Xerogyra spadae

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Xerogyra spadae
Xerogyra spadae.jpg
Apertural view of the shell of Xerogyra spadae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily:
Helicoidea
Family:
Geomitridae
Genus:
Xerogyra
Species:
X. spadae
Binomial name
Xerogyra spadae
(Calcara, 1845) [2]
Synonyms
  • Candidula spadae(Calcara, 1845)
  • Helix bathyomphalaL. Pfeiffer, 1848 (junior synonym)
  • Helix destitutaL. Pfeiffer, 1853 (junior synonym)
  • Helix spadaeCalcara, 1845

Xerogyra spadae is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. [3] [4]

Contents

The specific name spadae, "Spada's", Pietro Calcara commemorated Giovanni Jacopo Spada (1680–1774), an Italian naturalist and pioneering geologist of Verona.

Distribution

Distribution Candidula-spadae-map-eur-nm-moll.jpg
Distribution

Candidula spadae is native to Central Italy. The species in sparsely distributed. It is found in the central Apennines. However, the IUCN asserts that the species is also found in extension to Gargano. [1] It is found in the Sibillini Mountains, including Monte Vettore, and then southward to the Monti Reatini, the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and the Monti della Meta. [1]

Description

The shell of Xerogyra spadae is pale white in color. Often, there are narrow light brownish color bands on the shell. The shell is almost smooth. [5]

The whorls are, to some extent, convex in shape. The number of whorls range between 5.5 and 6. [5] The last two whorls increase more rapidly. The last whorl is weakly angulated. It does not descend near the main opening of the shell, the aperture. [5] The aperture is clearly visible and large. The color inside the aperture is white or light yellowish. There is a lip inside the aperture which is white in color. [5]

The umbilicus is initially narrow, but at the last whorl it increases to one-fourth of the shell diameter. [5]

The width of the shell is 10–16 mm. The height of the shell is 6.5–8.5 mm. [5]

Xeogyra spadae Gran Sasso, Campo Pericoli. L'Aquila (Italy). Scale bar 0.5 cm. Xerogyra spadae 3views.jpg
Xeogyra spadae Gran Sasso, Campo Pericoli. L'Aquila (Italy). Scale bar 0.5 cm.

Habitat

Xerogyra spadae is a terrestrial species. It lives on pebbly grassland in the alpine tundra and subalpine zone up to the summit region. [1]

Population

According to the IUCN, the size of the population, despite being not properly known, is showing a decreasing trend. The population declined remarkably in the decades 1990s and 2000s. This population decline was caused by an overall dryness in Central Italy's climate. [1]

Interaction with humans and conservation status

Xerogyra spadae faces risk from the tourism industry and grazing activity. Activities associated with tourism, such as skiing, mountain biking, hiking, as well as rock climbing and mountaineering result in degradation of this snail's habitat quality. With the intensity of land-use in the Apennines described by the IUCN as "stable or even increasing", grazing activity such as pasturing also results in change of the natural vegetation with adverse effects. [1]

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 von Proschwitz, T.; Falkner, M.; Falkner, G.; Hallgass , A. (2011). "Xerogyra spadae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T156311A4925317. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T156311A4925317.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ↑ (in Italian) Calcara P. (1845). Cenno sui molluschi viventi e fossili della Sicilia da servire di supplimento ed insieme di critiche osservazioni all'opera di R. A. Philippi. pp. 1–65, [1–2], Tav. I-IV [= 1–4]. Palermo. page 49, Table 3, Fig. 1.
  3. ↑ Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID   29107619.
  4. ↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1308889 on 2022-07-28
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Candidula spade (Calcara, 1845)". AnimalBase . University of Göttingen. 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
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