List of historical earthquakes

This article is about historical earthquakes (before 1901). For 1901–2000 earthquakes, see Lists of 20th-century earthquakes. For earthquakes after 2000, see Lists of 21st-century earthquakes.

Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the early 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings, imaging technique using seismotomography and later observations and detections using space satellites from outer space, they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources, observations of shaking objects and/or animal behavior during earthquakes ^[1] and religious/traditional beliefs about earthquakes as "God's rage", "God's punishment", "Earth's rage", "Mother Nature's rage" and/or "Earth never quiet". ^[2] There is often significant uncertainty in location and magnitude and sometimes date for each earthquake. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain, particularly for the older events.

Pre-11th century

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	Fatalities	Mag.	Comments	Sources
1920 BC		Qinghai see Jishi Gorge outburst flood					Flood caused by landslide after earthquake	[3]
1740 BC		Fa of Xia see Mount Tai earthquake	N 34.2705°	E 108.92512°	?	?	Listed in the Bamboo Annals	[4] [5]
479 BC		Aegean Sea see 479 BC Potidaea earthquake	N 39.7°	E 23.3°	Many	7.0 (approx)	Oldest record of a tsunami. Saved Potidaea from an invasion by the Achaemenid Empire.	[6]
464 BC		Sparta, Greece see 464 BC Sparta earthquake			?	7.2 (approx)	Ms Led to a helot uprising and strained relations with Athens, one of the factors that led to the Peloponnesian War	[7]
373 BC		Gulf of Corinth, Greece					Destroyed ancient city of Helike by Tsunami	[8]
226 BC		Rhodes, Greece see 226 BC Rhodes earthquake			?	–	Destroyed Colossus of Rhodes and city of Kameiros	[9]
60 BC		Portugal and Galicia coasts			?	8.5	Caused a tsunami	[10]
17 AD	At night	Asia minor see AD 17 Lydia earthquake	37.85	27.3	?		Destroyed 13 cities in Asia (minor)	Described by the historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder
February 5, 62 AD		Bay of Naples, Italy see AD 62 Pompeii earthquake			?	5–6	Brought down a large part of Pompeii, caused severe damage in Herculaneum and Nuceria.	Seneca describes it in his "Quaestiones Naturales VI" [11]
89 AD		Baekje, Seoul, Korea			Lots of people	6.7	Houses were broken and lots of people died.	[12]
110 AD		Dian Kingdom, Yunnan, southwestern China			probably thousands	–	Flooded administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom	[13]
December 13, 115 AD		Antioch see 115 Antioch earthquake	36.1	36.1	260,000 (approx)	7.5	Ms	[14]
141 or 142 AD		Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese see 141 Lycia earthquake	36.7	28.0	?	8	Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes	[15]
May 18, 363 AD		Syria see 363 Galilee earthquake			"thousands"	7 (approx)	Destruction also in "The Holy Land", Petra	Ammianus Marcellinus [16] and numerous other late Antiquity writers. [17]
July 21, 365 AD		Crete (Greece) see 365 Crete earthquake			"thousands"	8.5+	Destruction also in Cyrene & Alexandria (by tsunami). Uplifted Crete by 9 metres.	Ammianus Marcellinus [16] and numerous other late Antiquity writers [17]
382 AD		Cape St. Vincent, Portugal				7.5	According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the earthquake and corresponding tsunami sank two islets that were situated near Cape St. Vincent.	Ammianus Marcellinus
May 19, 526 AD		Antioch, Turkey see 526 Antioch earthquake			250,000	7.0	The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000.	Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
July 6, 551 AD		Beirut, Tyre, Tripoli see 551 Beirut earthquake	33.9	35.5	30,000	7.5	Mw Triggered a devastating tsunami, all the cities of the Phoenician coast from Tyre to Tripoli were reduced to ruins	[18]
November 26, 684 AD		Shikoku, Japan see 684 Hakuhō earthquake	32.8	134.3	101–1,000	8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale)	Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". Other dates for the quake are: October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24. [19]	Described in the history book Nihon Shoki
January 18, 749 AD		The Levant see 749 Galilee earthquake			"tens of thousands"	7.0–7.5 (approx)	The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella were largely destroyed while many other cities across the Levant region were heavily damaged.	[20] [21]
April 29, 801 AD		Central Italy see 801 Apennine earthquake	41.896	12.482		5.4 Me	There was severe damage in Rome. The quake was also felt in Spoleto.	[22]
November 24, 847 AD		Damascus, Syria see 847 Damascus earthquake	33.5	36.3	70,000	7.3		[18] [23]
December 856 AD		Corinth, Greece	37.9	22.9	45,000	–		[23] [24]
December 22, 856 AD (aftershocks for about a year)		Qumis, Iran. From Khuvar to Bustam and Gurgan. The town of Qumis (Hecatompylos) hardest hit. see 856 Damghan earthquake	36.23	54.14	200,000.	7.9 (approx)	The city of Qumis was half destroyed and had 45,096 casualties.	[23] [25]
July 13, 869 AD		Sendai, Japan see 869 Jōgan earthquake	38.5	143.8	1,000 (approx)	8.6–9.0	Ms	[26]
March 23, 893 AD		Ardabil, Iran see 893 Ardabil earthquake	38.28	48.30	150,000	–	–	Regarded as a 'fake earthquake', due to misunderstanding of original Armenian sources for the 893 Dvin event. [27] [28] [29] [30]
December 28, 893 AD		Dvin, Armenia see 893 Dvin earthquake	40.0	44.6	30,000	6 (approx)	Mislocated in India	[31]

