Local date | 11 January 1838 [1] |
---|---|
Local time | 20:45 (EET) |
Duration | 3–5 minutes |
Magnitude | 7.3 Ms 7.5 Mw |
Epicenter | 45°43′N26°43′E / 45.717°N 26.717°E |
Areas affected | Romania |
Max. intensity | MSK-64 IX (Destructive) |
Landslides | Yes |
Casualties | 73 dead, 14 injured |
The 1838 Vrancea earthquake struck the western part of Vrancea County on 23 January (O.S. 11 January) [2] with a magnitude of 7.5. The seism caused extensive damage in Moldavia and Wallachia, and killed dozens of people. [3] The earthquake occurred just 36 years after another earthquake of magnitude over 7 on Richter scale devastated the southern part of Wallachia.
The earthquake occurred at 20:45, being felt strongly in Bucharest and also all over the country up to Lviv, Sevastopol, Constantinople (Istanbul), Odessa, etc. [4] A detailed report on the phenomenon was promptly done by Güstav Schuller, mining geologist in the service of the Duke of Saxony. He said the quake had a foreshock followed by three strong shocks. [5]
During this earthquake, in some areas, especially the epicentral zone, mainly in Vrancea, Buzău, Brăila and Dâmbovița counties appeared large ground cracks and liquefaction phenomena.
The earthquake was felt on very large areas, affecting inclusive the cities of Transylvania and Banat. Timișoara suffered extensive damage, and the Prejmer fortified church was nearly destroyed. Two motions were felt in Sibiu, on the east–west direction, and several buildings suffered damage. Strong shakings were also felt in Nadăș village. The river ice has been broken. Many people were injured. The earthquake was also felt in Cluj, but it was very weak. [6]
But the greatest damage concentrated in Wallachia, where 217 churches collapsed or were severely damaged, most of them in Râmnicu Vâlcea and Craiova. [7] According to an official report, 36 houses were destroyed in Bucharest, [8] among them the Manuc's Inn and St. Sylvester Church. [9] Likewise, four churches collapsed, and other 50 buildings were badly damaged, including the Princely Palace. România newspaper reported that the seism was preceded by "a hissing and a whizzing so great that froze the hearts of fear". [10] Prince Alexandru II Ghica was surprised by the quake inside a theater, together with much of the nobility. Panic took hold immediately on the audience, which began to trample to exit the theater. [10] Several women fainted, being dragged down by the others to be removed from the building that could collapse. That night, Prince Ghica, with officers and army, visited all parts of Bucharest to see with his eyes the disaster. [10] In Brăila was affected the city hospital, patients being evacuated to another hospital. [11]
The quake was strongly felt in Moldavia, where, among other consequences, there was a massive landslide, that closed Ghilcoș Brook, tributary of the Bicaz River, phenomenon following which would be formed the Red Lake. In the Abeille moldave (Romanian : Аlbina românească), a political and literary gazette led by Gheorghe Asachi, it was reported that a violent earthquake was felt Tuesday, 11 January 1838, at 8:25 p.m., in Iași and lasted 35 seconds. [12] Here, several houses and churches (among them Curelari and St. Spiridon) reported cracks in walls, and the theater was evacuated without any incidents. [12]
Gustav Schüller (Gustave Schueler), Counselor for Mining to the Grand Duke of Saxony, expert instructed by the Ministry for Internal Affairs, reported large cracks in the ground and soil liquefaction "both on Wallachian territory and that of Moldova". [13] The report relates that "in the visited areas all massive buildings, made of stone heavily suffered and many of them, mainly churches, cannot be used". On the contrary, "the peasants' houses, as well as all structures made in timber, have been able to deflect since they were flexible, so they suffered less".
