XMPP

Last updated

XMPP
Communication protocol
XMPP logo.svg
Purpose Instant messaging
Introduction1999;25 years ago (1999)
OSI layer Application layer
Port(s) TCP 5222, 5269, 8010
RFC(s) RFC 6120 (Core), RFC 6121 (IM & Presence), RFC 7622 (Address Format), RFC 3922 (CPIM), RFC 3923 (Encryption)
Website xmpp.org

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (abbreviation XMPP, originally named Jabber [1] ) is an open communication protocol designed for instant messaging (IM), presence information, and contact list maintenance. [2] Based on XML (Extensible Markup Language), it enables the near-real-time exchange of structured data between two or more network entities. [3] Designed to be extensible, the protocol offers a multitude of applications beyond traditional IM in the broader realm of message-oriented middleware, including signalling for VoIP, video, file transfer, gaming and other uses.

Contents

Unlike most commercial instant messaging protocols, XMPP is defined in an open standard in the application layer. The architecture of the XMPP network is similar to email; anyone can run their own XMPP server and there is no central master server. This federated open system approach allows users to interoperate with others on any server using a 'JID' user account, similar to an email address. XMPP implementations can be developed using any software license and many server, client, and library implementations are distributed as free and open-source software. Numerous freeware and commercial software implementations also exist.

Originally developed by the open-source community, the protocols were formalized as an approved instant messaging standard in 2004 and have been continuously developed with new extensions and features. Various XMPP client software are available on both desktop and mobile platforms and devices - by 2003 the protocol was used by over ten million people worldwide on the network, according to the XMPP Standards Foundation. [4] [ needs update ]

Protocol characteristics

Decentralization

A simple XMPP network with the servers jabber.org and draugr.de. Green clients are online, yellow clients are writing each other and small green subclients are the resources of one user. The brown network is not connected to the internet. The server draugr.de is connected to other IM services (ICQ, AIM and other) via XMPP transports. JabberNetwork.svg
A simple XMPP network with the servers jabber.org and draugr.de. Green clients are online, yellow clients are writing each other and small green subclients are the resources of one user. The brown network is not connected to the internet. The server draugr.de is connected to other IM services (ICQ, AIM and other) via XMPP transports.

The XMPP network architecture is reminiscent of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), a client–server model; clients do not talk directly to one another as it is decentralized - anyone can run a server. By design, there is no central authoritative server as there is with messaging services such as AIM, WLM, WhatsApp or Telegram. Some confusion often arises on this point as there is a public XMPP server being run at jabber.org, to which many users subscribe. However, anyone may run their own XMPP server on their own domain.

Addressing

A standard JID JID-Scheme.svg
A standard JID

Every user on the network has a unique XMPP address, called Jabber ID. [5] The JID is structured like an email address with a username and a domain name (or IP address [6] ) for the server where that user resides, separated by an at sign (@) - for example, “alice@example.com“: here alice is the username and example.com the server with which the user is registered.

Since a user may wish to log in from multiple locations, they may specify a resource. A resource identifies a particular client belonging to the user (for example home, work, or mobile). This may be included in the JID by appending a slash followed by the name of the resource. For example, the full JID of a user's mobile account could be username@example.com/mobile.

Each resource may have specified a numerical value called priority. Messages simply sent to username@example.com will go to the client with highest priority, but those sent to username@example.com/mobile will go only to the mobile client. The highest priority is the one with largest numerical value.

JIDs without a username part are also valid, and may be used for system messages and control of special features on the server. A resource remains optional for these JIDs as well.

The means to route messages based on a logical endpoint identifier - the JID, instead of by an explicit IP Address present opportunities to use XMPP as an Overlay network implementation on top of different underlay networks. [7]

XMPP via HTTP

The original and "native" transport protocol for XMPP is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), using open-ended XML streams over long-lived TCP connections. As an alternative to the TCP transport, the XMPP community has also developed an HTTP transport for web clients as well as users behind restricted firewalls. In the original specification, XMPP could use HTTP in two ways: polling [8] and binding. The polling method, now deprecated, essentially implies messages stored on a server-side database are being fetched (and posted) regularly by an XMPP client by way of HTTP 'GET' and 'POST' requests. The binding method, implemented using Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH), [9] allows servers to push messages to clients as soon as they are sent. This push model of notification is more efficient than polling, where many of the polls return no new data.