11th–17th centuries

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	Fatalities	Mag.	Comments	Sources
December 1033		Jordan Valley, Levant, Israel & the State of Palestine see 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake	32.5	35.5	70,000	7.3	Mw . Triggered a tsunami.	[32]
December 1037		Taizhou, Jiangsu, China	32.0	119.0	22,391			[33] [34]
August 12, 1042		Palmyra, Baalbek, Syria, Lebanon	35.1	38.9	50,000	7.2 (>VIII)		[18] [23]
March 18, 1068		Near East see 1068 Near East earthquake			20,000	≥7.0		[35] [36]
October 11, 1138		Aleppo, Syria see 1138 Aleppo earthquake	36.1	36.8	230,000	7.1		[18] [37]
September 30, 1139		Ganja, Azerbaijan see 1139 Ganja earthquake	40.3	46.2	230,000–300,000	7.7	Ms . Resulted in the total destruction of Ganja.	[38]
August 12, 1157	08:15	Hama, Syria see 1157 Hama earthquake	35.1	36.3	8,000	7.2	Ms Largest in a sequence lasting from late 1156 to early 1159	[18] [37] [39]
February 4, 1169		Sicily see 1169 Sicily earthquake	37.3	15.0	15,000	6.4–7.3		[40]
June 29, 1170	06:29	Eastern Mediterranean see 1170 Syria earthquake	34.4	36.4	5,000–80,000 in Aleppo [41] 25,000 in Hama	7.3–7.5 [42] 7.7 [43]	Syria, Lebanon, central southern Turkey	Numerous sources from Crusader times. [37] [39]
July 5, 1201 and/or May 20, 1202		Eastern Mediterranean; see 1202 Syria earthquake			1,100,000 (includes famine/disease deaths)	7.6	Damage across a wide area from Syria to Upper Egypt	–
May 11, 1222	06:15	Cyprus see 1222 Cyprus earthquake	34.7	32.6		7.0–7.5	Caused damage at Paphos, Limassol and Nicosia	[44]
1268		Cilicia, Anatolia (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) see 1268 Cilicia earthquake	37.5	35.5	60,000	7 (approx)
September 27, 1290		Zhili (Hebei), China see 1290 Zhili earthquake	41.5	119.3	100,000	6.8	Ms	[45]
May 26, 1293		Kamakura, (now in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kantō region,) Japan see 1293 Kamakura earthquake	35.2	139.4	23,024	7.1		[46]
August 8, 1303	06:00	1303 Crete earthquake, Greece	35	27	up to 10,000	~8	Triggered a major tsunami that devastated Alexandria in Egypt	[47]
September 25, 1303		1303 Hongdong earthquake, China	36.3	111.7	270,000	Mw  7.2–7.6	Taiyuan and Pingyang (modern Linfen) were leveled.	[48]
January 1, 1341		Crimea, Ukraine			Not known	6		[49]
January 25, 1348	15:00	Friuli, Venice, Rome see 1348 Friuli earthquake	46.37	13.58	10,000	6.9		[23]
August 24, 1356		Lisbon, Portugal see 1356 Lisbon earthquake				8.5	Mw	[50] [51]
October 18, 1356		Basel, Switzerland see 1356 Basel earthquake	47.5	07.6	1,000	6.2	Mw	[52]
May 21, 1382		Canterbury, UK see 1382 Dover Straits earthquake			?	5.8	Struck during synod – later called "Earthquake Synod" – called to condemn heresy of John Wycliffe – some saw as portentous	[53] [54]
February 2, 1428		Catalonia (now Spain) 1428 Catalonia earthquake	42.4	2.2	1,000s	6.7	Sometimes called the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during the Candlemas.	[23] [55] [56]
December 5, 1456		Province of Benevento, Kingdom of Naples (now Italy) 1456 Central Italy earthquakes	41.3	14.7	30,000–70,000	7.2	The largest and most widespread earthquake on the Italian Peninsula. Was followed by another Mw  7.0 shock on December 30.
May 3, 1481	03:00	Rhodes see 1481 Rhodes earthquake	36.0	28.0	30,000	7.1	Largest of a series that lasted 10 months	[57]
September 20, 1498	08:00 local time	Honshu see 1498 Meiō earthquake	34.0	138.1	31,000	8.6	Ms	[58]
June 6, 1505		Nepal see 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake	29.5	83.0	30% of Nepalese population	8.2–8.8
September 10, 1509	22:00	Istanbul, Turkey see 1509 Istanbul earthquake	40.9	28.7	10,000	7.2	Ms	[59]
January 26, 1531	04:30	Lisbon, Portugal see 1531 Lisbon earthquake	38.9	−09.0	30,000	6.9		[60]
January 23, 1556		Shaanxi, China see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake	34.5	109.7	830,000+	8.2–8.3	Deadliest earthquake in recorded history	USGS
November 16–17, 1570	19:10	Ferrara, Italy see 1570 Ferrara earthquake	44.817	11.633	70–200	5.5		Azariah de Rossi's Kol Elohim [23] [61]
December 16, 1575	18:30	Valdivia, Chile see 1575 Valdivia earthquake	−39.8	−73.2	?	8.5		[23] [62]
June 10–11, 1585	Unk	Aleutian Islands, Alaska see 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake	Unk	Unk	Unk	9.25	Mw On June 11, 1585, a moderate tsunami struck the Sanriku coast of Japan. At the same time, a number of Hawaiian natives died after their settlements was struck by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Paleotsunami evidence was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Modelling of a magnitude 9.25 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands matched the descriptions and geological evidences in Japan and Hawaii.	[63]
January 18, 1586	23:00	Chūbu region, Japan see 1586 Tenshō earthquake	36.0	136.9	8,000	7.9	MJMA	[64]
November 24, 1604	12:30 local time	Arica, Chile see 1604 Arica earthquake	-18.500	-70.400	?	8.5	MI	[65]
February 3, 1605	20:00 local time	Shikoku, Honshu, Japan see 1605 Keichō earthquake	33.5	138.5	thousands	7.9	Ms	[66]
July 13, 1605		Qiongshan, Hainan, China see 1605 Guangdong earthquake	19.9	110.5	3,000	7.5 (X)		[67]
October 25, 1622		Ningxia, China see 1622 North Guyuan earthquake	36.5	106.3	12,000	7.0	Ms	[68]
August 1, 1629		Banda Sea, Indonesia see 1629 Banda Sea earthquake	-4.6	129.9	0	8.2-8.8	Mw	[69]
March 27, 1638		Calabria, Kingdom of Sicily (present-day Italy) see 1638 Calabrian earthquakes	38.64	15.78	9,581–30,000	7.1	A sequence of four earthquakes.	[70]
March 27, 1638	night	Tabriz, Iran see 1641 Tabriz earthquake	37.9	46.1	12,613–30,000	6.8	Ms
February 5, 1663	17:30 local time	Quebec, Canada see 1663 Charlevoix earthquake	47.6	70.1	0	7.3–7.9	Landslides were the primary feature.	[71]
April 6, 1667		Dubrovnik, Croatia see 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake	42.3	18.1	3,000	7.2		[72]
November 25, 1667		Shamakhi, Azerbaijan see 1667 Shamakhi earthquake	40.6	48.6	80,000	6.9	Ms	[45]
July 25, 1668		Shandong, China see 1668 Shandong earthquake	35.3	118.6	42,578	8.5	Largest earthquake in East China.	[73]
August 17, 1668		Anatolia, Turkey see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake	40	36	8,000	8	Largest earthquake in Turkey.	USGS
February 17, 1674	19:30	Ambon, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami	3.75	127.75	2,347	6.8	Major tsunami up to 100 meters high. First and largest ever documented tsunami in Indonesia.
October 20, 1687	11:30	Lima, Peru see 1687 Peru earthquake	−15.2	−75.9	5,000	8.2		[23]
June 5, 1688		Province of Benevento, Italy see 1688 Sannio earthquake	41.3	14.6	est. 10,000	7	Completely destroyed Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi, heavily damaged Benevento.	[74]
September 13, 1692	11:00	Salta Province, Argentina see 1692 Salta earthquake	−25.40	−64.80	~13	7.0	The small village of Talavera del Esteco was completely destroyed.	[75]
June 7, 1692	11:43 local time	Port Royal, Jamaica see 1692 Jamaica earthquake	17.9	−76.8	2,000+	7 (approx) (X)		[76] [77]
January 11, 1693		Catania Province, Sicily see 1693 Sicily earthquake			60,000	7.5
September 5, 1694	11:40	Irpinia, Italy see 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake	40.88	15.35	6,000	6.9	Mw	[78]
May 18, 1695	12:00	Shanxi, Qing dynasty see 1695 Linfen earthquake	36.0	111.5	52,600–176,365	7.8	Mw	[79]
January 5, 1699		Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia) see 1699 Java earthquake	6.078	105.913	128	7.4–8.0	Mw