County | Principality | Damage reported [14] |
---|---|---|
Vâlcea | Wallachia | 39 churches destroyed |
Romanați | Wallachia | 53 churches destroyed |
Olt | Wallachia | 17 churches destroyed |
Mehedinți | Wallachia | 4 churches destroyed |
Râmnicu Sărat | Wallachia | Severe damage, large cracks in the ground |
Putna | Moldavia | Severe damage, large cracks in the ground |
The earthquake was felt on a large area, from Russia to Poland and from Albania to Ukraine. [15] In the following table are presented localities and areas mentioned in historical sources, where the mainshock was felt outside the 1838 borders of Romania. [16]
Locality name (current) | Locality name (1838) | Country | Lat. | Lon. | I (MSK) | Damage [17] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi | Akkerman | ![]() | 46.13 | 30.30 | 5 | Accompanied by two strokes in underground roar from south to north-west, and lasted two minutes. |
Bălți | Beltsy | ![]() | 47.45 | 27.55 | 5 | Minor cracks in the buildings, doors cracked. |
Berdychiv | Berdychiv | ![]() | 49.89 | 28.60 | F | It was felt. |
Budapest | Buda, Pest | ![]() | 47.18 | 19.00 | F | It was observed. |
Chernivtsi | Chernivtsi | ![]() | 48.18 | 25.56 | 5.5 | Windows were broken. |
Kiliya | Kiliya | ![]() | 45.42 | 29.28 | 5.5 | Big earthquake; lasted three minutes and a half, causing cracks in some houses. |
Chișinău | Kishinev | ![]() | 47.03 | 28.88 | 7 | It was heard a loud bang, followed by an underground hit, then the earth started wobbling, the walls and roofs were vibrating, the doors, windows, and furniture cracked, some things felt. |
Yevpatoria | Eupatoria | ![]() | 45.20 | 33.36 | F | Felt. |
Istanbul | Constantinople | ![]() | 41.01 | 28.98 | F | Two shakes were felt severely. |
Izmail | Izmail | ![]() | 45.35 | 28.84 | 7 | It lasted three minutes. In all buildings walls were cracked, ovens and chimneys were more or less damaged, and in some houses the walls completely collapsed. Six people received slight injuries from the collapse of their walls and plaster. The Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection was severely damaged. |
Zhytomyr | Zhytomyr | ![]() | 50.25 | 28.67 | F | Felt. |
Kharkiv | Kharkiv | ![]() | 50.00 | 36.23 | F | Lasted 30 seconds; felt; tree curl. |
Kursk | Kursk | ![]() | 51.72 | 36.18 | 4 | Swinging chandeliers and lamps. |
Kaluga | Kaluga | ![]() | 54.53 | 36.27 | F | Lasted 10 seconds. |
Eger | Eger | ![]() | 47.90 | 20.37 | F | Felt. |
Dnipropetrovsk | Yekaterinoslav | ![]() | 48.46 | 35.03 | F | Felt. |
Kiev | Kiev | ![]() | 50.45 | 30.52 | F | Felt. |
Shkodër | Shkodra/İşkodra | ![]() | 42.07 | 19.53 | F | The shock was perceptible in the region of Lake Skadar. |
Leova | Leova | ![]() | 46.48 | 28.25 | 7 | Earthquake accompanied by a terrible roar; three more blows shook the house foundation, the stoves and chimneys were wrecked, the windows broken, the doors bounced and the walls were cracked. Church bells beat by itself. |
Milan | Milan | ![]() | 45.46 | 9.19 | F | Felt. |
Moscow | Moscow | ![]() | 55.27 | 37.22 | F | Felt. |
Odessa | Odessa | ![]() | 46.47 | 30.73 | F | Violent shocks. |
Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | ![]() | 59.34 | 30.12 | F | Felt. |
Soroca | Soroca | ![]() | 48.17 | 28.30 | 5.5 | Cracks only in some houses, the furniture moved. |
Bender | Bender | ![]() | 46.77 | 29.48 | 5.5 | Felt vibrating the soil, cracks in houses. |
Tryavna | Tryavna/Trevne | ![]() | 42.87 | 25.50 | 6 | Felt. |
Vienna | Vienna | ![]() | 48.12 | 16.22 | F | It was observed. |
Veliko Tarnovo | Tarnovo/Tırnova | ![]() | 43.08 | 25.66 | 6 | It was severe. |
Warsaw | Warsaw | ![]() | 52.08 | 21.00 | F | Felt. |
Vidin | Vidin | ![]() | 44.09 | 23.08 | F | Felt. |
On 13 January 1838, Manolache Florescu, Bucharest Police Chief, submitted a report, according to that 73 people lost their lives and 14 were injured. Among victims, eight were from Bucharest. But the Consul General of France in Bucharest, Marquis de Châteaugiron, reported over 720 dead and as many wounded. [18] Prof. Dr. Gheorghe Mărmureanu, Director of the National Institute for Earth Physics, stated that in the 1838 earthquake "767 people died". [19] Andreas Ludwig Jeitteles (1799–1878), a Czech physician and writer, quotes in one of his works 12 deaths and 40 wounded in Bucharest. [20]
The 1977 Vrancea earthquake occurred on 4 March 1977, at 21:22 local time, and was felt throughout the Balkans. It had a magnitude of 7.5, making it the second most powerful earthquake recorded in Romania in the 20th century, after the 10 November 1940 seismic event. The hypocenter was situated in the Vrancea Mountains, the most seismically active part of Romania, at a depth of 85.3 km.
Striking central Romania on August 30 at 21:28 UTC, the 1986 Vrancea earthquake killed more than 150 people, injured over 500, and damaged over 50,000 homes. The second largest earthquake in the area since the modernization of earthquake monitoring devices, it was felt north to Poland and south to Italy and Greece. The death toll makes it the second deadliest earthquake to occur in 1986 worldwide, after major seism of San Salvador that took the lives of almost 1,500 people.
The 1940 Vrancea earthquake, also known as the 1940 Bucharest earthquake, occurred on Sunday, 10 November 1940, in Romania, at 03:39, when the majority of the population was at home.
The 1802 Vrancea earthquake occurred in the Vrancea Mountains of today's Romania on 26 October [O.S. 14 October] 1802, on St. Paraskeva's Day. With an estimated intensity of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, it is the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Romania and one of the strongest in European history. It was felt across an area of more than two million square kilometers in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, from Saint Petersburg to the Aegean Sea.
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