Because the client uses HTTP, most firewalls allow clients to fetch and post messages without any hindrances. Thus, in scenarios where the TCP port used by XMPP is blocked, a server can listen on the normal HTTP port and the traffic should pass without problems. Various websites let people sign into XMPP via a browser. Furthermore, there are open public servers that listen on standard http (port 80) and https (port 443) ports, and hence allow connections from behind most firewalls. However, the IANA-registered port for BOSH is actually 5280, not 80.

Extensibility

The XMPP Standards Foundation or XSF (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions, so called XEP. [10] However, extensions can also be defined by any individual, software project, or organization. To maintain interoperability, common extensions are managed by the XSF. XMPP applications beyond IM include: chat rooms, network management, content syndication, collaboration tools, file sharing, gaming, remote systems control and monitoring, geolocation, middleware and cloud computing, VoIP, and identity services.

Building on its capability to support discovery across local network domains, XMPP is well-suited for cloud computing where virtual machines, networks, and firewalls would otherwise present obstacles to alternative service discovery and presence-based solutions. Cloud computing and storage systems rely on various forms of communication over multiple levels, including not only messaging between systems to relay state but also the migration or distribution of larger objects, such as storage or virtual machines. Along with authentication and in-transit data protection, XMPP can be applied at a variety of levels and may prove ideal as an extensible middleware or Message-oriented middleware (MOM) protocol.

Current limitations

At the moment, XMPP does not support Quality of Service (QoS); assured delivery of messages has to be built on top of the XMPP layer. There are two XEPs proposed to deal with this issue, XEP-0184 Message delivery receipts which is currently a draft standard, and XEP-0333 Chat Markers which is considered experimental.

Since XML is text based, normal XMPP has a higher network overhead compared to purely binary solutions. This issue was being addressed by the experimental XEP-0322: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format, where XML is serialized in an efficient binary manner, especially in schema-informed mode. This XEP is currently deferred.

In-band binary data transfer is limited. Binary data must be first base64 encoded before it can be transmitted in-band. Therefore, any significant amount of binary data (e.g., file transfers) is best transmitted out-of-band, using in-band messages to coordinate. The best example of this is the Jingle XMPP Extension Protocol, XEP-0166.

Features

File transfer options in a chat in Conversations, an XMPP client for Android Screenshot Conversations.png
File transfer options in a chat in Conversations, an XMPP client for Android

Peer-to-peer sessions

Using the extension called Jingle, XMPP can provide an open means to support machine-to-machine or peer-to-peer communications across a diverse set of networks. This feature is mainly used for IP telephony (VoIP).

Multi-user chat

XMPP supports conferences with multiple users, using the specification Multi-User Chat (MUC) (XEP-0045). From the point of view of a normal user, it is comparable to Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

Security and encryption

XMPP servers can be isolated (e.g., on a company intranet), and secure authentication (SASL) and point-to-point encryption (TLS) have been built into the core XMPP specifications.

Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) is an extension of XMPP enabling encryption of messages and data. It has since been replaced by a better extension, multi-end-to-multi-end encryption (OMEMO, XEP-0384) end-to-end encryption between users. This gives a higher level of security, by encrypting all data from the source client and decrypting again at the target client; the server operator cannot decrypt the data they are forwarding.

Messages can also be encrypted with OpenPGP, for example with the software Gajim.

Service discovery

While several service discovery protocols exist today (such as zeroconf or the Service Location Protocol), XMPP provides a solid base for the discovery of services residing locally or across a network, and the availability of these services (via presence information), as specified by XEP-0030 DISCO. [11]

Connecting to other protocols

Alice sends a message through the XMPP net to the ICQ transport. The message is next routed to Bob via the ICQ network. Wie ein Jabber-Transport funktioniert.svg
Alice sends a message through the XMPP net to the ICQ transport. The message is next routed to Bob via the ICQ network.