18th century

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	Fatalities	Mag.	Comments	Sources
January 26, 1700	~21:00	Cascadia subduction zone see 1700 Cascadia earthquake Source of "Orphan Tsunami," which struck Japan hours later. The Japanese were caught off-guard, not knowing the origin of the wave, until geologist Brian Atwater's research confirmed it.				9.0	M (Satake et al., 1996)	USGS
January 14, 1703	18:00	Norcia, Italy see 1703 Apennine earthquakes	42.7	13.07	6,240–9,761	6.7	Mw	[23] [80]
February 2, 1703	11:05	L'Aquila, Italy see 1703 Apennine earthquakes	42.43	13.3	2,500–5,000	6.7	Mw	[23] [80]
December 31, 1703	17:00	Kantō region, Japan see 1703 Genroku earthquake	35.0	140.0	10,000	8.2	Ms	[81]
November 3, 1706	13:00	Abruzzo, Italy see 1706 Abruzzo earthquake	42.1	14.1	2,400	6.8	Mw	[81]
October 28, 1707	14:00 local time	Japan see 1707 Hōei earthquake	33.0	136.0	5,000+	8.6		[82]
October 14, 1709		Zhongwei, China see 1709 Zhongwei earthquake	37.4	105.3	2,000+	7.5	Mw	[83] [84]
February 3, 1716		Algiers, Algeria see 1716 Algiers earthquake	36.8	3.0	20,000		IX–X European macroseismic scale
June 19, 1718		Gansu, China see 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake	35.0	105.2	73,000	7.5	Ms	[85]
April 26, 1721		Tabriz, Iran see 1721 Tabriz earthquake	37.9	46.7	~80,000	7.7		[86]
July 8, 1730	08:45	Valparaiso, Chile see 1730 Valparaiso earthquake	−32.5	−71.5	?	8.7		[87]
September 30, 1730	10:00 local time	Beijing, China	40.0	116.2	100s	6.5		[88] [89]
November 29, 1732	8:40 local time	Irpinia, Italy see 1732 Irpinia earthquake	41.0727	15.0623		6.6	Ms	[90]
October 16, 1737	15:30 local time	Kamchatka, Russia see 1737 Kamchatka earthquake	51.1	158.0		8.3	Ms	[91] [92]
January 4, 1739	18:00 UTC	Ningxia, China see 1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake	38.9	106.5	>50,000	8.0
October 28, 1746	22:30 local time	Lima & Callao, Peru see 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake	−11.35	−77.28	4,000–5,000	8.6–8.8	Mw	[93]
May 25, 1751	1:00 local time	Concepción, Chile see 1751 Concepción earthquake	−36.830	−73.030		8.5	MI	USGS
June 7, 1755		Northern Persia	34.0	51.5	1,200 40,000 [94]	5.9		[89] [95]
November 1, 1755	10:16	Lisbon, Portugal see 1755 Lisbon earthquake	36	−11	80,000	8.5	Caused a huge tsunami	USGS
November 18, 1755	09:11	Boston, Massachusetts, United States see 1755 Cape Ann earthquake	42.7	−70.2	0	5.9	Mw	[96] [97]
November 27, 1755		Fez and Meknes, Morocco see 1755 Meknes earthquake	34	−5	15,000	6.5–7.0	Mw	[98] [99]
November 25, 1759	19:23 local time	Eastern Mediterranean see Near East earthquakes of 1759	33.7	35.9	1,000s	7.4	Ms Earthquake in same area on October 30 considered to be a foreshock.	[18]
March 31, 1761	13:01 local time	Lisbon, Portugal see 1761 Lisbon earthquake	34.5	13.0	Unknown	8.5	Ms Second major earthquake in Europe in six years.
April 2, 1762		Northeastern Bay of Bengal [100] see 1762 Arakan earthquake	22.0	92.0	200	up to 8.8	Mw	[101]
June 28, 1763	05:28	Komárom, Kingdom of Hungary see 1763 Komárom earthquake	47.73	18.15	83	6.2–6.5	Mw	[102]
May 22, 1766	05:10	Istanbul, Turkey see 1766 Istanbul earthquake	40.8	29.0	4,000	7.1	Ms	[103]
October 21, 1766	04:30 local time	Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela see 1766 Southeastern Caribbean earthquake	11.0	−62.5		6.5–7.5	Ms  Destroyed Spanish colonial capital of San Jose, Trinidad (now St. Joseph).	[104] [105]
June 3, 1770	19:15 local time	Port-au-Prince, Haiti see 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake	18.7	−72.63	200+	7.5	Mw	[106]
July 29, 1773		Guatemala see 1773 Guatemala earthquake	14.6	-90.7	5–600	7.5
January 8, 1780		Tabriz, Iran see 1780 Tabriz earthquake	38.0	46.2	40,000–200,000	7.4	Ms	[107] [108]
February 4–5, 1783; March 28, 1783	12:00	Calabria, Italy see 1783 Calabrian earthquakes	38.15	15.70	35,000	6.9	Mw First in a sequence of five earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.9 to hit Calabria in less than two months.	[109]
June 1, 1786	04:00 local time	Sichuan, China see 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake	29.9	102.0	~100,000	7.75	Mw Triggered a landslide that blocked the Dadu river – the collapse of the dam during an aftershock and subsequent flood caused most of the casualties.	[110]
March 28, 1787	11:30 local time	Oaxaca, Mexico see 1787 New Spain earthquake	16.5	-98.5	11+	8.6	Mw
February 4, 1797	12:30	Quito, Ecuador & Cuzco, Peru see 1797 Riobamba earthquake			41,000	7.3	Mw	[111]
February 10, 1797		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1797 Sumatra earthquake	−1.0	99.0	300	8.4		[112] [113] [114]

