1947 Dustabad earthquake

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1947 Dustabad earthquake
Iran relief location map.jpg
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UTC  time1947-09-23 12:28:15
ISC  event 898039
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Magnitude6.9 Mw
Depth15 km (9.3 mi)
Epicenter 33°36′14″N58°38′31″E / 33.604°N 58.642°E / 33.604; 58.642
Areas affected Iran
Max. intensity MMI VIII (Severe)
Casualties500 fatalities

The 1947 Dustabad earthquake, also known as the Charmeh earthquake, occurred in South Khorasan Province of northeastern Iran on 23 September. The mainshock had a magnitude of Mw 6.9 and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). It was accompanied by a Mw  6.1 aftershock on 26 September. [1] These earthquakes killed an estimated 500 people.

Contents

Tectonic setting

Iran is situated within the Alpide belt, an active orogenic belt that spans the entire country. [2] This tectonic environment is influenced by the oblique collision of the Arabian and Eurasian Plates at an estimated rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) annually. [3] Iran is situated on the Eurasian Plate, where it hosts complex zones of faults, forming tectonic blocks within the country. In southeastern Iran, the Arabian Plate subducts beneath Iran along the Makran Trench. Shallow strike-slip and reverse faulting accommodate deformation in eastern Iran. Crustal shortening and thickening occur at fold and thrust belts along the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet Dag ranges. Intraplate deformation occur, mainly displaying reverse faulting at the southern and northern parts of Iran to accommodate the convergence via crustal uplift and strike-slip faulting at the east and western ends where the Arabian Plate slides past the adjacent crust. The tectonic setting contributes to shallow seismicity. [3] South of latitude 34°, north–south trending dextral strike-slip faults occur in response to local dextral shear in the Dasht-e-Lut as central Iran moves northward relative to western Afghanistan. Sinistral strike-slip structures oriented east–west accommodes that deformation north of that latitude. [4]

Earthquake

The 23 September earthquake struck north of the Daqq-e-Muhammadabad, a small basin, where there are several north–south striking dextral faults. A 1982 report documented by Ambraseys and Melville, around 20 km (12 mi) of weathered surface faulting along one of these faults, known as the Dustabad Fault (also known as Chang Raqsh Fault), discovered in 1978, approximately 20 km (12 mi) east of the computed epicenter location. The surface rupture documented produced up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 30–80 cm (12–31 in) of dextral and dip-slip displacements, respectively. Local residents also alleged that the surface rupture extended further north to Ishtakhr. Walker et al. stated that as the documentation occurred over 30 years following the earthquake, these features may not actually be associated with the 23 September 1947 mainshock. This also supported by global seismic data, through in poor quality, which did not support the idea of an epicenter along the Dustabad Fault. [4]

Another set of northwest–southeast trending ground fractures was reported between Badamak and Gurab-e Jadid for about 6 km (3.7 mi). Its location coincided with the Ferdows Thrust fault's southeastern portion. This region is characterised by folded and thrusted molasse deposits from the Neogene. Berberian suggested that both aforementioned literatures did not account for the 26 September aftershock. As the Dustabad Fault is too short to produce an earthquake of comparable magnitude as the 23 September earthquake, it was likely the source of the aftershock. Destruction was also reported along the north–south trend of the fault. Meanwhile, the 23 September earthquake may have been produced along the Ferdows Thrust and levelled villages along its strike. Dustabad-e Bala experienced total devastation by the two earthquakes as it was located southwest of the Ferdows Thrust and north of the Dustabad Fault. [5]

Impact

The earthquake affected a sparsely populated region where most population centers were remote and small desert settlements. The total number of deaths is unknown as some villages confirmed fatalities but did not provide figures, though at least 500 people were killed. [6] The affected region was constrained to within a 65 km (40 mi) by 28 km (17 mi), oval-shaped area oriented north-northwest–south-southeast. Small settlements were destroyed and in the villages of Charmeh and Sarayan, there were eight and two deaths, respectively. Two hundred people died and another 100 were injured in Dustabad-e Bala; further devastation occurred to the southeast and there was also damage in Ferdows. The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity exceeded VIII (Severe) in seven villages including Badamuk, Bostaq, Charmeh, Dustabad-e Bala, Estakhr, Gurab-e Jadid and Mārkuh. Along with effects of the 26 September aftershock, Dustabad-e Bala was totally razed and most casualties were reported there. In Tighab, which was damaged by both events and three people died, the aftershock exceeded VII (Very strong). [5]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ ISC (2014), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
  2. ↑ Niazi, Mansour; Kanamori, Hiroo (1981). "Source parameters of 1978 Tabas and 1979 Qainat, Iran earthquakes from long-period surface waves" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 71 (4): 1201–1213.
  3. 1 2 Ansari, Shoja (2021). "Role of fault structural heterogeneity in nucleation location of the Mw ≥ 7 Earthquakes in Iran". Environmental Earth Sciences. 80 (730): 730. Bibcode:2021EES....80..730A. doi:10.1007/s12665-021-10042-9. S2CID   239771196.
  4. 1 2 Walker, R. T.; Bergman, E. A.; Szeliga, W.; Fielding, E. J. (2011). "Insights into the 1968-1997 Dasht-e-Bayaz and Zirkuh earthquake sequences, eastern Iran, from calibrated relocations, InSAR and high-resolution satellite imagery". Geophysical Journal International. 187 (3): 1577–1603. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05213.x.
  5. 1 2 Berberian, Manuel (2014). "Chapter 12 - 1900–1963 Coseismic Surface Faulting". In Berberian, Manuel (ed.). Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Vol. 17. Elsevier. pp. 239–291. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63292-0.00012-0. ISBN   9780444632920. ISSN   0928-2025.
  6. ↑ "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 7 June 2024.
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