856 Damghan earthquake

Damghan earthquake
Local date	22 December 856
Local time	At night
Magnitude	7.9 Ms
Epicenter	36°12′N54°18′E / 36.2°N 54.3°E
Fault	Astenah Fault System
Type	Strike-slip
Areas affected	Iran
Max. intensity	X (Extreme)
Casualties	200,000 dead

Last updated December 23, 2023

The 856 Damghan earthquake or the 856 Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH). The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9, and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The meizoseismal area (area of maximum damage) extended for about 350 kilometres (220 mi) along the southern edge of the eastern Alborz mountains of present-day Iran including parts of Tabaristan and Gorgan. The earthquake's epicenter is estimated to be close to the city of Damghan, which was then the capital of the Persian province of Qumis. It caused approximately 200,000 deaths and is listed by the USGS as the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history.^[2] This death toll has been debated.^[3]

Tectonic setting

Iran lies within the complex zone of continental collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which extends from the Bitlis-Zagros belt in the south to the Greater Caucasus mountains, the Apsheron-Balkan Sill and the Kopet Dag mountains in the north.^[4] The epicentral area is located in the Alborz mountain range, in which oblique north–south shortening is accommodated by a combination of thrusting and sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip faulting.^[5]

The main active structure in the Qumis region is the Shahrud fault system, which extends for several hundred km. This zone of overall sinistral strike-slip consists of several fault strands, including the Damghan Fault, Northern Damghan Fault, and the Astaneh Fault System, all of which lie within the epicentral area and show evidence of displacement during the Quaternary.^[5]

Earthquake characteristics

The earthquake occurred at night.

The longest of the possible candidates for the source of the 856 earthquake is the 150 km long Astaneh Fault System. Trenching along one of the segments of the Astaneh Fault System has provided evidence of a significant earthquake along the fault that occurred well after 600 BC and before 1300 AD, consistent with the 856 event.^[5]

Aftershocks affected the area for several years, probably including a damaging earthquake in western Khurasan.^[6]

Damage

The area of significant damage extended along the Alborz for about 350 kilometres (220 mi), including the towns of Ahevanu, Astan, Tash, Bastam and Shahrud, with almost all the villages in the area severely damaged. Hecatompylos, now called Šahr-e Qumis, the former capital of the Parthian Empire, was destroyed. Half of Damghan and a third of the town of Bustam were also destroyed. The earthquake badly affected water supplies in the Qumis area, partly due to springs and qanats drying up, but also because of landslides damming streams. The total death toll for the earthquake is reported as 200,000, with 45,096 casualties in the district of Damghan alone.^[6]

Aftermath

Šahr-e Qumis was so badly damaged that it appears to have been abandoned following the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake were still visible in the area between Bastam and Damghan two generations later .^[6]

Future seismic hazard

From the results of trenching at a single site along the Astaneh Fault, a repeat period of about 3,700 years has been estimated and no large earthquakes have been recorded in the Damghan area since 856. However, further trenching studies are needed to establish whether the entire length of the fault is typically involved in a rupture event, or whether shorter segments may be responsible for smaller (although damaging) earthquakes with a shorter recurrence period.^[5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Damghan</span> City in Semnan province, Iran

Damghan is a city in, and the capital of, the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan province, Iran, and also serves as capital of the county.

Shahrud is a city in, and the capital of, the Central District of Shahrud County, Semnan province, Iran, and also serves as capital of the county.

An earthquake occurred on November 27, 2005, at 13:52 IRST on the sparsely populated Qeshm Island off Southern Iran, killing 13 people and devastating 13 villages. It was Iran's second major earthquake of 2005, following the one at Zarand in February. The epicenter was about 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) south of Tehran, close to Iran's southern borders. Initial measurements showed that the earthquake registered about 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale, although that was reduced to 5.8 after further analysis. More than 400 minor aftershocks followed the main quake, 36 of which were greater than magnitude 2.5. The earthquake occurred in a remote area during the middle of the day, limiting the number of fatalities. Iranian relief efforts were effective and largely adequate, leading the country to decline offers of support from other nations and UNICEF.