One of the original design goals of the early Jabber open-source community was enabling users to connect to multiple instant messaging systems (especially non-XMPP systems) through a single client application. This was done through entities called transports or gateways to other instant messaging protocols like ICQ, AIM or Yahoo Messenger, but also to protocols such as SMS, IRC or email. Unlike multi-protocol clients, XMPP provides this access at the server level by communicating via special gateway services running alongside an XMPP server. Any user can "register" with one of these gateways by providing the information needed to log on to that network, and can then communicate with users of that network as though they were XMPP users. Thus, such gateways function as client proxies (the gateway authenticates on the user's behalf on the non-XMPP service). As a result, any client that fully supports XMPP can access any network with a gateway without extra code in the client, and without the need for the client to have direct access to the Internet. However, the client proxy model may violate terms of service on the protocol used (although such terms of service are not legally enforceable in several countries) and also requires the user to send their IM username and password to the third-party site that operates the transport (which may raise privacy and security concerns).

Another type of gateway is a server-to-server gateway, which enables a non-XMPP server deployment to connect to native XMPP servers using the built in interdomain federation features of XMPP. Such server-to-server gateways are offered by several enterprise IM software products, including:

Software

XMPP is implemented by many clients, servers, and code libraries. [15] These implementations are provided under a variety of software licenses.

Servers

Numerous XMPP server software exist, some well known ones include ejabberd and Prosody.

Modern clients

Buddy list and a multi-user chat in Spark SL07 Spark.png
Buddy list and a multi-user chat in Spark

A large number of XMPP client software exist on various modern and legacy platforms, including both graphical and command line based clients. According to the XMPP website, some of the most popular software include Conversations and Quicksy (Android), Dino (BSD, Windows, Unix, Linux), Converse.js (web browser, Linux, Windows, macOS), [16] Gajim (Windows, Linux), [16] Monal (macOS, iOS), and Swift.IM (macOS, Windows, Linux). Lately, Monal has been forked as a Quicksy release for iOS.

Other clients include: Bombus, ChatSecure, Coccinella, Miranda NG, [16] Pidgin, Psi, [16] Tkabber, Trillian, and Xabber.

Deployment and distribution

There are thousands of XMPP servers worldwide, many public ones as well as private individuals or organizations running their own servers without commercial intent. Numerous websites show a list of public XMPP servers where users may register at (for example on the XMPP.net website).

Several large public IM services natively use or used XMPP, including LiveJournal's "LJ Talk", [17] Nimbuzz, and HipChat. Various hosting services, such as DreamHost, enable hosting customers to choose XMPP services alongside more traditional web and email services. Specialized XMPP hosting services also exist in form of cloud so that domain owners need not directly run their own XMPP servers, including Cisco Webex Connect, Chrome.pl, Flosoft.biz, i-pobox.net, and hosted.im.

XMPP is also used in deployments of non-IM services, including smart grid systems such as demand response applications, message-oriented middleware, and as a replacement for SMS to provide text messaging on many smartphone clients.

Non-native deployments

Some of the largest messaging providers use, or have been using, various forms of XMPP based protocols in their backend systems without necessarily exposing this fact to their end users. [18] [19] One example is Google, which in August 2005 introduced Google Talk, a combination VoIP and IM system that uses XMPP for instant messaging and as a base for a voice and file transfer signaling protocol called Jingle. The initial launch did not include server-to-server communications; Google enabled that feature on January 17, 2006. [20] Google later added video functionality to Google Talk, also using the Jingle protocol for signaling. In May 2013, Google announced XMPP compatibility would be dropped from Google Talk for server-to-server federation, although it would retain client-to-server support. [21] Google Talk has since been dropped from Google's line of products.

In January 2008, AOL introduced experimental XMPP support for its AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) service, [22] allowing AIM users to communicate using XMPP. However, in March 2008, this service was discontinued.[ citation needed ] As of May 2011, AOL offers limited XMPP support. [23]

In February 2010, the social-networking site Facebook opened up its chat feature to third-party applications via XMPP. [24] Some functionality was unavailable through XMPP, and support was dropped in April 2014. [25] Similarly, in December 2011, Microsoft released an XMPP interface to its Microsoft Messenger service. [26] Skype, its de facto successor, also provided limited XMPP support. [27] Apache Wave is another example. [28]

XMPP is the de facto standard for private chat in gaming related platforms such as Origin, [29] and PlayStation, as well as the now discontinued Xfire and Raptr. [30] Two notable exceptions are Steam [31] and Xbox LIVE; both use their own proprietary messaging protocols.

