| Zygoballus nervosus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Male | |
 | |
| Female | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Genus: | Zygoballus |
| Species: | Z. nervosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Zygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888) [1] | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Zygoballus nervosus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the eastern United States and Canada. [2] [3]
The species was first described by the arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1888 as Eris nervosus. [2] Arachnologist James Emerton subsequently described the species in 1891 as Zygoballus terrestris. [4] After examining the type specimen of Eris nervosus, however, Emerton concluded that they were the same species. [5] In 1909, the Peckhams renamed the species Zygoballus nervosus and synonymized the previous names. [5]
In 1909, the Peckhams reported that the species had been collected from Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, and Illinois. [5] Later records report the species from Georgia, [6] Florida, [7] Minnesota, [8] eastern and central Texas, [9] [10] Ohio, [11] Kansas, Louisiana, and Quebec. [3] The range of Z. nervosus overlaps with that of two other Zygoballus species, Z. sexpunctatus and Z. rufipes .
The male Zygoballus nervosus can be distinguished from Z. sexpunctatus by its lack of a large spot of white scales at the beginning of the thoracic slope. It also lacks the thick covering of white scales on the sides of the carapace which extend from the clypeus to beyond the posterior median eyes in Z. sexpunctatus. [12]
The male Z. nervosus can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by its wider, heavier cephalothorax, its shorter chelicerae, and its longer, narrower hammer-like process on the chelicerae. [5] [11] In addition, the thoracic slope is not as steep as in Z. rufipes. [5]
The legs and pedipalps of the male Z. nervosus are shorter and thicker than those of Z. rufipes or Z. sexpunctatus. [5] The tibia of the anterior legs are typically 2½ times as long as wide, compared to about 4 times in Z. sexpunctatus or 4 to 6 times in Z. rufipes. [5] [12]
The female Z. nervosus can be distinguished by the distinct form of the epigyne, which has its openings towards the front and very close together. [13]
Adult females are 3 to 4 mm in body length, while males are 2.5 to 4.5 mm. [11] [13] The sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical in front, and more rounded in the back. [2] The ocular area occupies nearly three-fifths of the length of the cephalothorax and is widest at the posterior lateral eyes (PLE). [2] The anterior median eyes (AME) are twice as large as the anterior lateral eyes (ALE), while the PLE are roughly the same size as the ALE. [2]
Jumping spiders or the Salticidae are a family of spiders. As of 2019, it contained over 600 described genera and over 6000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems. Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair being particularly large.
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Messua is a spider genus of the family Salticidae.
Salticus is a genus of the family Salticidae. Salticus is the type genus for the family Salticidae.
Zygoballus is a genus of jumping spiders found in North and South America.
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George Williams Peckham and Elizabeth Maria Gifford Peckham were a married couple who were early American teachers, taxonomists, ethologists, arachnologists, and entomologists, specializing in animal behavior and in the study of jumping spiders and wasps.
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Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the southeastern United States where it can be found in a variety of grassy habitats. Adult spiders measure between 3 and 4.5 mm in length. The cephalothorax and abdomen are bronze to black in color, with reddish brown or yellowish legs. The male has distinctive enlarged chelicerae and front femora. Like many jumping spiders, Z. sexpunctatus males exhibit ritualized courtship and agonistic behavior.
Zygoballus rufipes, commonly called the hammerjawed jumper, is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the United States, Canada, and Central America. Adult females are 4.3 to 6 mm in body length, while males are 3 to 4 mm.
Zygoballus iridescens is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the United States. It is known only from a single female specimen collected in Franconia, New Hampshire by Annie Trumbull Slosson.
Zygoballus remotus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Guatemala. It was first described by the arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1896.
This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids.
Anasaitis canosa, previously of the genus Corythalia, is a small jumping spider that can typically be found atop leaf-litter or man-made structures such as fences and exterior walls. This species is more commonly known as the twin-flagged jumping spider due to the two pennant shaped markings on the dorsal side of the cephalothorax. Typical of the genus Anasaitis, this species has iridescent setae ("scales") which may appear white, green or pink which create the "flags" as well as patches on the male pedipalps used in courtship and intraspecific signaling. This species is roughly 5 to 6 mm in length. A. canosa ranges from Mexico to South Carolina along the Gulf of Mexico.
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