19th century

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	Fatalities	Mag.	Comments	Sources
October 26, 1802	10:55	Vrancea region, Moldavia, now Romania see 1802 Vrancea earthquake	45.7	26.6	3 in Bucharest	7.9	Serious damage in the area. All church steeples in Bucharest collapsed, as well as many houses and Colţea bell tower.	[115] [116]
February 16, 1810	22:15	Crete, Heraklion see 1810 Crete earthquake	35.5	25.6	2,000	7.5	Mw	[117]
December 16, 1811	08:00	New Madrid, Missouri, United States see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	−89.6		8.1	MI	USGS
January 23, 1812	15:00	New Madrid, Missouri, United States see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	−89.6		7.8	MI	USGS
February 7, 1812	09:45	New Madrid, Missouri, United States see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	−89.6		8	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
March 26, 1812	16:37	Caracas, La Guaira, El Tocuyo, San Felipe, Barquisimeto, Mérida, La Victoria, Valencia, Venezuela see 1812 Caracas earthquake			15,000–20,000	7.7–8.0
December 8, 1812	7:00 a.m. local time	Alta California see 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake			40	6.9–7.5	Destroyed the "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano
December 21, 1812	11:00 a.m. local time	Santa Barbara Channel, California, United States see 1812 Ventura earthquake	34.12	−119.54	1-2	7.1–7.5	Destroyed the church at Mission Santa Barbara, caused near-total destruction at Mission La Purísima Concepción, and considerable damage at Mission Santa Inés	Southern California Earthquake Data Center
June 16, 1819	18:45–18:50 local time	Gujarat, India see 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake	23.0	71.0	>1,543	7.7–8.2	Mw Formed an 80 km long ridge, the Allah Bund ('Dam of God')	[118]
June 2, 1823	08:00	south flank of Kīlauea, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii	19.3	−155		7	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
August 26, 1833		Himalayas, Nepal–India–Tibet region see 1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake	28.3	85.5	~500	7.7–7.9	Mw	[119]
November 25, 1833		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1833 Sumatra earthquake	−2.5	100.5	"numerous victims"	8.8–9.2	Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra	[112] [114] [120]
June 10, 1836	15:30	south San Francisco Bay region, California, Mexico (now United States)	36.9	−121.5		6.5	MI (Bakun, 1999) Reports probably refer to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake, misreported in 1868 following the Hayward earthquake of that year	USGS, [121]
January 1, 1837	16:00 local time	Galilee, Palestine see Galilee earthquake of 1837	33.0	35.5	6,000–7,000	>7.0	Ms	[18] [122]
June 1838		San Francisco Peninsula, California, Mexico (now United States) see 1838 San Andreas earthquake	37.3	−123.2		6.8	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
January 11, 1839	06:00 local time	Offshore Martinique, France see 1839 Martinique earthquake	14.5	–60.5	700–4,000	7.8–8.0	Severe damage in Martinique, and felt throughout most of the Lesser Antilles
March 23, 1839	04:00	Inwa, Kingdom of Burma (present day Myanmar) see 1839 Ava earthquake	21.9	96.0	300–500	8.1–8.2	Destroyed the city of Amarapura, Mandalay and the former capital Inwa.	[123]
January 5, 1843	02:45	Marked Tree, Arkansas, United States	35.5	−90.5		6.3	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
February 8, 1843	10:37 local time	Guadeloupe, France see 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake	16.5	62.2	1,500–5,000	8.5
May 8, 1847		Around Zenkō-ji Temple, (now in Nagano Prefecture, Chūbu region,) Japan see 1847 Nagano earthquake	36.7	138.2	>8,600	7.4	2,094 houses lost by fire with quake at Nagano.	[124]
November 26, 1852		Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies see 1852 Banda Sea earthquake	5.24	129.75	60+	7.5–8.8	Mw  Major tsunami.
December 23, 1854	09:00	Honshu, Japan see 1854 Tōkai earthquake	34.0	137.8	2,000	8.4	Major tsunami.	[125]
December 24, 1854	16:00	Honshu, Japan see 1854 Nankai earthquake	33.0	135.0	thousands	8.4	Major tsunami	[125]
January 23, 1855	21:11 local time	Wairarapa, New Zealand see 1855 Wairarapa earthquake	−41.4	174.5	4	8.0 (approx)	Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres.	–
November 11, 1855	22:00 local time	Edo (now Tokyo, Kantō region), Japan see 1855 Edo earthquake	35.65	139.8	~ 7,000	7.0	Ms 10,000 house destroyed in Edo.	安政の大地震 in Japanese
October 12, 1856	02:38 or 02:24 local time	Crete-Rhodes, Greece (then the Ottoman Empire) see 1856 Heraklion earthquake	35.5	26.0	600+	7.7–8.3 Mw	Widespread damage to Greece, Malta, Anatolia and the Middle East.
January 9, 1857	16:24	Fort Tejon, California, United States (San Andreas fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood) see 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake			1	7.9	M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998)	USGS
December 16, 1857	21:00	Naples, Italy see 1857 Basilicata earthquake	40.3	16	11,000	6.9	MI	USGS
February 16, 1861		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1861 Sumatra earthquake	1.0	97,5	905	8.5	Caused a major tsunami.	[126] [127]
March 20, 1861	20:36	Mendoza Province, Argentina see 1861 Mendoza earthquake	-32.9	-68.9	5235	7.2	Strongest earthquake in Mendoza Province and proportional most deadly in Argentinean history.	INPRES
