Zygoballus

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Zygoballus
Kaldari Zygoballus rufipes male 01.jpg
Adult male Zygoballus rufipes (hammerjawed jumper) from Massachusetts
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Zygoballus
Peckham & Peckham, 1885 [1]
Type species
Zygoballus rufipes
Peckham & Peckham, 1885
Species

See text

Diversity
approx. 20 species
Synonyms
  • AmerotritteMello-Leitão, 1944

Zygoballus is a genus of jumping spiders found in North and South America.

Contents

Taxonomy and history

The genus was first described in 1885 by American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham based on the type species Zygoballus rufipes . [2] The name derives from a combination of the Ancient Greek word ζυγόν (zygon), meaning "yoke", and the genus name Ballus . The etymology of Ballus is unknown, but may be related to the Greek word βαλλίζω (ballizo), meaning "dance" or "jump about". [3]

The genus Messua , based on the type species Messua desidiosa , was synonymized with Zygoballus by Eugène Simon in 1903. Simon argued that Messua desidiosa was a transitional species which differed "much less from typical Zygoballus than would seem to be indicated by [the Peckham's] description." [4] This synonymy was reversed by Wayne Maddison in 1996, and Messua restored as a valid genus. [5]

The genus Amerotritte, based on the type species Amerotritte lineata , was synonymized with Zygoballus in 1980 by María Elena Galiano. Galiano stated that the holotype of Amerotritte lineata was actually a very young Zygoballus specimen. [6]

Zygoballus is currently classified in the subtribe Dendryphantina of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders). [7] [8]

Description

Female Zygoballus rufipes jumping spider from Laurens County, South Carolina Kaldari Zygoballus rufipes female 02.jpg
Female Zygoballus rufipes jumping spider from Laurens County, South Carolina

Spiders of the genus Zygoballus share a strong resemblance in appearance. [9] The cephalothorax is high and roughly square when viewed from above. [10] It is widest at the posterior eyes, with the ocular quadrangle occupying approximately three-fifths of the cephalothorax. [9] The cephalothorax slopes steeply behind the posterior eyes and the sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical. [9] The labium is as long or longer than it is wide. [11] The anterior (first) pair of legs are the largest, with three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the tibia. [12] Males have obliquely oriented chelicerae with long fangs. [9]

Many species exhibit wide variation in color, size, and markings. [10]

Distribution

Zygoballus is a genus from the New World, ranging from Argentina to Canada. Three species from India were originally placed in Zygoballus, but have been reassigned to other genera. [13]

Species

As of July 2016, the World Spider Catalog accepted the species listed below. [1] One species, Z. quaternus, was previously recognized (prior to 2008), but is now considered a nomen dubium . [14] Several other species are known only from single specimens. In addition to the species listed below, a 2001 phylogenetic analysis suggested that Rhetenor texanus may also belong in Zygoballus, [7] but this has not been accepted by the World Spider Catalog.

Related Research Articles

<i>Bagheera</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Bagheera is a genus of jumping spiders within the family Salticidae, subfamily Salticinae and subtribe Dendryphantina. The genus was first described by George Peckham & Elizabeth Peckham in 1896. The name is derived from Bagheera, a character from Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book.

<i>Beata</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Beata is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George Peckham & Elizabeth Peckham in 1895.

<i>Bellota</i> Genus of spiders

Bellota is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George Peckham & Elizabeth Peckham in 1892. It is similar in appearance to the genus Chirothecia, but has a narrower cephalothorax and a shorter eye area.

Chirothecia is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Władysław Taczanowski in 1878. Chirothecia is very similar to Bellota, but can be distinguished by the following characteristics: a much wider and taller cephalothorax ; a much longer eye area ; the posterior median eyes are always closer to the anterior lateral eyes than the posterior lateral eyes.

<i>Corythalia</i> Genus of spiders

Corythalia is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850. The genus is distributed throughout most of the Western Hemisphere.

<i>Cotinusa</i> Genus of spiders

Cotinusa is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1900.

<i>Jollas</i> Genus of spiders

Jollas is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae), found in Central America, the Caribbean and South America.

<i>Lyssomanes</i> Genus of spiders

Lyssomanes is a spider genus of the family Salticidae, ranging from South and Central America, up to the southern United States.

<i>Messua</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Messua is a spider genus of the family Salticidae.