History and development

Jabber logo Jabber logo.svg
Jabber logo

Jeremie Miller began working on the Jabber technology in 1998 and released the first version of the jabberd server on January 4, 1999. [32] The early Jabber community focused on open-source software, mainly the jabberd server, but its major outcome proved to be the development of the XMPP protocol.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formed an XMPP working group in 2002 to formalize the core protocols as an IETF instant messaging and presence technology. The early Jabber protocol, as developed in 1999 and 2000, formed the basis for XMPP as published in RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 in October 2004 (the primary changes during formalization by the IETF's XMPP Working Group were the addition of TLS for channel encryption and SASL for authentication). The XMPP Working group also produced specifications RFC 3922 and RFC 3923. In 2011, RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 were superseded by RFC 6120 and RFC 6121 respectively, with RFC 6122 specifying the XMPP address format. In 2015, RFC 6122 was superseded by RFC 7622. In addition to these core protocols standardized at the IETF, the XMPP Standards Foundation (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions.

The first IM service based on XMPP was Jabber.org, [16] which has operated continuously and offered free accounts since 1999. [33] From 1999 until February 2006, the service used jabberd as its server software, at which time it migrated to ejabberd (both of which are free software application servers). In January 2010, the service migrated to the proprietary M-Link server software produced by Isode Ltd. [34]

In September 2008, Cisco Systems acquired Jabber, Inc., the creators of the commercial product Jabber XCP. [35]

The XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) develops and publishes extensions to XMPP through a standards process centered on XMPP Extension Protocols (XEPs, previously known as Jabber Enhancement Proposals - JEPs). The following extensions are in especially wide use:

Internet of Things

XMPP features such as federation across domains, publish/subscribe, authentication and its security even for mobile endpoints are being used to implement the Internet of Things. Several XMPP extensions are part of the experimental implementation: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format; [43] Sensor Data; [44] Provisioning; [45] Control; [46] Concentrators; [47] Discovery. [48]

These efforts are documented on a page in the XMPP wiki dedicated to Internet of Things [49] and the XMPP IoT mailing list. [50]

Specifications and standards

The IETF XMPP working group has produced a series of Request for Comments (RFC) documents:

The most important and most widely implemented of these specifications are:

Competing standards

XMPP has often been regarded as a competitor to SIMPLE, based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), as the standard protocol for instant messaging and presence notification. [51] [52]

The XMPP extension for multi-user chat [37] can be seen as a competitor to IRC, although IRC is far simpler, has far fewer features, and is far more widely used.[ citation needed ]

The XMPP extensions for publish–subscribe [38] provide many of the same features as the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP).

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRC</span> Protocol for real-time Internet chat and messaging

IRC is a text-based chat system for instant messaging. IRC is designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-on-one communication via private messages as well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Instant messaging</span> Form of computer communication over the internet or locally

Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of synchronous computer-mediated communication involving the immediate (real-time) transmission of messages between two or more parties over the Internet or another computer network. Originally involving simple text message exchanges, modern IM applications and services tend to also feature the exchange of multimedia, emojis, file transfer, VoIP, and video chat capabilities.

Message-oriented middleware (MOM) is software or hardware infrastructure supporting sending and receiving messages between distributed systems. Message-oriented middleware is in contrast to streaming-oriented middleware where data is communicated as a sequence of bytes with no explicit message boundaries. Note that streaming protocols are almost always built above protocols using discrete messages such as frames (Ethernet), datagrams (UDP), packets (IP), cells (ATM), et al.

In computer and telecommunications networks, presence information is a status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner—for example a user—to communicate. A user's client provides presence information via a network connection to a presence service, which is stored in what constitutes his personal availability record and can be made available for distribution to other users to convey their availability for communication. Presence information has wide application in many communication services and is one of the innovations driving the popularity of instant messaging or recent implementations of voice over IP clients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psi (instant messaging client)</span> Instant messaging client

Psi is a free instant messaging client for the XMPP protocol which uses the Qt toolkit. It runs on Linux, Windows, macOS and OS/2.