October 8, 1865	20:46	San Jose, California, United States	37.2	−121.9		6.5	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
April 14, 1867	14:30	Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas see 1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake	39.2	–96.3		5.1	Mfa
June 10, 1867	21:09	Central Java, Dutch East Indies see 1867 Java earthquake	-8.7	110.6	700	7.8	Mw
November 18, 1867	18:45	Anegada Passage, between the British Virgin Islands and Danish West Indies (present-day US Virgin Islands) see 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami	18.2	–65.0	~30	7.3–7.5		NGDC
December 18, 1867	09:00	New Taipei City, Taiwan see 1867 Keelung earthquake	25.34	121.91	580	7.0	Mw . Thought to be the only destructive tsunami (15 meters) in Taiwan.
April 3, 1868	02:25	Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii see 1868 Hawaii earthquake	19.2	−155.5	77	7.9	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
August 13, 1868	16:45 local time	Arica, Chile see 1868 Arica earthquake	−18.500	−70.350	25,000	8.5-9.3	Mw, Okal et al (2006) gives upper end magnitude	USGS
October 21, 1868	15:53	Hayward, California, United States, Hayward Fault Zone see 1868 Hayward earthquake	37.7	−122.1	30	6.8	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
February 20, 1871	08:42	Molokai, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii see 1871 Lāna`i earthquake	21.2	−156.9		6.8	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
March 26, 1872	10:30	Owens Valley, California, United States see 1872 Lone Pine earthquake	36.5	−118	27	7.6	M (Beanland and Clark, 1994)	USGS
December 15, 1872	05:40	North Cascades, Washington, United States see 1872 North Cascades earthquake	47.9	−120.3		7.3	MI (Malone and Bor, 1979; Rogers et al., 1983)	USGS
May 10, 1877	21:16 local time	Iquique, Chile see 1877 Iquique earthquake	−19.600	−70.230	2,541	8.8	Mw	USGS
November 9, 1880	7:04 local time	Zagreb, Croatia see 1880 Zagreb earthquake	45.9	16.1	1	6.2	Ms	[128]
April 3, 1881	11:30	Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı see 1881 Chios earthquake	38.25	26.25	7,866	6.5	Mw	[129]
December 31, 1881	01:49	India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands see 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake	8.52	92.43	0	7.9	Mw	[130]
September 7, 1882	3:50 local time	San Blas Islands, Panama see 1882 Panama earthquake	10.0	79.0	250	8.3	Ms Largest earthquake in Panamanian history	[131]
December 25, 1884	09:18	Andalusia, Spain see 1884 Andalusian earthquake	-36.96	4.07	1,200	6.5	Mw
August 27, 1886	21:32	Filiatra, western Peloponnese, Greece see 1886 Peloponnese earthquake	37.1	21.5	600	7.5	unknown	[132]
August 31, 1886	02:51	Charleston, South Carolina, United States see 1886 Charleston earthquake	32.9	−80	60	7.3	MI (Johnston, 1996) Believed to be the largest earthquake ever to strike the east coast.	USGS
February 23, 1887	06:30 local time	Liguria, Italy see 1887 Liguria earthquake	43.78	8.07	600–3,000	6.3–7.5	Mw  The earthquake caused severe damage along the Ligurian coast and caused the town of Bussana Vecchia to be abandoned.	[133] [134]
September 1, 1888	04:10 local time	North Canterbury, New Zealand see 1888 North Canterbury earthquake	−42.6	172.4		7.0–7.3	First earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement.	–
July 28, 1889	23:40	Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan see 1889 Kumamoto earthquake	32.8	130.7	20	6.3		[23]
October 27, 1891	21:38	Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan see 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake	35.6	136.6	7,273	8	MS	USGS
April 19, 1892	10:50	Vacaville, California, United States see 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes	38.5	−121.8	1	6.4	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
April 21, 1892	17:43	Winters, California, United States see 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes	38.6	−122		6.4	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
November 17, 1893	15:06	Quchan, Iran see 1893 Quchan earthquake	37.2	58.4	18,000	6.6	Ms	[135]
October 31, 1895	11:08	Charleston, Missouri, United States see 1895 Charleston earthquake	37	−89.4		6.6	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
June 15, 1896	19:32	Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan see 1896 Sanriku earthquake	39.5	144	22,000+	8.0–8.1 (approx)	Mw	USGS
June 12, 1897	11:06	Assam, India see 1897 Assam earthquake	26	91	1,500	8.3		USGS
September 21, 1897	05:12	Mindanao, Philippines see 1897 Mindanao earthquakes	6.0	122.0	13	7.5	MS	[136] [137]
September 4, 1899	00:22	Cape Yakataga, Alaska, United States see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes	60	-142		7.9	MS	USGS
September 10, 1899	21:41	Yakutat Bay, Alaska, United States see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes	60	−142		8	MS	USGS
September 20, 1899	04:00	Ottoman Empire see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake	37.9	28.1	1,117	7.1	Mw	NGDC
October 9, 1900	12:28	Kodiak Island, Alaska, United States	57.1	−153.5		7.7	MS	USGS
October 28, 1900	09:11	offshore Miranda, Venezuela see 1900 San Narciso earthquake	11.0	−66.0	140	7.7	Ms	USGS

Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS) Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the maximum intensity, written as a Roman numeral from I to XII, is given.