<i>Pachomius</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Pachomius is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1896. Uspachia was merged into genus Romitia in 2007, and all nine species were merged into Pachomius in 2015. The name is derived from Pachomius, the founder of cenobitic monasticism.

<i>Peckhamia</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Peckhamia is a genus of ant-mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1900. It is named in honor of George and Elizabeth Peckham, and is considered a senior synonym of the genus Consingis.

<i>Sarinda</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Sarinda is a genus of ant mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1892.

Titanattus is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1885. The name is a combination of "Titan" and the common salticid suffix -attus. It was merged with Agelista in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dendryphantina</span> Subtribe of spiders

The Dendryphantina are a subtribe of jumping spiders that occur mainly in the New World. The subtribe was first defined by Anton Menge in 1879 as Dendryphantidae. Females of the subtribe generally show paired spots on the abdomen, and the males often have enlarged chelicerae. Females in this subtribe typically have S-shaped epigynal openings.

<i>Zygoballus sexpunctatus</i> Species of spider

Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the southeastern United States where it can be found in a variety of grassy habitats. Adult spiders measure between 3 and 4.5 mm in length. The cephalothorax and abdomen are bronze to black in color, with reddish brown or yellowish legs. The male has distinctive enlarged chelicerae and front femora. Like many jumping spiders, Z. sexpunctatus males exhibit ritualized courtship and agonistic behavior.

<i>Zygoballus rufipes</i> Species of spider

Zygoballus rufipes, commonly called the hammerjawed jumper, is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the United States, Canada, and Central America. Adult females are 4.3 to 6 mm in body length, while males are 3 to 4 mm.

<i>Zygoballus incertus</i> Species of spider

Zygoballus incertus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama.

<i>Colonus</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Colonus is a genus of spiders in the jumping spider family, Salticidae. Colonus species are endemic to North and South America, ranging from New York to Argentina. All members of the genus have two pairs of bulbous spines on the ventral side of the first tibiae. The function of these spines is unknown. Colonus was declared a junior synonym of Thiodina by Eugène Simon in 1903, but this was reversed by Bustamante, Maddison, and Ruiz in 2015.

<i>Zygoballus minutus</i> Species of spider

Zygoballus minutus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Zygoballus that was first identified in Guatemala. The spider has also been found in Mexico, and the distribution may extend across Central America. Zygoballus minutus was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1898. It is a small spider, which is recalled in the name, which is the Latin for small, ranging in length between 3.5 and 4 mm. The male is distinguished by bands of white hair on the abdomen while the female has a pattern of streaks and bands. The palpal bulbs, which are reddish-brown on the male and yellow on the female, are also a distinguishing feature from other species in the genus.

References

  1. 1 2 "Gen. Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1900", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-07-23
  2. ↑ Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1885). "On some new genera and species of Attidae from the eastern part of Guatemala" (PDF). Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin: 62–86.
  3. ↑ Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 330. ISBN   0-9771439-0-2.
  4. ↑ Simon, Eugène (1903). Histoire Naturelle des Araignées (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris. p. 863.
  5. ↑ Maddison, Wayne P. (1996). "Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.
  6. ↑ Galiano, María Elena (1980). "Catalogo de los especimenes tipicos de Salticidae (Araneae) descriptos por Candido F. de Mello-Leitão". Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales. Buenos Aires. 39: 31–40.
  7. 1 2 Hedin, Marshal C.; Maddison, Wayne P. (March 2001). "A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 18 (3): 386–403. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0883. PMID   11277632.
  8. ↑ Maddison, Wayne P. (November 2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID   85680279 . Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1895). "Spiders of the Homalattus group of the family Attidae" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2 (3): 157–178.
  10. 1 2 Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). "Revision of the Attidae of North America" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 355–646.
  11. ↑ Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 213. ISBN   0-9771439-0-2.
  12. ↑ Kaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut. p. 496.
  13. ↑ Kaldari, Ryan (2010). "Reassignment of the Indian species of Zygoballus to Bianor and Rhene (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Peckhamia . 82 (1).
  14. ↑ Richman, David B. (2008). "Revision of the jumping spider genus Sassacus (Araneae, Salticidae, Dendryphantinae) in North America" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 36 (1): 28–48. doi:10.1636/H07-03.1. S2CID   83998396.
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