HCL Sametime Premium is a client–server application and middleware platform that provides real-time, unified communications and collaboration for enterprises. Those capabilities include presence information, enterprise instant messaging, web conferencing, community collaboration, and telephony capabilities and integration. Currently it is developed and sold by HCL Software, a division of Indian company HCL Technologies, until 2019 by the Lotus Software division of IBM.

ejabberd Server software

ejabberd is an Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) application server and an MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker, written mainly in the Erlang programming language. It can run under several Unix-like operating systems such as macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and OpenSolaris. Additionally, ejabberd can run under Microsoft Windows. The name ejabberd stands for Erlang Jabber Daemon and is written in lowercase only, as is common for daemon software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeremie Miller</span> American computer programmer

Jeremie Miller is an American software developer and entrepreneur best known for his role in the development of Jabber and the release of jabberd, an early implementation of an XMPP server, in 1999. His work contributed to the standardization of the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) by the Internet Engineering Task Force in 2004, and variations of XMPP have since been implemented on WhatsApp, Kik Messenger, and Zoom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Talk</span> Instant messaging service

Google Talk was an instant messaging service that provided both text and voice communication. The instant messaging service was variously referred to colloquially as Gchat, Gtalk, or Gmessage among its users.

The following is a comparison of instant messaging protocols. It contains basic general information about the protocols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skype for Business Server</span> Real-time communications server software

Skype for Business Server is real-time communications server software that provides the infrastructure for enterprise instant messaging, presence, VoIP, ad hoc and structured conferences and PSTN connectivity through a third-party gateway or SIP trunk. These features are available within an organization, between organizations and with external users on the public internet or standard phones.

Gizmo5 was a voice over IP communications network and a proprietary freeware soft phone for that network. On November 12, 2009, Google announced that it had acquired Gizmo5. On March 4, 2011, Google announced that the service would be discontinued as of April 3, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jingle (protocol)</span> Peer-to-peer communications protocol

Jingle is an extension to XMPP which adds peer-to-peer (P2P) session control (signaling) for multimedia interactions such as in Voice over IP (VoIP) or videoconferencing communications. It was designed by Google and the XMPP Standards Foundation. The multimedia streams are delivered using the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). If needed, NAT traversal is assisted using Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE).

Tigase is an open source project started by Artur Hefczyc in October 2004 to develop an XMPP server implementation in Java.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">XMPP Standards Foundation</span> Organization overseeing the XMPP network protocol

XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) is the foundation in charge of the standardization of the protocol extensions of XMPP, the open standard of instant messaging and presence of the IETF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Empathy (software)</span> Open source instant messaging and VoIP client

Empathy was an instant messaging (IM) and voice over IP (VoIP) client which supported text, voice, video, file transfers, and inter-application communication over various IM communication protocols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spark (XMPP client)</span>

Spark is an open-source instant messaging program that allows users to communicate in real time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OMEMO</span> Extension to XMPP for multi-client end-to-end encryption

OMEMO is an extension to the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) for multi-client end-to-end encryption developed by Andreas Straub. According to Straub, OMEMO uses the Double Ratchet Algorithm "to provide multi-end to multi-end encryption, allowing messages to be synchronized securely across multiple clients, even if some of them are offline". The name "OMEMO" is a recursive acronym for "OMEMO Multi-End Message and Object Encryption". It is an open standard based on the Double Ratchet Algorithm and the Personal Eventing Protocol . OMEMO offers future and forward secrecy and deniability with message synchronization and offline delivery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xabber</span> Open source instant messaging software

Xabber is a XMPP client for the Android Operating System. It is developed as an open source Project on GitHub and is licensed under the GNU GPL v.3 license. The original developers are from a software company called Redsolution, Inc. Xabber is available on the Android Play Store and on F-Droid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conversations (software)</span> Free software instant messaging client for the XMPP protocol

Conversations is a free software, instant messaging client application software for Android. It is largely based on recognized open standards such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) and Transport Layer Security (TLS).