See also

• Archaeoseismology
• Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes
• Lists of 20th-century earthquakes
• Lists of 21st-century earthquakes
• List of tsunamis
• Lists of earthquakes
• List of megathrust earthquakes

References

1. Mahima Yadav; Shubham Chaudhary; Anshul Agarwal (2021). "Bio-Info-Sensor Image Processing Approach: Disaster Pre-alarm for Earthquake". Advances in Systems Engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. pp. 859–867. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_81. ISBN   978-981-15-8024-6.
2. Berberian, Manuel (2014). "Chapter 3 - Earthquakes and Religious Thoughts". Developments in Earth Surface Processes. 17: 43–76. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63292-0.00003-X. ISBN   978-0-444-63292-0.
3. "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of Chinas Great Flood and the Xia dynasty". ResearchGate. August 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
4. Bamboo Annals, listed under Xia chapters on King Fa's 7th year.
5. 吳階平, 喻滄, 季羨林. [2002] (2002) 世紀中國學術大典: 測繪學, 大氣科學, 固體地球物理學, 應用地球物理學, 海洋科學. 福建教育出版社. ISBN   7-5334-3446-3, ISBN   978-7-5334-3446-5. p 41.
6. Aggelos Galanopoulos (1960). "Tsunamis Observed on the Coasts of Greece from Antiquity to Present Time". Annals of Geophysics. 13 (3–4). doi: 10.4401/ag-5477 .
7. Armijo, R.; Lyon-Caen, H.; Papanastassiou, D. (1991). "A possible normal-fault rupture for the 464 BC Sparta earthquake" (PDF). Nature . 351 (6322): 137–139. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..137A. doi:10.1038/351137a0. S2CID   4278524.
8. "The 373 B.C. Helike (Gulf of Corinth, Greece) Earthquake and Tsunami, Revisited". ResearchGate. September 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
9. Erel, T. L.; Adatepe, F. (2007). "Traces of Historical earthquakes in the ancient city life at the Mediterranean region" (PDF). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 13: 241–252. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011.
10. Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi: 10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009 .
11. "Seneca?s Account of the AD 62 earthquake". Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
12. "삼국사기 23권 백제본기 제1 기루왕". db.history.
13. "Notes to the Wei lue". depts.washington.edu.
14. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
15. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Tsunami event information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
16. Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae", 26.10.15–19
17. For summaries of the sources, see Stiros, Stathis C. (2001). "The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data". Journal of Structural Geology. 23 (2–3): 545–562 [p. 557f., App. A]. Bibcode:2001JSG....23..545S. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00118-8.
18. Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48: 347–435.
19. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake: Japan 684". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
20. Barkat, Amiram (August 8, 2003). "The big one is coming". Haaretz.
21. Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (October 14, 2007). "749 CE Golan quake shows another is overdue". Jerusalem Post.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
22. Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "801 04 29, 20:00 Roma (Italy)". Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.–1997) e nell'area Mediterranea (760 a.C.–1500). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
23. IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page
24. Milne, J. "A Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes, A.D. 7 to A.D. 1899". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1911: 649–740.
25. "Section 10 â€" The Kingdom of Anxi 安息 (the Parthian Empire)". depts.washington.edu.
26. Minoura, K.; Imamura, F.; Sugawara, D.; Kono, Y.; Iwashita, T. (2001). "The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan" (PDF). Journal of Natural Disaster Science. 23 (2): 83–88. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
27. Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-521-02187-6 . Retrieved September 29, 2011.
28. Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN   978-90-481-8701-0.
29. "Berberian, M. 2006. Contribution to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part III). Geological and Mining Survey of Iran". Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
30. "Gates, A.E. & Ritchie D. 2007. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 3rd Edition, Facts on File Inc. 365pp". Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
31. "Ambraseys, N.N. 2004. Three little known early earthquakes in India. Current Science, 86, 506–508" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
32. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved June 22, 2022.
33. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant earthquake information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
34. American Peoples Encyclopedia. The Spencer Press. 1955.
35. Abdel Fattah, Ali K.; Hussein, Hesham M.; Ibrahim, Ezzeldien M.; Abu El Atta, Ahmad S. (December 1997), "Fault plane solutions of the 1993 and 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquakes and their tectonic implications", Annali di Geofisica, XL (6): 1557
36. Klinger, Y.; Avoua, J. P.; Dorbath, L.; Abou Karaki, N.; Tisnerat, N. (September 2000), "Seismic behaviour of the Dead Sea fault along the Araba valley, Jordan", Geophysical Journal International , 142 (3): 772, Bibcode:2000GeoJI.142..769K, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00166.x
37. "Ambraseys, N. N., 2004 The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, p. 743" (PDF).
38. Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014). "Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации" [Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation](PDF) (in Russian). O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.
39. "Khair, K., Karakaisis, G.F. & Papdimitriou, E.E. 2000. Seismic zonation of the Dead Sea Transform Fault area. Annali di Geofisica, 43, 61–79" (PDF).
40. "Guidoboni, E. & Traina, G. 1996. Earthquakes in medieval Sicily – a historical revision (7th–13th century). Annali di Geofisica, 39, 1201–1225" (PDF).
41. Ayyubid Architecture, Chapter 7 by Terry Allen
42. "Late Holocene Paleoseismic Timing and Slip Rate Along the Missyaf Segment of the Dead Sea Fault in Syria" (PDF).
43. Guidoboni, Emanuela; Bernardini, Filippo; Comastri, Alberto; Boschi, Enzo (2004). "The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B7): B07304. Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.7304G. doi: 10.1029/2003JB002523 .
44. Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 1000 to 1500 A.D". Annali di Geofisica. 33: 179–198.
45. USGS page of most destructive earthquakes Archived September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
46. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Tsunami Event Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
47. Papadopolous, G.A.; Daskalaki, E.; Fokaefs, A.; Giraleas, N. (2007). "Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 7 (1): 57–64. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7...57P. doi: 10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 . Retrieved July 26, 2010.
48. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972), Significant Earthquake Information (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
49. "Ukraine: Crimea Earthquake of 1341". Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
50. Costa, Marisa; Fonseca, João (2007). "Sismicidade histórica em Portugal no período medieval"
51. "Pereira, Gonçalo (janeiro de 2016), "Crónicas do castelo", National Geographic Portugal". Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
52. Lambert, J., Winter1, T., Dewez, T.J.B. & Sabourault, P. 2004. New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 381–399. Archived September 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
53. "Earthquake Synod." In Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437