The 2008 Qeshm earthquake occurred on 10 September in the Hormozgān Province of southern Iran, 850 kilometres (528 mi) south of Tehran. Its epicenter was near the port city of Bandar Abbas, where an earthquake two years prior had caused damage. The earthquake measured 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale and 6 on the surface wave scale, killing seven people and injuring up to 45. Causing both catastrophic and minor damage, the earthquake devastated up to 200 villages throughout southern Iran, but left the port city of Bandar Abbas almost unscathed. Citizens reportedly panicked when the earthquake hit, emptying into the parks of the city and other open areas.

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The 1932 Ierissos earthquake occurred at 19:20 on 26 September. It caused severe damage in Ierissos, Greece and the surrounding part of the Chalkidiki peninsula, with 161–491 casualties reported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zagros fold and thrust belt</span> Geologic zone

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The 1893 Quchan earthquake occurred at about 19:30 local time on 17 November. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It caused severe damage in Quchan County, particularly to the town of Quchan itself and there were an estimated 18,000 casualties.

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The 1997 Bojnurd earthquake occurred on 4 February at 14:07 IRST in Iran. The epicenter of the M_w 6.5 earthquake was in the Kopet Dag mountains of North Khorasan, near the Iran–Turkmenistan border, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of Tehran. The earthquake is characterized by shallow strike-slip faulting in a zone of active faults. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating tectonics through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in Shirvan and Bojnord counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over US$ 30 million.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1641 Tabriz earthquake</span> Earthquake centered in northwestern Iran

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The 1977 Khurgu earthquake struck southern Iran near Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province on the morning of March 22. The earthquake measuring moment magnitude (M_w ) 6.7 struck at a depth of 12.5 km (7.8 mi). Thirty five villages were heavily damaged including over 20 which were destroyed. There were 152–167 people killed and 556 injured.

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References

↑ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 17 December 2021.
↑ USGS (14 April 2011). "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
↑ Sorkhabi, Rasoul (21 December 2017). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Geological Society of America. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8137-2525-3.
↑ Talebian, M.; Jackson J. (2004). "A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran". Geophysical Journal International. Royal Astronomical Society. 156 (3): 506–526. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.156..506T. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x .
1 2 3 4 Hollingsworth, J.; Nazari H.; Ritz J.-F.; Salamati R.; Talebian M; Bahroudi A.; Walker R.T.; Rizza M.; Jackson J. (2010). "Active tectonics of the east Alborz mountains, NE Iran: Rupture of the left‐lateral Astaneh fault system during the great 856 A.D. Qumis earthquake" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research . American Geophysical Union. 115 (B12313): B12313. Bibcode:2010JGRB..11512313H. doi:10.1029/2009JB007185. S2CID 30506709 . Retrieved 15 October 2011.
1 2 3 Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6 . Retrieved 15 October 2011.

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[NGDC-1] National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 17 December 2021.

[USGS_list-2] USGS (14 April 2011). "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

[3] Sorkhabi, Rasoul (21 December 2017). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Geological Society of America. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8137-2525-3.

[Talebian-4] Talebian, M.; Jackson J. (2004). "A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran". Geophysical Journal International. Royal Astronomical Society. 156 (3): 506–526. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.156..506T. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x .

[Hollingsworth-5] 1 2 3 4 Hollingsworth, J.; Nazari H.; Ritz J.-F.; Salamati R.; Talebian M; Bahroudi A.; Walker R.T.; Rizza M.; Jackson J. (2010). "Active tectonics of the east Alborz mountains, NE Iran: Rupture of the left‐lateral Astaneh fault system during the great 856 A.D. Qumis earthquake" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research . American Geophysical Union. 115 (B12313): B12313. Bibcode:2010JGRB..11512313H. doi:10.1029/2009JB007185. S2CID 30506709 . Retrieved 15 October 2011.

[Nick-6] 1 2 3 Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6 . Retrieved 15 October 2011.

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