The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. Such a pledge was first composed, with a text different from the one used at present, by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge 50 years later, in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words "under God" were added.
Francis Julius Bellamy was an American Christian socialist minister and author, best known for writing the original version of the US Pledge of Allegiance in 1892.
Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after the architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish, and Italian Romanesque characteristics. Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo, New York, designed in 1870. Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 1800s; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well.
The Allegheny County Courthouse in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is part of a complex designed by H. H. Richardson. The buildings are considered among the finest examples of the Romanesque Revival style for which Richardson is well known.
The Youth's Companion (1827–1929), known in later years as simply The Companion—For All the Family, was an American children's magazine that existed for over one hundred years until it finally merged with The American Boy in 1929. The Companion was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Perry Mason & Co., later renamed "Perry Mason Company" after the founder died. The revised name first appears on the August 9, 1900 issue. From 1892 to 1915 it was based in the Youth's Companion Building, which is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
Sever Hall is an academic building at Harvard University designed by the American architect H. H. Richardson and built in the late 1870s. It is located in Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, recognized as one of Richardson's mature masterpieces.
Roughan Hall is a historic commercial building at 10 City Square, the historic central square of the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1892 and enlarged in 1896, it is the square's only surviving 19th-century commercial building, and a distinctive example of Romanesque and Renaissance Revival architecture. Its upper levels now serve as the headquarters of the Appalachian Mountain Club. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
The First Baptist Church is a historic American Baptist church at Magazine and River Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts within Central Square. In 1817 the church congregation was founded in the home of James Hovey. In 1844 several members of First Baptist Church left to found nearby Old Cambridge Baptist Church. First Baptist Church's current Gothic building was constructed in 1881 to a design by Hartwell and Richardson. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
The Old Killingly High School is a historic school building on 185 Broad Street in the Danielson section of Killingly, Connecticut. Built in 1908 and enlarged in 1927, it served as the town's high school until 1965, and then its junior high school until 1990. It is a significant local example of Renaissance and Colonial Revival architecture, designed by Hartwell, Richardson & Driver. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It now houses the Killingly Police Department.
The First Unitarian Church is a historic church building at 130 Highland Avenue in Somerville, Massachusetts. The stone church was built in the 1894, for a Unitarian Church congregation. It was designed by Hartwell, Richardson and Driver, and is a good example of Richardsonian Romanesque design. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. As of 1975 the building houses the Mission Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ.
The Needham Town Hall Historic District is a historic district on Great Plain Avenue between Highland Avenue and Chapel Street in Needham, Massachusetts. It encompasses Needham Town Hall, a Georgian Revival structure built in 1902 to a design by Winslow & Bigelow, and the grassy public park in front of it, which was established in 1884. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
The Intermediate Building is a historic municipal building at 324 Washington Street in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. Designed by architects Hartwell and Richardson, and completed in 1894, it is a two-story brick building with Romanesque styling. It has a hip roof pierced by hip-roof dormers, the central one larger than those flanking it. Windows on the first floor have segmented-arch tops, while those on the second level are rectangular. A terra cotta stringcourse separates the first and second levels. The building served as the first Wellesley High School, and later as an annex to Town Hall. It is now Phillips Park Apartments for senior citizens.
Ware Town Hall is a historic town hall at Main and West Streets in Ware, Massachusetts. It was built in 1885 to a design by the architectural firm of Hartwell and Richardson, and is a prominent local example of Romanesque Revival architecture. The building, enlarged in 1904 and 1935 with stylistically sensitive additions, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
Westfield Municipal Building is a historic building at 59 Court Street in Westfield, Massachusetts. It presently houses the Westfield city offices and the local district court. It was built in 1889 to house the state normal school, serving in that role until its acquisition by the city in 1959. The building was designed by the architectural firm of Hartwell and Richardson. The second partner was William Cummings Richardson, not H. H. Richardson, but the design of this building, only a few years after the latter's death, was strongly influenced by his distinctive style.
The Company F State Armory, also known as the Waltham State Armory, is a historic armory building at Curtis and Sharon Streets in Waltham, Massachusetts. Built in 1908, it is locally notable for its Georgian Revival architecture, and as the city's only armory building. It was among the last of the state's armories to be built to individualized architectural design. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The building is vacant.
Hartwell and Richardson was a Boston, Massachusetts architectural firm established in 1881, by Henry Walker Hartwell (1833–1919) and William Cummings Richardson (1854–1935). The firm contributed significantly to the current building stock and architecture of the greater Boston area. Many of its buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Hartwell & Swasey was a short-lived 19th-century architectural firm in Boston, Massachusetts. The partnership between Henry Walker Hartwell (1833-1919) and Albert E. Swasey, Jr. lasted from the late-1860s to 1877, when Swasey went on his own. In 1881, Hartwell formed a partnership with William Cummings Richardson – Hartwell and Richardson – that lasted until his death.
601-603 High Street is a historic Romanesque Revival building in Dedham Square, Massachusetts. Both the 1996 and 2009 Master Plans of the Town of Dedham have recognized the historic, aesthetic, and economic importance of the building.
Engine House No. 6, also known as the East Franklinton Engine House, is a former Columbus Fire Department station in the East Franklinton neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. The building was constructed in 1892, designed in the Romanesque Revival style by John Flynn. The station was decommissioned in 1966, and served as an electronics store from 1975 to 2014. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016, accompanying planned renovations. The station has been planned to be sold since about 2016, originally to the Columbus Historical Society and Heritage Ohio, though the latter organization now plans to move to the Ohio History Center. The historical society is fundraising to acquire the building.
The K.A.J. and Cora Mackenzie House is a Richardsonian Romanesque Revival style building in Northwest Portland, Oregon, situated on the corner of NW 20th Avenue and NW Hoyt Street, just blocks from its partner organization, the William Temple Thrift Store. Although the house is most well-known now for its association with the William Temple community, it was originally commissioned in 1891 by Kenneth A. J. Mackenzie, a medical professional in Oregon, and his wife, Cora Mackenzie, as their private residence. The Portland architecture firm of McCaw, Martin, and White was selected by the MacKenzies to design the house. The Mackenzies owned the house and resided in it until Kenneth A. J. Mackenzie’s death in 1920, when it was sold. The house has had several owners since then, eventually being placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The house has three stories and is roughly 7,100 square feet. The Mackenzie house is a prominent example of the influence of the Richardsonian Romanesque Revival architectural style on the west coast.