54. De Hamel, Christopher. The Book. A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2001. p. 169
55. Josep Perarnau i Espelt (2002). "La lletra de Felip de Malla informant el rei Alfons del terratrèmol de la Candelera, 1428". Arxiu de textos catalans antics, 21:665–670. ISSN 0211-9811
56. Banda, E.; Correig, A. M. (1984). "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428". Engineering Geology. 20 (1–2): 89–97. Bibcode:1984EngGe..20...89B. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0.
57. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved July 24, 2010.
58. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
59. Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson, J.A. (2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x .
60. Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi: 10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009 .
61. Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Online catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 BC to 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 BC to 1500". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
62. Cisternas, Marco; Atwater, Brian F.; Torrejón, Fernando; Sawai, Yuki; Machuca, Gonzalo; Lagos, Marcelo; Eipert, Annaliese; Youlton, Cristián; Salgado, Ignacio; Kamataki, Takanobu; Shishikura, Masanobu; Rajendran, C. P.; Malik, Javed K.; Rizal, Yan; Husni, Muhammad (September 15, 2005). "Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake". Nature. 437 (7057): 404–407. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..404C. doi:10.1038/nature03943. hdl: 10533/176718 . PMID   16163355. S2CID   4398549.
63. Rhett Butler; David A. Burney; Kenneth H. Rubin; David Walsh (2017). "The orphan Sanriku tsunami of 1586: new evidence from coral dating on Kaua'i". Natural Hazards. 88 (2): 797–819. Bibcode:2017NatHa..88..797B. doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2902-7. S2CID   134237666.
64. Yamamura, Norika; Kano, Yasuyuki (2020). "1586年天正地震の震源断層推定の試み: 液状化履歴地点における液状化可能性の検討から" [Source Fault Estimation of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake by Evaluating the Possibility of Liquefaction]. Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan). Second Series (in Japanese). 73. Seismological Society of Japan: 97–110. doi:10.4294/zisin.2019-7. S2CID   229523816.
65. "Sismos Importantes Y/O Destructivos (1570 Mayo 2005)". Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
66. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Search for Japan 1605". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
67. Likelihood of Tsunamis Affecting the Coast of Southeastern China Wong, W.T. & Chan, Y.W. 6th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission 2006 (ASC2006) and Symposium on Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 7–10 November 2006
68. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972), Significant Earthquake Information (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K , retrieved March 19, 2024
69. Liu, Zac Yung-Chun; Harris, Ron A. (2014), "Discovery of possible mega-thrust earthquake along the Seram Trough from records of 1629 tsunami in eastern Indonesian region" (PDF), Natural Hazards, 72 (3): 1311, Bibcode:2014NatHa..72.1311L, doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0597-y, archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2021
70. Bosi, Vittorio; Galli, Paolo (2003). "Catastrophic 1638 earthquakes in Calabria (southern Italy): New insights from paleoseismological investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (B1). American Geophysical Union: ETG 1-1-ETG 1-20. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2004G. doi: 10.1029/2001JB001713 . S2CID   55937014.
71. Ebel, John E. (June 2011), "A New Analysis of the Magnitude of the February 1663 Earthquake at Charlevoix, Quebec", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101 (3): 1024–1038, Bibcode:2011BuSSA.101.1024E, doi:10.1785/0120100190
72. Paulatto, M. Pinat; Romanelli, F. (2007). "Tsunami hazard scenarios in the Adriatic Sea domain" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7 (2): 309–325. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7..309P. doi: 10.5194/nhess-7-309-2007 .
73. "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGDC. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
74. "I terremoti nella STORIA: Il grande terremoto del Sannio del 5 giugno 1688". INGVterremoti (in Italian). INGV. June 26, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
75. Blanco, Laura (September 29, 2012). "Salta veneró a la Virgen que detuvo un sismo". El Perfil. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
76. "USGS page on this event in 'Historic Earthquakes'". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.
77. "Ahmad, R.2008 Landslides and the Making of Jamaica, Caribbean All-Hazards Conference" (PDF).^{[ permanent dead link ]}
78. Serva, Leonello; Esposito, Eliana; Guerrieri, Luca; Porfido, Sabina; Vittori, Eutizio; Comerci, Valerio (October 1, 2007). "Environmental effects from five historical earthquakes in southern Apennines (Italy) and macroseismic intensity assessment: Contribution to INQUA EEE Scale Project". Quaternary International. 173 (Supplement C): 30–44. Bibcode:2007QuInt.173...30S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.015.
79. Pradeep Talwani (2015). "5". Intraplate Earthquakes (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
80. Geological effects induced by the L’Aquila earthquake (6 April 2009, Ml = 5.8) on the natural environment: preliminary report Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
81. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
82. Tsuchiya, Yoshito; Shuto, Nobuo (May 31, 1995). Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention and Warning. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9780792334835 – via Google Books.
83. Li, X.; Li, C.; Wesnousky, S. G.; Zhang, P.; Zheng, W.; Pierce, I. K. D.; Wang, X. (2017). "Paleoseismology and slip rate of the western Tianjingshan fault of NE Tibet, China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 146: 304–316. Bibcode:2017JAESc.146..304L. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.031 .
84. Guo, P.; Han, Z.; Mao, Z.; Xie, Z.; Dong, S.; Gao, F.; Gai, H. (2019). "Paleoearthquakes and Rupture Behavior of the Lenglongling Fault: Implications for Seismic Hazards of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (2): 1520–1543. Bibcode:2019JGRB..124.1520G. doi: 10.1029/2018JB016586 .
85. "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
86. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
87. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
88. "Liu, L., Chen, Q., He, K. & Hu, P. Earthquake Strong Ground Motion Scenarios at the 2008 Olympic Games Site, Beijing Based on Historic Records, Earth: Our Changing Planet. Proceedings of IUGG XXIV General Assembly Perugia, Italy 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011.
89. Lee, William H. K.; Jennings, Paul; Kisslinger, Carl; Kanamori, Hiroo (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Academic Press. ISBN   9780080489223.
90. "Avellino: nel cuore dell'Irpinia sismica" [Avellino: in the heart of the seismic Irpinia](PDF). Protezione Civile (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
91. "Page on tsunami associated with event from West Coast and Alaska warning center". Archived from the original on May 15, 2009.
92. "Search page". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
93. Chlieh, M.; Perfettini H.; Tavera H.; Avouac J.-P.; Remy D.; Nocquet J.M.; Rolandone F.; Bondoux F.; Gabalda G.; Bonvalot S. (2011). "Interseismic Coupling and Seismic Potential along the Central Andes Subduction Zone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (B12): B12405. Bibcode:2011JGRB..11612405C. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.454.9892 . doi:10.1029/2010JB008166. S2CID   7228440. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2011..
94. USGS Historic Worldwide Earthquakes page Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
