keys, X Ambassadors, Skylar Grey, Kehlani, and Pink, along with fellow American rapper Phresher. The album's production was handled by several returning producers from his previous two albums, including Rick Rubin, Mr. Porter, Emile, Just Blaze, Alex da Kid, Fredwreck, and DJ Khalil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eminem singles discography</span>

American rapper Eminem has released 59 singles as a lead artist and 15 promotional singles. He has also featured in 21 singles as a guest artist, while entering the charts with over 100 additional songs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rap Devil</span> 2018 diss track by Machine Gun Kelly

"Rap Devil" is a diss track performed by American rapper Machine Gun Kelly. The song is aimed at American rapper Eminem. The song was produced by Ronny J and Nils. It was released on September 3, 2018, by Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records, as a single from the rapper's second extended play Binge. The song's title is a play on Eminem's "Rap God", and is his response to Eminem's song "Not Alike". It peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States. It also peaked at number 1 on the US iTunes Chart.

<i>Curtain Call 2</i> 2022 greatest hits album by Eminem

Curtain Call 2 is the second greatest hits album by American rapper Eminem, released on August 5, 2022, by Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, and Interscope Records. A double album, it is a successor of his previous greatest hits album, Curtain Call: The Hits, which was issued in 2005. The compilation covers the most recent years of Eminem's career, since his return to music from his hiatus, starting from the release of Relapse in 2009. The album also includes three new songs: "From the D 2 the LBC" featuring Snoop Dogg, "Is This Love ('09)" featuring 50 Cent, and "The King and I" featuring CeeLo Green, which was previously featured on the Elvis soundtrack.

References

  1. 1 2 "Eminem – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Eminem" (select "View Singles" tab). The Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Eminem – When I'm Gone". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  4. ↑ Knopper, Steve (August 2005). "Rock & Roll: Eminem Takes a Final Bow?". Rolling Stone.
  5. ↑ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Curtain Call: The Hits - Eminem - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Eminem". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Eminem - Curtain Call". IGN. 22 December 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  8. ↑ "NME Reviews - Eminem: Curtain Call – The Hits - NME.COM". NME.COM. November 30, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Eminem Curtain Call: The Hits Album Review". Rolling Stone. 12 January 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  10. ↑ "5 Facts About Eminem's Daughters". 14 February 2020.
  11. ↑ Eminem – When I'm Gone. YouTube (June 16, 2009).
  12. ↑ Kim Mathers Biography. Monstersandcritics.com. Archived 2012-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "Eminem's 'When I'm Gone' Soars Past 1 Billion Views on YouTube". Billboard. 12 June 2024.
  14. ↑ iTunes – Music – When I'm Gone – EP by Eminem. Itunes.apple.com (December 16, 2005).
  15. ↑ When I'm Gone: Amazon.co.uk: Music. Amazon.co.uk.
  16. ↑ When I'M Gone (2-Track): Amazon.co.uk: Music. Amazon.co.uk.
  17. ↑ "Issue 832" ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in German). austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  19. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Dutch). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in French). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Top 50 Singles". Jam! . Archived from the original on March 2, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ↑ "RR Canada CHR/Pop Top 30" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1638. December 23, 2005. p. 20. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  23. ↑ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: European Hot 100". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Chartverfolgung / Eminem / Single". musicline.de. Media Control Charts. Archived from the original (in German) on October 3, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  26. ↑ "IFPI archive". Archived from the original on 2006-02-19. Retrieved 2006-02-19.
  27. ↑ "Discography Eminem". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 3, 2006". top40.nl. Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original (in Dutch) on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". norwegiancharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  33. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in German). hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
  36. ↑ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Pop Songs". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Macrovision. Allmusic. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  41. ↑ "The Official UK Singles Chart : 2005" (PDF). Ukchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  42. ↑ "2006 Annual ARIA Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  43. ↑ "Jahreshitparade Singles 2006". austriancharts.at. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 2006". Ultratop. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2006". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2006". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  48. ↑ "Årslista Singlar – År 2006" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2006 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  50. ↑ "2006 UK Singles Chart" (PDF). ChartsPlus. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2006". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  52. ↑ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2024 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  53. ↑ "Austrian single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  54. ↑ "Brazilian single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  55. ↑ "Danish single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone". IFPI Danmark . Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Eminem; 'When I'm Gone')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Italian single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 2, 2018. Select "2018" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Type "When I'm Gone" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
  58. ↑ "New Zealand single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone". Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  59. ↑ "British single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  60. 1 2 "American single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 8, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.