References

  1. ↑ "Jabber Inc". Cisco.com. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  2. ↑ Johansson, Leif (April 18, 2005). "XMPP as MOM - Greater NOrdic MIddleware Symposium (GNOMIS)" (PDF). Oslo: University of Stockholm. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2011.
  3. ↑ Saint-Andre, P. (March 2011). Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core. IETF. doi: 10.17487/RFC6120 . RFC 6120 . Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Jabber Instant Messaging User Base Surpasses ICQ" (Press release). XMPP Standards Foundation. September 22, 2003. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  5. ↑ XMPP Standards Foundation (October 3, 2003). ""XEP-0029: Definition of Jabber Identifiers (JIDs)"". Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  6. ↑ RFC 6122
  7. ↑ "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core". xmpp.org. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  8. ↑ Joe Hildebrand; Craig Kaes; David Waite (June 3, 2009). "XEP-0025: Jabber HTTP Polling". Xmpp.org. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  9. 1 2 Ian Paterson; Dave Smith; Peter Saint-Andre; Jack Moffitt (July 2, 2010). "XEP-0124: Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP ([BOSH])". Xmpp.org. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Specifications". xmpp.org. XSF. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  11. 1 2 "XEP-0030: Service Discovery". xmpp.org. October 3, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Lotus Sametime 7.5 Interoperates with AIM, Google Talk", eWeek, December 6, 2006 Eweek.com
  13. ↑ "Lotus ships gateway to integrate IM with AOL, Yahoo, Google", Network World, December 6, 2006 Networkworld.com Archived November 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "Unified Communications: Uniting Communication Across Different Networks", Microsoft Press Release, October 1, 2009 Microsoft.com Archived January 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "Clients". xmpp.org.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "XMPP Software". XMPP Org. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Question FAQ #270-What is LJ Talk?". Livejournal.com. September 27, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  18. ↑ "XMPP Messaging Protocol Reference". www.sent.dm. December 25, 2024. Retrieved December 25, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ↑ Rémond, Mickaël (February 23, 2014). "Whatsapp, Facebook, Erlang and realtime messaging: It all started with ejabberd". ProcessOne — Blog. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  20. ↑ Burd, Gary (January 17, 2006). "XMPP Federation" . Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  21. ↑ "How do I allow my internal XMPP client or server to connect to the Talk service?". support.google.com.
  22. ↑ Jensen, Florian (January 17, 2008). "AOL adopting XMPP aka Jabber". Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  23. ↑ "AOL XMPP Gateway". May 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Facebook Chat Now Available Everywhere" . Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Chat API (deprecated)" . Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  26. ↑ Obasanjo, Dare (December 14, 2011). "Anyone can build a Messenger client—with open standards access via XMPP". Windowsteamblog.com. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  27. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (June 28, 2011). "Skype adds XMPP support, IM interoperability next? — Tech News and Analysis". Gigaom.com. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Google Wave Federation Protocol". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Origin game platform sends login and messages in plain-text". Slight Future. June 30, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Raptr is dead. No more Gaming Evolved a year after AMD ditch the app". Pcgamesn.com. September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  31. ↑ "libsteam.c". Github. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Open Real Time Messaging System". Tech.slashdot.org. January 4, 1999. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  33. ↑ Marcel Gagné (March 1, 2003). "Chatting Up the Chef". Linux Journal.
  34. ↑ "Jabber.org – XMPP Server Migration". August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Cisco Announces Definitive Agreement to Acquire Jabber". Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  36. ↑ "XEP-0004: Data Forms". xmpp.org. June 8, 2021.
  37. 1 2 "XEP-0045: Multi-User Chat". xmpp.org. March 4, 2021.
  38. 1 2 "XEP-0060: Publish-Subscribe". xmpp.org. September 7, 2021.
  39. ↑ "XEP-0163: Personal Eventing Protocol". xmpp.org. March 18, 2018.
  40. ↑ "XEP-0071: XHTML-IM". xmpp.org. March 8, 2018.
  41. ↑ "XEP-0096: SI File Transfer". xmpp.org. November 29, 2017.
  42. ↑ "XEP-0115: Entity Capabilities". xmpp.org. May 5, 2020.
  43. ↑ "XEP-0322: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format". xmpp.org. January 25, 2018.
  44. ↑ "XEP-0323: Internet of Things - Sensor Data". xmpp.org. May 20, 2017.
  45. ↑ "XEP-0324: Internet of Things - Provisioning". xmpp.org. March 4, 2021.
  46. ↑ "XEP-0325: Internet of Things - Control". xmpp.org. March 4, 2021.
  47. ↑ "XEP-0326: Internet of Things - Concentrators". xmpp.org. May 20, 2017.
  48. ↑ "XEP-0347: Internet of Things - Discovery". xmpp.org. November 3, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Tech pages/IoT systems". xmpp.org.
  50. ↑ "IOT Info Page". jabber.org.
  51. ↑ "XMPP rises to face SIMPLE standard", Infoworld magazine, April 17, 2003 XMPP rises to face SIMPLE standard
  52. ↑ "XMPP vs SIMPLE: The race for messaging standards", Infoworld magazine, May 23, 2003 Infoworld.com
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.