95. Ambraseys, N. N.; Melville, C. P. (November 10, 2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521021876 – via Google Books.
96. "page on this event from USGS 'Historic earthquakes". Archived from the original on May 8, 2009.
97. Ebel, John E. (2006). "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts Earthquake of 1755: A 250th Anniversary Perspective". Seismological Research Letters . 77 (1): 74–86. Bibcode:2006SeiRL..77...74E. doi:10.1785/gssrl.77.1.74.
98. Moratti, G.; Piccardi, L.; Vannucci, G.; Belardinelli, M. E.; Dahmani, M.; Bendkik, A.; Chenakeb, M. (2003). "The 1755 Meknes earthquake (Morocco): field data and geodynamic implications". Journal of Geodynamics. 36 (1–2): 305–322. Bibcode:2003JGeo...36..305M. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(03)00052-8.
99. Poujol, A.; Ritz, J.-F.; Vernant, P.; Huot, S.; Maate, S.; Tahayt, A. (2017). "Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc". Tectonophysics. 712–713: 303–311. Bibcode:2017Tectp.712..303P. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036.
100. Mondal, Dhiman (2018). "Microatolls document the 1762 and prior earthquakes along the southeast coast of Bangladesh". Tectonophysics. 745: 196–213. Bibcode:2018Tectp.745..196M. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.020 . S2CID   53578945.
101. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
102. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
103. N. N. Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (June 2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x .
104. Johnson, N.M. (2002). "Earthquake Risk In Trinidad And Tobago" (PDF). National Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
105. Mocquet, A. (2007). "Analysis and interpretation of the October 21, 1766 earthquake in the Southeastern Caribbean". Journal of Seismology. 11 (4): 381–403. Bibcode:2007JSeis..11..381M. doi:10.1007/s10950-007-9059-x. S2CID   128549406.
106. Ali, Syed Tabrez; Freed, Andrew M.; Calais, Eric; Manaker, David M.; McCann, William R. (2008). "Coulomb stress evolution in Northeastern Caribbean over the past 250 years due to coseismic, postseismic and interseismic deformation". Geophysical Journal International. 174 (3): 904–918. Bibcode:2008GeoJI.174..904A. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03634.x .
107. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
108. "Hessami K., Pantosti D., Tabassi H., Shabanian E., Abbassi M.R., Feghhi K. & Solaymani S. 2003. Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: preliminary results. Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 46, 903–915" (PDF).
109. "Graziani, L., Maramai, A. & Tinti, S. 2006. A revision of the 1783–1784 Calabrian (southern Italy) tsunamis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1053–1060" (PDF).
110. Dai, F.C.; Lee C.F.; Deng J.H.; Tham L.G. (2005). "The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China" (PDF). Geomorphology. 65 (3–4): 205–221. Bibcode:2005Geomo..65..205D. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.011 . Retrieved December 2, 2012.
111. "Giesecke, A., Capera, A.A.G., Leschiutta, I., Migliorini, E. & Valverde, L.R. 2004. The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use Annals of Geophysics, VOL. 47, 421–435" (PDF).
112. Tamara, Kalashnikova. "Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
113. Sieh, Kerry (August 15, 2006). "Sumatran megathrust earthquakes: from science to saving lives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.694.6737 . doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. PMID   16844643. S2CID   8562675.
114. George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia
115. Cliff Frohlich (2006). Deep Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-521-82869-7.
116. "Radio Conference about the 1802 earthquake at Radio Romania International". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
117. Papadopoulos, G.A.; Daskalaki E.; Fokaefs A.; Giraleas N. (2010). "Tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the west Hellenic arc and trench system" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami . 04 (3): 145–179. doi:10.1142/S1793431110000856. S2CID   14683510. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
118. Bilham, R. (1998). "Slip parameters for the Rann of Kachchh, India, 16 June 1819 earthquake, quantified from contemporary accounts" (PDF). In Stewart I.S. & Vita-Finzi C. (ed.). Coastal tectonics. Special Publications. Vol. 146. London: Geological Society. pp. 295–319. ISBN   978-1-86239-024-9 . Retrieved April 2, 2012.
119. Bollinger, L.; Tapponnier, P.; Sapkota, S. N.; Klinger, Y. (2016). "Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?" (PDF). Earth, Planets and Space. 68: 12. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68...12B. doi: 10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1 . S2CID   32078899 – via Earth Observatory of Singapore.
120. Zachariasen, J.; Sieh, K.; Taylor, F.W.; Edwards, R.L.; Hantoro, W.S. (1999). "Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research . 104 (B1): 895–919. Bibcode:1999JGR...104..895Z. doi: 10.1029/1998JB900050 .
121. Toppozada, T. R.; Borchardt, G. (1998), "Re-evaluation of the 1836 "Hayward fault" and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 88 (1), Seismological Society of America: 140–159, Bibcode:1998BuSSA..88..140T, doi:10.1785/BSSA0880010140, S2CID   129580128
122. "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, Aug. 1997, p.933,
123. Oldham, Thomas. "A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XIX.
124. "Omori, Fusakichi 1908. On the destructive earthquakes in the Shinano-Gawa Valley and those along the Japan Sea Coast" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
125. Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
126. Pankaj Agrawal; Manish Shrikhande (2006). Earthquake resistant design of structures. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 60. ISBN   978-81-203-2892-1.
127. "Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean". Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
128. "Roger Musson. 1999 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for the North Balkan Region". Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
129. Altinok, Y.; Alpar B.; Özer N.; Gazioglu C. (2005). "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 5 (5): 717–725. Bibcode:2005NHESS...5..717A. doi: 10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005 . Retrieved July 31, 2010.
130. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Comments for the Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
131. "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
132. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
133. Christophe, Larroque; Scotti, Oona; Ioualalen, Mansour (August 1, 2012). "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". Geophysical Journal International. 190 (1): 87–104. Bibcode:2012GeoJI.190...87L. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05498.x . ISSN   0956-540X.
134. "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". ResearchGate. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
135. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
136. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 19, 2024.
137. Ye L., Lay T. & Kanamoro H. (2012). "Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (M w 7.6) sequence". Geophysical Research Letters. L24310 (24): L24310. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3924310Y. doi: 10.1029/2012GL054164 .

External links

• Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
• Earthquakes Canada
• Historical earthquakes in Europe
• IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
• Recent New Zealand earthquakes
• SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
• USGS list of current earthquakes
• USGS list of earthquakes magnitude 6.0 and greater sorted by magnitude
• Global Significant Earthquake Database, 2150 BC to present – National Geophysical Data Center
• Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006 – Building Research Institute (Japan)